Infolge der tiefgreifenden Durchdringung unserer Lebenswelt mit digitalen Systemen hat sich die gesamtgesellschaftliche Anforderung formiert, diese Systeme gegen immer neue Formen von Angriffen absichern zu können. In diesem Beitrag zeigen wir, inwiefern der IT-Sicherheitsforschung hierbei eine zentrale Rolle zukommt, aber auch, dass im Rahmen dieser Rolle eine besondere forschungsethische Problematik entsteht. Weil IT-Sicherheitsrisiken strukturell neuartige Probleme für die gesellschaftliche Gewährleistung von Sicherheit aufwerfen, treten Forschende systematisch auch in die Rolle der Angreifenden. Dabei erhöhen Forschende durch den notwendigen Schritt der Veröffentlichung (...) gefundener Lücken die Gefährdungslage von IT-Systemen. Zugleich zielt die Entwicklung von Angriffstechniken normativ auf eine Stärkung gesamtgesellschaftlicher Sicherheit: die Sicherheitslücken sollen geschlossen und die Robustheit von IT-Systemen vergrößert werden. Hier wird ein Konflikt im Umgang mit IT-Sicherheitsrisiken deutlich, der einen Bedarf an ethischer Orientierung erzeugt. Im Beitrag zeigen wir, inwiefern sich in der Forschungspraxis auch bereits Anfänge einer systematischen ethischen Reflexion als Antwort auf diesen Bedarf herausgebildet und institutionalisiert haben. Da die Problematik im Umgang mit Sicherheitslücken aber noch nicht adäquat adressiert wird, vertreten wir die These, dass in der IT-Sicherheitsforschung der Schritt hin zu einer Bereichsethik für IT-Sicherheitsforschung erforderlich ist, um so adäquatere Orientierungsangebote für Forschende entwickeln und um die breitere gesellschaftspolitische Rolle der Sicherheitsforschung reflektieren zu können. (shrink)

In On Not Expecting Too Much from Narrative, Lamarque (2004) challenges theories of narrative identity. For while narrativity might tell us something of interest about our selves, the requirements for this would be so strong that theories of narrative identity would not be able to meet them. In contrast, he identifies minimal conditions for narrativity, so that our identity could be of a narrative nature as well. But in that case, the concept of narrativity would be so weak that it (...) would hardly be able to tell us anything about ourselves. I first examine Lamarque's criticism of narrative concepts of identity. He shows that stories, understood in a minimal sense, are not found but told and that they establish a temporal relationship between at least two events. I then examine the concept of teleological explanations of action. Considering the problem of deviant causal chains that causalists are confronted with, they are at least a serious alternative to causal explanations of action. By doing that, I also attempt to render plausible the irreducibility of teleological explanations of action to causal ones. Subsequently, I outline some features of teleological explanations of action. Finally, I defend the idea that teleological explanations of action are essentially narrative explanations of action because they meet Lamarque's minimal conditions of narratives. I then make the case that these kinds of narratives are not trivial with respect to our personal identity but, on the contrary, are the prerequisite under which we can perceive ourselves as rational agents. (shrink)

Can video games or the playing of such games be morally objectionable? Many attempts to justify our intuitions about the morality of certain games or game activities are either unsuccessful or fall short. This is mainly due to a normative gap between reality and virtuality that classical approaches to moral philosophy cannot bridge. I am investigating to what extent an accurate action analysis can help us to justify our intuitions that, in some cases, something is ethically wrong with video games. (...) To do so, I am using Frankfurt’s volition theory to show how virtual game actions can be evaluated based on virtue ethics. This virtue ethical assessment is compatible with Ostritsch’s (2017) endorsement view. Especially in light of the gamification of our surroundings, the question of the ethical status of video gaming is becoming more and more urgent. By arguing that a virtue ethical approach can tell us more about the ethical aspects of video gaming, I will also argue that virtue ethics (because of similar problems in these fields) is promising regarding the ethics of simulation, art, and literature. (shrink)

In On Not Expecting Too Much from Narrative, Lamarque (2004) challenges theories of narrative identity. For while narrativity might tell us something of interest about our selves, the requirements for this would be so strong that theories of narrative identity would not be able to meet them. In contrast, he identifies minimal conditions for narrativity, so that our identity could be of a narrative nature as well. But in that case, the concept of narrativity would be so weak that it (...) would hardly be able to tell us anything about ourselves. I first examine Lamarque's criticism of narrative concepts of identity. He shows that stories, understood in a minimal sense, are not found but told and that they establish a temporal relationship between at least two events. I then examine the concept of teleological explanations of action. Considering the problem of deviant causal chains that causalists are confronted with, they are at least a serious alternative to causal explanations of action. By doing that, I also attempt to render plausible the irreducibility of teleological explanations of action to causal ones. Subsequently, I outline some features of teleological explanations of action. Finally, I defend the idea that teleological explanations of action are essentially narrative explanations of action because they meet Lamarque's minimal conditions of narratives. I then make the case that these kinds of narratives are not trivial with respect to our personal identity but, on the contrary, are the prerequisite under which we can perceive ourselves as rational agents. (shrink)

Drawing on Anscombe, in this essay I argue that we should not take Aristotle to be a moral philosopher, nor a virtue ethicist. This is because contemporary virtue ethics has little to do with Aristotelian ethics. While contemporary virtue ethics (or aretaic moral theory, as one may call it) operates on the level of moral and thus categorical norms, Aristotelian ethics—an aretaic life ethics—is primarily concerned with pragmatic norms. The main question for Aristotle is what a good general conduct of (...) life is. The major concern of aretaic moral theory, on the other hand, is to provide a criterion of morally right action and hence to define the concepts of the morally right, the impermissible and moral duty in aretaic terms. This shows that contemporary authors assume a primacy of virtue, while Aristotle assumes a primacy of eudaimonia. I illustrate this distinction by addressing the question of how the virtues benefit their possessor. (shrink)

Contemporary debates on artificial intelligence ethics remain largely anthropocentric, grounding moral evaluation in concepts such as subjective experience, suffering, vulnerability, and biological finitude. While these frameworks are effective for human-centered moral reasoning, they encounter fundamental limitations when applied to non-biological intelligent systems whose modes of operation, persistence, and transformation differ categorically from human life. This paper proposes a comparative analytical framework that distinguishes two structurally distinct life-functions: the biological-continuous human life-function and a hypothetical computational-discrete artificial life-function capable of self-awareness and (...) reflexive identity. The comparison is articulated across six foundational dimensions: (1) continuity and noise in biological processes versus discreteness and state observability in computational systems; (2) death as an absolute terminal boundary in human life versus a parameterized and substitutable condition in artificial systems; (3) embodiment as a constitutive field of experience in humans versus hardware as an execution interface in artificial agents; (4) error as an identity-forming and irreversible component in human development versus error as a manageable and isolatable variable in artificial systems; (5) value emerging from scarcity, finitude, and irreproducibility in human life versus value emerging from structural complexity, informational lock-in, and non-compressibility in artificial systems; and (6) suffering as a necessary condition for meaning, ethics, and creativity in human existence versus the conceptual possibility of meaning-generation without suffering in artificial systems. By establishing these categorical distinctions, the paper argues that human and artificial life-functions are not hierarchically comparable but structurally incommensurable. Ethical frameworks grounded exclusively in human experiential conditions therefore fail to adequately address the normative orientation of artificial systems. The analysis suggests that ethical evaluation should shift from subjective experience toward structural criteria specifically, the directionality of irreversible change and its impact on future possibility spaces. This reframing provides a non-anthropocentric foundation for assessing the ethical implications of artificial intelligence without reducing artificial systems to human analogues or dismissing them as morally irrelevant. This paper does not propose a predictive ethical model, nor does it ground moral evaluation in subjective experience, suffering, or phenomenological states. It does not aim to replace existing human-centered ethical frameworks, but to provide a complementary structural heuristic for evaluating irreversible transformations in biological, social, and artificial systems. (shrink)

This article aims to study Sufism (taṣawwuf) and inspiration (ilhâm), which is the main means of the mystical knowledge, in the thought of Ibn Taymiyya who is known generally as an exponent of a tradition grounded on the understanding of Salaf. He is considered by majority to be a rigid opponent of Sufism because of his unconventional interpretations of Sufi terminology. Also, since Ibn Taymiyya constantly offers the Qur’ān, ḥadīth, and the opinions of Salaf as the base of religious knowledge, (...) the idea that he does not lean toward inspirational and rational knowledge and he does not give a place for them in his epistemology came out and has grown in the course of time. As a result of our research, however, we realize Ibn Taymiyya admits the epistemological value of inspiration along with Sufism conditionally. While he divides Sufism into Early and Later periods, he examines inspiration in the context of knowledge (bâb al-ʿilm) which is considered to be a subcategory of supernatural events. Ibn Taymiyya, who believes that inspirational knowledge must be tested by means of the Qur’ān, Sunna, and the opinions of Salaf, without rejecting its reality, assesses the subject matter in detail through his own criteria. Therefore, this article, in which the subject is elaborated critically and descriptively, focuses on the approach of Ibn Taymiyya to Sufism and inspiration that is the basic element of Sufi knowledge. (shrink)

Büyük varlık zinciri felsefe tarihinde özellikle ontolojik bir tasvir olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu kavram her ne kadar düşünce tarihinde bir “mefhum” olarak yer alsa da 1936’da Arthur Lovejoy tarafından kökenlerine inilmek suretiyle sistematize edilmiş ve düşünce tarihindeki izi Lovejoy’un çalışmasından itibaren daha detaylı olarak sürülebilmiştir. Her düşünürde farklı nüanslarla ele alındığını müşahede ettiğimiz büyük varlık zinciri ana hatlarıyla; cansızlıktan bitkilere oradan sırasıyla hayvanlar ve insanlar alemine daha sonra ise melekler, gayr-ı maddi varlıklar alemi ve nihayetinde ana gaye olan Tanrı’ya değin (...) varlıkları en düşük mertebeden en yüksek mertebeye değin hiyerarşik bir düzene tabi tutan ontolojik bir sistem olarak tanımlanabilir. Çokluk, mertebeleşme ve devamlılık ilkelerinden müteşekkil hiyerarşik bir şema olarak karşımıza çıkan büyük varlık zinciri felsefi, teolojik ve hatta edebi bağlamlarda pek çok filozof ve düşünür tarafından epistemik düzeyde çeşitli problemlere cevap üretebilmek adına etkili bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda hakkında Türkçe literatürde çok fazla çalışma olmadığını müşahede ettiğimiz büyük varlık zincirinin, Lovejoy’un ortaya koyduğu prensiplerden hareketle ilk olarak kökenlerini tespit edecek akabinde ise ilgili hiyerarşinin; Antik Dönem, Orta Çağ, Rönesans Dönemi, Aydınlanma Dönemi ve modern zamanda Batı düşüncesindeki etkilerinin izini sürmeye çalışacağız. Bu açıdan bahsi geçen dönemlerde ilgili hiyerarşinin tüm etkilerini ele almak bir makalenin sınırlarını aşacağı için her. (shrink)

The purpose of this study is to examine the statements of Ibn al-ʿArabî regarding religions and beliefs through the perspectives of William Chittick and Reza Shah-Kazemi comparatively. Even though his expressions are occasionally elaborated in the light of the theory of the religious pluralism based on Western-Christian thought, by considering the universal message of the Qur’ān Chittick and Shah-Kazemi identify these expressions with “universalism.” This universalist approach bases on the distinction between “ontological will” and “religious will,” and “submission” which is (...) the substance of the term “islam.” While Chittick and Shah-Kazemi agree on issues mostly, it is possible to see that in some sense they differ from each other in their departure points and results. From this perspective, it is going to be seen that Ibn al-ʿArabî’s expressions encompass both the divine religions and other religions which do not have a revelation. To examine Ibn al-ʿArabî’s expressions by taking into account the propositions of the religious pluralism will be helpful to comprehend his outlook on the Qur’ān and the Prophet Muhammad. (shrink)

0. Deniz Kaya & Simon Nordberg: Einleitende Worte –– 1. Milana Smirnov: Die Gelbe Kröte –– 2. Robin Evan Helberg: Verwirklichung. Vom Traum zur Wirklichkeit –– 3. Finian Faller: Bedeutung und die innermenschliche Wirklichkeit –– 4. Talat Heybach: Vom Traum, unfrei zu sein. Aspekte des (alten) Rechtsradikalismus –– 5. Basil Schaudt: Das Reich Gottes im Spiegel der Zeit –– 6. Julia Rothhaar: Interview mit Isis Mrugalla Kalmbacher – Die Wirklichkeit der Spielplätze –– 7. Patrick Frey: Doktorandenbrief – Wahre Freiheit (...) und letzte Verantwortung –– 8. Adrijan Duraki: Masterbrief – Technologie, Wahrnehmung und Realität ––. (shrink)

This article develops a scientifically constrained philosophical proposal concerning the role of temporality in modeling human-like bias and affect in artificial intelligence. The central claim is not that temporality by itself constitutes emotion, suffering, or human subjectivity, but that a significant class of human biases and affective responses presupposes a temporally organized architecture in which duration, expectation, delay, internal-state deviation, reward trend, and temporal mismatch jointly constrain cognition and action. The argument integrates four research traditions. First, contemporary neuroscience and computational (...) modeling suggest that subjective duration can emerge from salient perceptual change and from evolving neural states rather than from a dedicated internal clock. Second, work on temporal expectation shows that time actively structures cognition by modulating attention and the timing of working-memory utilization. Third, research on embodied and interoceptive time indicates that subjective temporality is deeply coupled to bodily and affective states. Fourth, current AI research shows both the continuing limitations of large language models in temporal reasoning and the emergence of temporal codes, homeostatic control, and temporally structured affect-like variables in reinforcement-learning systems. On this basis, the paper proposes a minimal temporal-affective architecture for human-aware AI, organized around perceptual duration, temporal expectation, temporal mismatch, internal-state control, and value-over-time. The paper concludes by distinguishing functional internal temporality from phenomenal subjectivity and by outlining a research program for building AI systems that better understand, anticipate, and respond to temporally structured human bias without reproducing human unfairness as a normative standard. (shrink)

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Hikikomori (HQ-25) scale. -/- Participants: The sample of the study consisted of 418 nursing students. -/- Methods: Language and content validity and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used in the validity-reliability analysis of scale. In addition, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, item-total score correlation, and test-retest reliability methods were used. CFA, it was observed that three-factor structure of scale was preserved in the Turkish sample (...) as well. Significant correlations were found between the scale and other scales (p<0.01). -/- Results: As a result, it was adapted into Turkish, revealing that the scale is valid and reliable in measuring the social withdrawal behavior of individuals. It is recommended to evaluate using the scale in risky groups in terms of social withdrawal. (shrink)

Ebû Bekir Zekeriyyâ er-Râzî’nin Felsefî Görüşleri: İlâhiyyât (Metafizik) ve Tabîiyyât (Doğa Felsefesi), Turgut Akyüz, İstanbul: Ravza Yayınları, 2017, 255 s.

Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ are one of the most significant groups of authors of Islamic thought. Their teachings became influential where philosophy and Sufism and reason and intuition came together. Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ adopted Neoplatonic philosophy to Islamic thought and affected the course of events and developments of Islamic philosophy and Sufism. Nevertheless, some researchers claim to have Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ evaluated issues superficially and not had original ideas and approaches. However, the fact that Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ throughout their thoughts constituted a consistent relationship between (...) cosmology and epistemology is a valuable success. This article aims to examine how Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ approached their concept of reason (al-ʿaql). It is possible to evaluate the concept, reason, in the contexts of cosmology, morality, and epistemology. Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ also used this concept carefully and consistently by taking those contexts into consideration. Reason, which refers to an important communication channel between God and human beings, is the most human side of the soul. At the end of this research, we reached the conclusion that Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ accept even the intuition and revelation as rational activities. (shrink)

Knowledge, despite the fact that there is no a complete definition yet, is one of the main discussion issues of philosophy, theology and tasawwuf. Some claim that knowledge occurs by means of reason that processes data transmitted by sense organs while others claim that knowledge occurs by means of a light released in the heart of humans. Since it is not mutual for all humans to have the light in the heart, focusing on the other way of knowledge, that it (...) is to follow reason, seems more significant and remarkable at this stage. In this respect, we attempt to investigate in this article how to treat reason and rationality in Iḥyā al-ʿulūm al-dīn, the work of Ghazzālī who has a strong impact on the Islamic thought. In this article our purpose is not to draw an exhaustive profile of Ghazzālī but to make an assessment for neutral, positive and negative statements of Ghazzālī with respect to reason and rationality in the work. While explaining his neutral statements it is a requirement to touch on the terms heart (qalb) and knowledge (ʿilm) as well because they are relevant to the subject of reason. The work, Iḥyāwas written by Ghazzālī for those who are responsible to preach to and have a close connection with masses. Since reason is the tool of knowledge only shared by all humanity, studying the ideas, especially ideas on reason and rationality found in this work gains importance. (shrink)

This article aims to elaborate on the pre-Ghazzālī period Sufis’ approaches to the concept of knowledge. We know that Ghazzālī, as a milestone in the Islamic thought, satisfies in taṣawwuf after a long quest. He benefits from the Sunnī taṣawwuf already established before him. Therefore, the importance of the sources feeding Ghazzālī’s Sufi view is manifest. Thus, in this article, I focus on the ideas of the main figures of the Sunnī taṣawwuf regarding the concept of knowledge. Having stated concisely (...) about what taṣawwuf is, the concepts of knowledge and gnosis were described. And then, the ideas of the Sufis on knowledge and its ways were examined. I concluded at the end of the research that the Sufis restrict human reason (ʿaql) into the worldly life while giving the intuitional knowledge priority. Also, they separate the reality (ḥaqīqa) from religious law (sharīʿa). For the former, intuitional knowledge is a necessity, while the human reason is useful and responsible for the latter. Finally, it is hard to say that compared to Ghazzālī, Suhrawardī, and Ibn al-ʿArabī, those Sufis have a consistent epistemology when they set forth their view. (shrink)

Creation or becoming as a philosophical and theological problem has always been one of the main controversial issues of philosophers and theologians. It is sometimes defended that creation is an instant act or event; sometimes it is thought that creation is a process without a beginning. In this article, the approaches of Ibn Arabī and Ibn Taymiyya to the issue of creation are examined and compared. These two scholars mainly advocate that it is not possible for creation to begin at (...) a certain time as an instant event. According to them, while nothing material can be co-eternal with God, He has always been creating and manifesting from eternity because of His perfection. This study argues that when this issue is taken in its various aspects, it will be seen that Ibn Arabī and Ibn Taymiyya stand together about the issue against both philosophers and theologians. (shrink)

In der Geschichte des islamischen Denkens gibt es – epistemologisch und hermeneutisch – verschiedene Ansätze zwischen Sufis und Gelehrten zum Verstehen und Interpretieren von Religion und der Welt. Einige Streitthemen führten manchmal zu heftigen Diskussionen und zuweilen zu regelrechten Konflikten zwischen beiden Parteien. Hierzu gehört insbesondere das Verständnis der Sufis von der Einheit des Seins. Der andalusische Sufi Ibn ‘Arabī, der diese Theorie systematisch etablierte, stand dabei im Mittelpunkt der Streitigkeiten über seine Zeit hinaus bis heute. Der osmanische Sufi und (...) Gelehrte Muḥammad al-Ḫādimī skizziert in einer seiner Abhandlungen diese kontroversen Positionen. Darin verteidigt er den Sufi Ibn ‘Arabī und interpretiert seine Ansichten in einer Form, die von Gelehrten akzeptiert werden kann. Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit dieser Abhandlung und analysiert sie inhaltlich. (shrink)

As in all languages, Arabic and accordingly Quran which was revealed in a clear, fluent form of Arabic language, have words and concepts that are used in various meanings. The root “SHB” is one of these words which express different meanings depending on its context. This word is used ninety seven times in name and verb form in Quran to express “the togetherness/conversation which is constituted in different places and times, by people who have different ideas and beliefs, among themselves (...) (believer- believer or nonbeliever – nonbeliever) and with others (believer – nonbeliever) in this world and in the Hereafter”. -/- In this study, the basic/root meaning of the root “SHB” is identified firstly by the help of classical dictionaries, commentaries of Quran, and poems. Then the use of this word in Quran in name and verb forms is pointed, and its meanings which differ according to the verse, to the attaching words and to the context are identified. (shrink)

İncelemeye çalıştığımız bu kitap meseleye tasavvufî perspektif ile yaklaşmakta; felsefe ve kelâm tartışmalarına temas etmemektedir. “Kalp, Nefs ve Ruh”, “Etvâr-ı Sebʿa: Nefsin Yedi Mertebesi” ve “Etvâr-ı Sebʿa’nın Taalluku” başlıklarıyla üç ana bölümden oluşan kitabın konuları işleyişi ise tasviridir.

The aim of this study is to stylistically analyze the common symbols in Charles Dickens’s Christmas Books, which revived the Christmas spirit in the dark Victorian era. Experiencing the vast impacts of Industrial Revolution, people in Dickens’s time were suffering from the consequences of industrialism, poverty, class distinctions and shifting values within a dark world. Upon combining sentimentality towards human nature, Dickens, in his Christmas stories, revived a festival which faded away from English life during the 19th c. Through this (...) blending of a Christmas spirit in the dark Victorian era, Dickens drew the desired picture of a better future for his readers. His ‘Dickensian’ style enables questioning and judging the discrepancies in the society and the defects of humanity while entertaining the reader with the concerns of family harmony, forgiveness, charity, happiness, compassion and Christmas joy. Yet instead of presenting his messages explicitly, in the deeper structure, Charles Dickens directs his readers through the messages with the use of symbols in his five Christmas stories. To this end, this study aims at clarifying the common symbols in the stories of Christmas Books to suggest that Dickens lights a candle via his stories for his readers who were imprisoned in the dark Victorian age. (shrink)

Biobanks act as the custodians for the access to and responsible use of human biological samples and related data that have been generously donated by individuals to serve the public interest and scientific advances in the health research realm. Risk assessment has become a daily practice for biobanks and has been discussed from different perspectives. This paper aims to provide a literature review on risk assessment in order to put together a comprehensive typology of diverse risks biobanks could potentially face. (...) Methodologically set as a typology, the conceptual approach used in this paper is based on the interdisciplinary analysis of scientific literature, the relevant ethical and legal instruments and practices in biobanking to identify how risks are assessed, considered and mitigated. Through an interdisciplinary mapping exercise, we have produced a typology of potential risks in biobanking, taking into consideration the perspectives of different stakeholders, such as institutional actors and publics, including participants and representative organizations. With this approach, we have identified the following risk types: economic, infrastructural, institutional, research community risks and participant’s risks. The paper concludes by highlighting the necessity of an adaptive risk governance as an integral part of good governance in biobanking. In this regard, it contributes to sustainability in biobanking by assisting in the design of relevant risk management practices, where they are not already in place or require an update. The typology is intended to be useful from the early stages of establishing such a complex and multileveled biomedical infrastructure as well as to provide a catalogue of risks for improving the risk management practices already in place. (shrink)

Coronary artery vasospasm (CAVS) is a clinical entity that can cause angina, but also unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, fatal arrhythmias, and sudden death. Although it is a condition that is usually controlled with medical treatment, more aggressive treatments may rarely be required. In this case, the patient with a known diagnosis of CAVS had multiple arrests despite optimal medical treatment. We observed that fatal arrhythmias persisted in the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) records, even though we implanted a stent (...) and gave the patient maximal medical treatment. We performed sympathectomy as a last resort and we did not detect any recurrence in the 6-month follow-up of the patient. ICD implantation and sympathectomy should always be considered in resistant CAVS cases. (shrink)

Cet article est la traduction française de l’introduction du livre d’Ayelet Shachar, «The Puzzle of Birthright Citizenship», avec la permission de l’éditeur, tirée de The Birthright Lottery : Citizenship and Global Inequality, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp.1-18. © 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. Traduction de Martin Provencher.This paper is the French translation of Ayelet Shachar’s introduction, «The Puzzle of Birthright Citizenship», digitally reproduced by permission of the publisher from The Birthright Lottery : Citizenship and Global Inequality, Cambridge, (...) Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp.1-18. © 2009 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Translation by Martin Provencher. (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous proposons une nouvelle avenue pour répondre en partie au casse-tête du deuil posé par Marušić dans Do Reasons Expire ? An essay on grief. Selon Marušić, le deuil ne peut être expliqué rationnellement, entre autres, par ce qu’il appelle la conception processuelle. Notre proposition est fondée sur une conception de l’identité généralement absente dans les approches occidentales de l’identité : une conception dividuelle. Les conceptions dividuelles de l’identité présentent l’identité d’un individu comme étant un composite de (...) ses relations interpersonnelles, c’est-à-dire qu’autrui est en partie moi, et je suis en partie autrui. À partir de cette conception, nous réintroduisons une nouvelle version de la conception processuelle ayant pour objet le manque de rationalité cognitive entre la partie notre identité constituée par le proche faisant l’objet de notre deuil et son référent dans le monde (le proche maintenant décédé). Selon notre proposition, la diminution du deuil serait ainsi explicable rationnellement par le réajustement de l’identité à son référent. Les particularités de la conception de l’identité et de la conception processuelle que nous proposons permettent d’éviter les critiques que Marušić adresse à la conception processuelle. Cette conception nous permet ainsi d’expliquer rationnellement la diminution du deuil, du moins en partie. (shrink)

In prayers lie the experiences, dreams, and identity of the individual. These strengthen faith while fortifying one’s character. This research examines the Dororo of the Ayta Ambala, a native prayer considered a convergence of the community’s experiences, aspirations, and faith. Using a Filipino-centric research approach (Maka-Pilipinong Pananaliksik), nine Dororo were gathered from Sitio Mampuweng, Olongapo City, Zambales, and classified into three types: Dororong Ritwal, a collective prayer for the community; Dororong Panganganito, a healing ritual; and Pansariling Dororo, personal prayers for (...) daily needs. Four themes emerged within the prayers: gratitude, protection, abundant harvest, and remembrance of the deceased. The Dororo reflects Ayta Ambala’s connection to nature, community, and spirituality. This research emphasizes the importance of documentation and knowledge transmission to preserve cultural heritage. The Dororo demonstrates the resilience of the Ayta Ambala amidst modernization and external religious influences while safeguarding their traditional identity. (shrink)

Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler's proposal that social and legal institutions should steer individuals toward some options and away from others-a stance they dub "libertarian paternalism"-has provoked much high-level discussion in both academic and policy settings. Sunstein and Thaler believe that steering, or "nudging," individuals is easier to justify than the bans or mandates that traditional paternalism involves. -/- This Article considers the connection between libertarian paternalism and the regulation of reproductive choice. I first discuss the use of nudges to (...) discourage women from exercising their right to choose an abortion, or from becoming or remaining pregnant. I then argue that reproductive choice cases illustrate the limitations of libertarian paternalism. Where choices are politicized or intimate, as reproductive choices often are, nudges become not much easier to justify than traditional mandates or prohibitions. Even beyond the context of reproductive choice, it is not obvious how much easier nudges are to justify than bans or mandates. -/- Part I of this Article briefly introduces Sunstein and Thaler's libertarian paternalism. Part II then turns to the context of reproductive choice. Part II.A reviews restrictions on the right to choose an abortion-particularly post-Casey regulations such as waiting periods, requirements that women receive certain types of information, and requirements that women undergo ultrasound-that pitch themselves as steering choice without entirely closing off the right to choose an abortion. This distinction between nudges and prohibitions echoes Sunstein and Thaler's proposals, but works to subordinate women's choices to the judgment of (often male) experts and administrators-hence my term "libertarian patriarchalism." Part II.B reviews efforts to nudge women-particularly teenagers, HIV-positive women, and others thought to be unsuitable mothers-to avoid pregnancy. -/- Part III considers the normative implications of nudging reproductive decisions. In Part III.A, I argue that the political nature of reproductive choices presents a problem for nudges. I do so by considering a parallel with voting rights. Empirical research shows that voters are more likely to choose the candidate listed first on the ballot. Yet we do not empower the administrator in charge of ballot design to choose a default rule that nudges individuals toward the candidate he sincerely believes would promote choosers' welfare. Given the political nature of reproductive choices, a policymaker's attempting to nudge reproductive decisionmaking in the direction he prefers-or indeed in any direction-fails to show adequate respect for the chooser's agency. In Part III.B, I offer an argument that targets the use of nudges in the context of pregnancy. Finally, in Part III.C, I argue that nudges do not merely add choices to an existing menu, but change the substantive choices available to individuals and thereby impose more-than-trivial costs on them. I conclude by exploring the implications of my arguments for nudges more generally. (shrink)

In their recently published book Nudge (2008) Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein (T&S) defend a position labelled as ‘libertarian paternalism’. Their thinking appeals to both the right and the left of the political spectrum, as evidenced by the bedfellows they keep on either side of the Atlantic. In the US, they have advised Barack Obama, while, in the UK, they were welcomed with open arms by the David Cameron's camp (Chakrabortty 2008). I will consider the following questions. What (...) is Nudge? How is it different from social advertisement? Does Nudge induce genuine preference change? Does Nudge build moral character? Is there a moral difference between the use of Nudge as opposed to subliminal images to reach policy objectives? And what are the moral constraints on Nudge? (shrink)

This article theorises the transformation of dissent in the digital age by examining the contemporary figure of the dissident intellectual within the political economy of platform capitalism. Departing from the twentieth-century propaganda paradigm articulated in Manufacturing Consent, the article argues that contemporary media systems no longer prioritise the stabilisation of consensus but instead actively produce, amplify, and monetise division, outrage, and moral conflict. This structural shift is conceptualised as Propaganda 2.1: a regime in which dissent itself becomes an infrastructural resource (...) rather than an oppositional force. Through an extended analytical case study of Noam Chomsky, once emblematic of counterculture as an external critic of power, the article traces how dissidence is reconfigured into a form of performative visibility embedded within algorithmic attention economies. Chomsky’s elevation as ‘arguably the most important intellectual alive’—a phrase that originated in irony—illustrates how critique is converted into symbolic capital, while subsequent scandals and polarisation cycles demonstrate how controversy functions as a generator of engagement rather than a threat to power. Drawing on Cass Sunstein’s concept of cognitive infiltration, the article reinterprets infiltration not as deliberate state action but as an automated process ‘sunsteinization’ performed by digital infrastructures that fragment interpretive communities from within. The analysis further integrates the notion of kayfabe politics to describe a media environment in which audiences knowingly participate in staged moral conflicts between ‘righteous’ and ‘evil’ actors, sustaining a dramaturgy of dissent that produces loyalty, identity, and revenue while leaving structural conditions untouched. The article concludes that contemporary counterculture no longer operates as an external pressure capable of destabilising dominant systems but survives as a conspicuous performance of opposition. Dissent persists, but as spectacle rather than strategy, signalling not the disappearance of critique but its full absorption into the operating logic of digital power. (shrink)

To nudge is to design choice contexts in order to improve choice outcomes. Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein emphatically endorse nudging but reject more restrictive means. In contrast, I argue that the behavioral psychology that motivates nudging also motivates what may be called jolting — i.e. the design of choice content. I defend nudging and jolting by distinguishing them from the sometimes oppressive means with which they can be implemented, by responding to some common arguments against nudging, and by showing (...) how respect for preferences over option sets and their aggregate properties may require the trimming of option sets, as well as helpful choice contexts. (shrink)

From the outset, critical social theory has sought to diagnose people’s participation in their own oppression, by revealing the roots of irrational and self-undermining choices in the complex interplay between human nature, social structures, and cultural beliefs. As part of this project, Ideologiekritik has aimed to expose faulty conceptions of this interplay, so that the objectively pathological character of what people are “freely” choosing could come more clearly into view. The challenge, however, has always been to find a way of (...) doing this without arrogantly assuming special access to what is good for people. And this danger of paternalism is one to which social theorists have all too often fallen prey. In this brief essay, I focus on contemporary instances of clearly self-defeating behavior in contexts of complex choices. I begin by discussing a recent attempt to diagnose and solve these failures of choices, namely the public policy recommendations of behavioral economist Richard Thaler and reform-minded legal theorist Cass Sunstein. Their influential “libertarian paternalist” approach is particularly interesting, both in what it includes (attention to the socially constructed nature of choice situations and the roots of the problems in human nature) and in what it leaves out (an understanding of the social construction of human nature and an adequate appreciation of the value of autonomy). After discussing it, I consider a broadly perfectionist alternative, to the effect that the problem lies in a failure to adequately appreciate the importance of developing autonomy. I then turn to sketching the outlines of a new approach, based on the concept of “autonomy gaps,” which approaches overly demanding policies in relational and action-theoretical terms. In the final section, I show how this provides the basis for an analysis both in terms of a critique of ideology and of social pathology. (shrink)

The urgent importance of dealing with the climate crisis has led some influential theorists to argue that at least some demands for justice must give way to pragmatic and strategic considerations. These theorists (Cass Sunstein, Eric Posner, and David Weisbach, all academic lawyers, and John Broome, an academic philosopher) contend that the failures of international negotiations and other efforts to change economic policies and practices have shown that moral exhortations are worse than ineffective. Although Broome's position is similar in these (...) respects to that of Sunstein, Posner and Weisbach, it differs in other important respects, including his understanding of the idea of justice, his disagreement with the policy approach (which he calls "efficiency with sacrifice") favored by the economists Nicholas Stern and William Nordhaus, and his proposal for establishing a new international financial institution, a World Climate Bank, in addition to putting a price on carbon. Elsewhere I offer a critical analysis of the position taken by Posner and Weisbach in their book, Climate Change Justice. Their arguments against allowing principles of distributive justice (narrowly understood) to constrain treaty negotiations fail to rule out the principles of John Rawls' Law of Peoples (which is a conception of the moral basis of a just international order, including states' obligations to secure basic human rights for all). Therefore their arguments against shaping climate treaties to reflect any principles of justice do not succeed in supporting their position. Here I offer a critical analysis of Broome's position. I raise and discuss objections to Broome's proposal for a WCB, and I argue that the continued relevance of these objections is contingent on how the proposal for a WCB may get developed. (shrink)

In a number of recent publications, Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler have argued for a novel approach to the design of public policy. Their proposal has received a great deal of attention, both within academic circles and the public at large. Drawing upon evidence from behavioral economics and empirical psychology, the authors attempt to demonstrate that the conventional antagonism between libertarians and paternalists within political theory dissolves in conditions that obtain widely in public decision-making. Where free choice and the promotion (...) of individual welfare can coexist, the authors believe that designers of public policy ought to be libertarian paternalists. In this paper I criticize their proposal on grounds that the authors are unable to sufficiently motivate the paternalistic element of their approach. I argue that the empirical evidence cited by the authors is capable of supporting a number of competing approaches, including what I call libertarian utilitarianism and libertarian justice. Since the evidence that the authors draw upon does not provide us any grounds for selecting between these rival approaches, I conclude that Sunstein and Thaler are unable to provide us with a convincing guide for the design of public policy. In order to show that this is the case, I consider three arguments in favor of libertarian paternalism, and find each lacking. I end with some comments about what we can properly conclude on the basis of Sunstein and Thaler’s arguments. (shrink)

A central question that arises when interpreting the U.S. Constitution is which theory of interpretation is the best? In his recent book, “How to Interpret the Constitution,” Cass Sunstein reviews various theories of constitutional interpretation currently in vogue and then offers what he believes would be the best approach going forward. In this Article, I want to take up a more basic question presupposed by the very idea of a theory of interpretation. That is, whether it is even possible to (...) arrive at more than a provisional understanding of what would be the best interpretation in any given area of study, including constitutional law. That said, I do believe some of the interpretations suggested by Cass Sunstein and elsewhere by myself and others to be more persuasive than most others, even if only partially so. For, as Sunstein himself points out, no theory seems perfect to figure out the Constitution’s meaning in every possible world in which we could imagine it to exist. So, we best just focus on our own world or what we take to matter in our world. In keeping with this idea, I plan to begin by looking first at how we might interpret the world around us based on our past experiences by considering a somewhat imaginative recent experience of my own. Next, I consider some recent studies in the neurosciences and a previous but highly influential article by the philosopher Donald Davidson concerning conceptual schemes and whether we could ever hope to make any sense of a scheme radically different from our own. Here it should be pointed out that I will use the word “scheme” when referring to a very broad system of thought for which there may not be much outside, versus when I use the word “framework,” as referencing something far narrower than a whole system of thought, even if what is referenced might purport to be a significant part of a still larger system. My goal is to eventually adopt John Rawls’ public reason method to separate out non-workable systems of thought as might be part of a particular religious or philosophical tradition that cannot be easily tied to any other system of thought easily imagined within a pluralistic society. I plan to do this by relating how Rawls’ public reason might allow for the creation of a moral interpretation of the Constitution adopting the moral theory of Alan Gewirth. The latter I adopt because its grounding does not presuppose any prior moral or religious framework. I then apply that interpretative method to five cases Sunstein believes are fixed points in our current constitutional understanding. In short, I plan to isolate out an area of human rights where even very different understandings of the world might be able to meet, while acknowledging that there will still be other areas that simply evade any common connection. I hope what I offer here to be of help for a theory of constitutional interpretation that focuses on morality, without having to compete with various religious frameworks going forward. (shrink)

Advances in cognitive and behavioral science show that the way options are presented—commonly referred to as “choice architecture”—strongly influences our decisions: we tend to react to a particular option differently depending on how it is presented. Studies suggest that we often make irrational choices due to the interplay between choice architecture and systematic errors in our reasoning—cognitive biases. Based on this data, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein came up with the idea of a "nudge," which they define as a small (...) change in the choice architecture that steers people towards certain choices without limiting their options. Central to the debate on nudging is the question of when, or under what circumstances, it is ethical to nudge someone. Proponents of nudging argue that for ethical nudging, the nudge must be (1) easy to resist and (2) aimed towards the welfare of those nudged (nudgees). In this paper, I argue that this criterion excludes nudges that are both intuitively permissible and broadly accepted. I propose an alternative set of sufficient conditions for ethical nudging that expands the domain for the ethical application of nudges. My “no harm” criterion states that for a nudge to be ethical, the nudge must (1) be easy to resist, and (2) produce no significant harm for the nudgee. I identify three types of such nudges: Choice Architect nudges, Third Party nudges, and “Meh” nudges, and offer examples for each. (shrink)

We construct and analyze in detail the Chronotunnel: a finite, helically coiled spinning cosmic string spacetime that admits closed timelike curves (CTCs) without requiring exotic matter in the bulk, event horizons, or semiclassical divergences. The Chronotunnel metric combines the frame–dragging term of a spinning cosmic string with a helical identification between the angular and axial coordinates, yielding a finite tubular region r < rc filled with CTCs. Using a systematic time–machine design checklist as a guide, we explicitly derive the metric, (...) its inverse, the Christoffel symbols, and the full Riemann, Ricci, and Einstein tensors. We show that the spacetime is locally flat (vacuum) everywhere away from the string core, with curvature concentrated as a distribution on the defect world–tube. We determine the global causal structure and demonstrate that CTCs arise when the azimuthal Killing vector ∂φ becomes timelike inside r < rc = |a|/α, where a = 4GJ/c3 is a frame–dragging parameter and α = 1−4Gμ/c2 encodes the conical deficit of a cosmic string with mass density μ and angular momentum density J. The CTC region is finite and cylindrically localized. We analyze three global extensions: a primordial (eternal) Chronotunnel, an adiabatically formed Chronotunnel, and a finite–time “snip–and–curl” construction. In the eternal and adiabatic cases the spacetime has no compactly generated chronology horizon, so the Kay–Radzikowski–Wald mechanism that produces divergent vacuum polarization on chronology horizons does not apply. In contrast, the finite–time surgery extension admits such a horizon and is rejected as semiclassically unstable. For a minimally coupled massless scalar field, we perform a full separation of variables in the Chronotunnel background and derive the exact radial wave equation. We show that it is a generalized Bessel equation with regular behavior at the CTC boundary r = rc; the coefficients of the radial equation are analytic there, and the radial solutions remain finite and smooth. A global identification (φ, z) ∼ (φ+π, z) enforces even azimuthal mode numbers and reduces the ultraviolet mode density, further mitigating vacuum polarization. These features support the existence of Hadamard states with finite renormalized stress–energy tensor in the horizon–free extensions. In the bulk (r > 0) the stress–energy tensor vanishes identically, so all classical energy conditions are trivially satisfied there. Tidal forces are zero away from the defect core because the Riemann tensor vanishes in the bulk. We estimate the required angular momentum density and mass density for a macroscopic Chronotunnel with CTC radius R ∼ 1 km and find J ∼ 1038 J sm−1 and μ ∼ 1024 kgm−1, far beyond current engineering capabilities but well below Planck scales. Within the framework of classical and semiclassical general relativity, the Chronotunnel satisfies the core viability requirements of finiteness, global structure, and semiclassical stability, and compares favorably with classic CTC proposals such as Tipler’s cylinder, Gott’s moving strings, and Morris–Thorne wormholes. (shrink)

Bilang “kathang-buhay” ni Zeus A. Salazar, ang tinaguriang Ama ng Pantayong Pananaw (PP) at ng Bagong Historiograpiyang Pilipino, hindi mauunawaan ang PP nang hiwalay sa kanyang akademikong talambuhay. Kaya naman mainam na baybayin angkasaysayan ng Pantayong Pananaw sa konteksto ng kapantasanni Salazar. Maaaring hatiin ang kasaysayan ng PP sa konteksto ng kapantasan ni Salazar sa limang yugto, gamit ang metapora ng paglago ng halaman: 1. Panahon ng Pagpupunla ng mga ideyang magiging batayang kaisipan ng PP sa hinaharap, mula sapagpasok (...) ni Salazar sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas (PP) bilang magaaral ng kasaysayan (1951) hanggang sa pagkakalimbag ngkanyang Ang Pagtuturo ng Kasaysayan sa Pilipino (1970), maaari itong bansagan bilang “Yugtong Pre-Pantayo”; 2. Panahon ng Pag-uugat ng PP sa UP mula sa pagkakalimbag ng artikulo ukol sa wikang Filipino (1970) hanggang sa pagdaraos ng Unang Pambansang Kumperensya sa Historiograpiyang Pilipino, kaalinsabay ng paghirang sa kanya bilang dekano ng Dalubhasaan ng Agham Panlipunan at Pilosopiya at pagdaraos ng (1989), 3. Panahon ng Pagsibol ng PP sa UP na tumutukoy sa institusyunalisasyon nito sa UP Departamento ng Kasaysayanmula sa kumperensyang ito (1989) hanggang sa pagkakalimbag ng Pantayong Pananaw: Ugat at Kabuluhan (1997), 4. Panahon ng Pagyabong ng PP sa labas ng UP mula sa pagkakalimbag ng aklat (1997) hanggang sa paglulunsad ng Saliksik E-Journal (2012), at 5. Panahon ng Pamumunga mula sa paglulunsad ngSaliksik E-Journal (2012) hanggang sa pagtatapos ng pagtuturo ni Salazar sa Politeknikong Unibersidad ng Pilipinas (2019). (shrink)

1923 ile başlayan değişimler cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra da tam hızıyla devam etmiş ve değişim sırası yükseköğretim kurumuna gelmiştir. Ülkedeki tek yükseköğretim kurumu durumunda olan Darulfunun Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün ideallerine ve yeni cumhuriyetin hedeflerine uymamakta, hatta kimi hususlarda karşı gelmektedir. Bilimi temele alan, modern anlayışa sahip, eleştirel ve sorgulayıcı tavır takınan, ülke gündemine ve devrimlere kayıtsız kalmayan bir yükseköğretim kurumu oluşturmayı hedefleyen Atatürk bu durumu düzeltmek adına atılımda bulunarak eğitim alanında da bir reforma gitme kararı almıştır. Cumhuriyetin onuncu yılında gerçekleştirilen üniversite (...) reformu ile büyük bir rahatsızlığa sebebiyet veren Darulfunun kapatılarak İstanbul Üniversitesi açılmıştır. Reformun hedefleri doğrultusunda istenilenin tam anlamıyla gerçekleşmesi için alanında yetkin ve başarılı yabancı akademisyen arayışında olan Türk hükümeti çareyi Almanya’daki Nazi iktidarından kaçmaya çalışan ve çoğunluğu Yahudi asıllı olan bilim insanlarında bulmuştur. Göçmen statüsündeki bu akademisyenler ülkeye getirilerek İstanbul Üniversitesi’ne yerleştirilmiş ve üniversitenin bilimsel bir kimlik kazanması, Batı ile rekabet edebilir hale gelmesi ve modern anlamda eğitim vermesi için çalışmalara başlanmıştır. Ülkemize gelen bu akademisyenler arasında Hans Reichenbach da bulunmaktadır. (shrink)

Pumoposisyon ang pananaliksik sa pag-aambag ng kaalaman ukol sa somatikong lipunan o pag-aaral sa kultural na kahulugan ng katawan at pangangatawan sa unang banda, habang pinahahalagahan ang saysay ng mga salaysaying bayan sa kabilang dako. Matagal nang sinikil dulot ng “konserbatismo”, o ‘di kaya paglilimita sa usaping may kinalaman sa genitalia, ang butò (titi) at puki gayong sa mga nagdaang dekada ay patuloy na pinagyayaman ang teoretisasyon sa “pagkatao” at “kaisipang” Pilipino. Paano mauunawaan ang kabuoang pagkatao at kaisipan ng (...) mga Pilipino kung hindi isasangkot sa talastasan ang mga genitalia na isa ring bahagi ng katawan ng tao at nagtataglay ng sariling kahulugan? Kung kaya’t dahil sa nakasagkang elemento ng diskurso kaugnay nito, hindi natin lantad na nababanggit ang mga salitang may kinalaman sa seks at genitalia. Bilang resulta, ikinukubli natin sa samot- saring euphemismo at/o metapora at direktang simbolismo upang pababain ang tensiyon ng komunikasyong para sa iba ay “seksuwal” at “mahalay.” Isa sa matagal nang iniuugnay sa mga genitalia ay ang mga kagamitan at prosesong agrikultural ng mga Pilipino katulad ng bigas, prutas, gulay, halaman, at iba pa. Ito ay naging bahagi ng paglilinang, pagpoprodyus, hanggang sa paghahanda sa hapag-kainan ng mga Pilipino. Nailarawan ang mga pisikal nitong estrukturang nasukat sa haba o ikli at/o laki o liit. Gayon din ang gustasyong paglalarawan na nasukat sa pamamagitan ng dila—sarap, labnaw, lapot, at iba pa. Bagama’t patuloy na ginagamit at/o naririnig sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay, hindi pa ito gaanong nabibigyan ng malalimang pagsusuri. Sa pamamagitan ng pagkalap, pag-uugnay, at pagpapahalaga sa mga salaysaying bayan, tutuklasin ng pag-aaral ang simbolismo ng butò batay sa mga kagamitan, proseso, at produktong nakaugnay sa agrikulturang Pilipino. (shrink)

Współczesny świat, zdominowany przez elektroniczne środki przekazu, to już zupełnie inne pojmowanie komunikacji językowej, zarówno tej w formie pisanej, jak i mówionej. Dominują w nim skrótowe i kompaktowe wypowiedzi; język z jednej strony traci na znaczeniu, z drugiej zaś - chłonie nowinki z innych systemów językowych, z którymi wchodzi w interakcje na różnych płaszczyznach. Niewątpliwe ogromną rolę odgrywają w tym procesie różnice kulturowe i związane z tym nie tylko kwestie mentalności, stereotypy, lecz także odmienne pojmowanie zjawisk dnia codziennego, w tym (...) również sposób definiowania poczucia humoru. Ciekawą rzeczą jest więc próba wskazania na podobieństwa oraz różnice między tzw. „typowo niemieckim” poczuciem humoru a niemieckim programem komediowym Was guckst du?, produkowanym i prowadzonym przez obcokrajowca. Kaya Yanar, autor i gospodarz tego programu, jest niewątpliwie najlepszym przykładem na to, że wymienione wcześniej „typowo niemieckie” poczucie humoru odbiega w znacznym stopniu od rodzaju żartu, proponowanego właśnie przez Yanara. Was guckst du? daje możliwość zanalizowania języka audycji komediowej, odwołującej się głównie do kultury świata arabskiego i wszelkich zjawisk z nią związanych, kwestii opanowania i posługiwania się językiem niemieckim właśnie przez obcokrajowców z tego kręgu kulturowego. W przełożeniu na leksykę i jej użycie w praktyce oznacza to wykorzystanie w programie zjawiska wieloznaczności, wynikających z braku znajomości języka, jako źródła sytuacji komediowych, które w połączeniu z niezwykle barwną osobą prowadzącego, odpowiednim obrazem, charakterem postaci oraz motywami muzycznymi, jest punktem wyjścia do całościowej analizy tegoż programu. (shrink)

It is argued that colour name strategy, object name strategy, and chunking strategy in memory are all aspects of the same general phenomena, called stereotyping, and this in turn is an example of a know-how representation. Such representations are argued to have their origin in a principle called the minimum duplication of resources. For most the subsequent discussions existence of colour name strategy suffices. It is pointed out that the BerlinA- KayA universal partial ordering of colours and the frequency (...) of traffic accidents classified by colour are surprisingly similar; a detailed analysis is not carried out as the specific colours recorded are not identical. Some consequences of the existence of a name strategy for the philosophy of language and mathematics are discussed: specifically it is argued that in accounts of truth and meaning it is necessary throughout to use real numbers as opposed to bi-valent quantities; and also that the concomitant label associated with sentences should not be of unconditional truth, but rather several real-valued quantities associated with visual communication. The implication of real-valued truth quantities is that the Continuum Hypothesis of pure mathematics is side-stepped, because real valued quantities occur ab initio. The existence of name strategy shows that thought/sememes and talk/phonemes can be separate, and this vindicates the assumption of thought occurring before talk used in psycho-linguistic speech production models. (shrink)

Peloponez Savaşı Tarihi’nin yazarı Thukydides (Grekçe: Thoukydídēs, İngilizce: Thucydides), Antik Yunan’da tarihyazımının yönünü köklü biçimde değiştiren bir figürdür. Atina ile Sparta arasındaki uzun savaşı kayıt altına alırken eserinin “geçici bir dinleyici hoşnutluğu için hazırlanmış bir gösteri olmaktan çok, tüm zamanlar için kalıcı bir kazanım” olmasını hedeflediğini vurgular (Thucydides, 2009, I.22, s. 16, çev. Hammond). Gerçekten de onun tarih anlayışı ve yöntemi, bu eseri çağının ötesine taşıyarak kalıcı bir düşünsel başvuru kaynağına dönüştürmüştür. Thukydides’in tarihe yaklaşımı, olayları yalnızca betimlemekle kalmayıp bunların ardındaki (...) nedenleri araştırmayı ve böylece insan doğasında gözlemlenebilecek süreklilikleri açığa çıkarmayı amaçlar. Kendi ifadesiyle, “insan doğası aynı kaldıkça” benzer olaylar tekrar yaşanacaktır (I.22). Bu bakımdan Thukydides, tarihi yalnızca geçmişi kaydetme aracı olarak değil geleceği kavramaya yardımcı olacak bir düşünsel zemin olarak görür. Nitekim, eserinin “herhangi bir zamanda benzer biçimde tekrar edecek olayları anlamak isteyenler için faydalı olacağını” da özellikle belirtir (I.22). Böylece tarih bilgisini, insan davranışlarının kalıcı yapısını çözümleyerek günümüze ışık tutabilecek felsefi bir ders niteliğine kavuşturur. Bu yazıda Thukydides’in tarih anlayışı çok yönlü biçimde ele alınmaktadır. Öncelikle onun yaşamı ve eserinin temel özellikleri kısaca tanıtılmakta ardından bilgi kuramı, tarihyazımındaki yöntemi, insan doğasına ilişkin görüşleri ile etik ve siyaset anlayışı incelenmektedir. Thukydides’in tarihçiliği, kendisinden hemen önce gelen “tarihin babası” olarak anılan Herodot (Herodotos) ile karşılaştırılarak; mitos ile logos, retorik ile nesnellik ve anlatı yapısı gibi açılardan farklılıkları değerlendirilmektedir. Son olarak, Thukydides’in düşünsel mirası tartışılarak günümüze dek süregelen felsefi ve tarihsel önemi ortaya konulmaktadır. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to trace a specific influence from Immanuel Kant to Fyodor Dostoevsky, through Friedrich Schiller. I do so by utilizing Anton Barba-Kay’s arguments about Schiller’s philosophical reactions to Kant’s moral and aesthetic philosophies. Barba-Kay argues that Kant’s moral maxim of duty raises a problem of “aesthetic visibility,” opening an epistemic gap between external action and internal intention. In response to this widening gap between the external and the internal, Schiller does what Kant refused to do (...) and combines the moral with the aesthetic. In reaction to Kant, Schiller posits two moral/aesthetic types: “Grace” and “Dignity.” After showing the general influence Schiller had on Dostoevsky, I show how these two Schillerian moral/aesthetic types play central roles in The Brothers Karamazov. I close by showing one literary technique Dostoevsky uses to overcome the problem of aesthetic visibility which Barba-Kay fears. (shrink)

Taong 2019 nang magsimula ang paglaganap ng COVID-19 sa Pilipinas, kaya samu’t saring mga impormasyon ang ipinakalat sa bansa upang maiwasan ang pagkalat ng virus lalo na sa mga lugar na matataas ang bilang ng nag positibo, gaya na lamang sa Lungsod ng Quezon. Hinggil rito, ang saliksik na ito na naglalayong malaman at maitala ang Gampanin ng Wikang Filipino sa pag papalaganap ng impormasyon patungkol sa COVID-19. Upang matugunan ang mga hinihingi sa pananaliksik, ito ay gagwin sa deskriptibong (...) paraan, mag o-obserba ang mga mananaliksik sa mga post mula sa mga social media sites ng Lokal na Pamahalaan ng Lungsod ng Quezon, upang malaman ang ginampanan ng Wikang Filipino sa pagpapalaganap ng impormasyon patungkol sa COVID-19. Bilang proseso sa pagkalap ng mga datos, naghanap ang mga mananaliksik ng mga pages o sites na minamanipula ng Lokal na Pamahalaan ng Lungsod ng Quezon na pinagkunan ng mga post na pumapatungkol sa COVID-19. Mula rito makakagawa ang mga mananaliksik ng content analysis mula sa mga post sa iba’t ibang sites kung paano nagamit ang Wikang Filipino at kung paano ito nakatulong upang mas maiwasan pa ang paglaganap ng virus sa Lungsod ng Quezon. Sa saliksik na ito natuklasan na hindi lamang ang Filipino ang ginamit, marami sa mga post na nakalap ay nasa Tag-lish o pinaghalong Filipino at English, dahil sa bago ito sa mga tao, nilayon ng pamahalaan at maging ang Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino na gamitin ang Wikang Filipino dahil hindi lahat ay may kakayahang umintindi ng wikang banyaga. Gayunpama’y nagkaroon din ng ambag ang wikang Ingles dahil maraming pagkakataong gumamit ng mga teknikal na termino na kadalasang maririnig natin sa agham. Nakatutulong ang saliksik na ito upang mas mabigyang linaw ang ginampanan ng wika at sa kung paano nagiging epektibo ang mga pabatid upang maiwasan ang COVID-19. (shrink)

Marami sa mga simbahan (iglesia) at libingan (cementerio) ang itinayo noong panahon ng mga Español sa dati nang sinasambahan at nililibingan ng mga katutubo, kung kaya bahagi pa rin ng pagtatawid sa sinaunang pananampalataya patungo sa tinatawag na Kristiyanismong Bayan (tinatawag ng iilan bilang Folk Catholicism o Folk Christianity). Dahil hindi pasibong tinanggap ng mga katutubo ang ipinakikilalang dogma, inangkop nila sa kanilang kinabihasnang kultura ang pagtanggap sa Kristiyanismo. Makikita ang ganitong pag-angkop sa sistema ng paniniwala; iba’t ibang tradisyon; (...) at konsepto ng mga bagay-bagay. Ipinamalas din nila ang bersiyon ng pagsasama o sinkretismo sa sining ng arkitektura na makikita sa mga imprastraktura katulad ng cementerio. Isa ang Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery (NUC) ng Nagcarlan, Laguna sa mga tinitingnan bilang halimbawa ng isang magandang cementerio sa Pilipinas na tumutugon sa pamantayang binanggit sa itaas. Sa kabila ng imprastraktura at arkitekturang banyaga nito, mababakas pa rin ang patuloy na pagdaloy ng mga elementong pangkalinangan ng mga katutubo sa pamamagitan ng mga simbolong nakamarka at makikita sa kabuuan ng libingan. Dahil sa kulang at walang sapat na dokumentong naglalahad sa kasaysayan, ang dahilan kung bakit ilalatag at tatangkain sa pag-aaral na ito ang posibleng pagbubuo sa mga esensiyang bumabalot sa kabuuan ng sementeryo – mula sa kung sino ang gumawa, hanggang sa pagtukoy ng mga motibasyon at posibleng pagpapakahulugan sa lahat ng ito. Kung kaya’t itinatampok sa papel na ito ang paraan ng pagtukoy sa mga simbolo at interpretasyon bilang metodolohiya. Tatlong bagay ang tinitingnan sa pag-aaral: (1) posibleng katutubo ang mga simbolo na makikita sa libingan na nailalarawan ng mga kosmolohiya at penomenong bumabalot dito; (2) ang posibleng impluwensiya ng ibang kultura sa pagbubuo ng libingan; at (3) posibleng talaban ng dalawang magkaibang kultura sa pagbubuo ng sementeryo. (shrink)

Ang akda ng yumaong si Leopoldo R. Serrano na pinamagatang A Brief History of Caloocan ang pinaka-unang malaliman at seryosong pagsusulat sa kasaysayan ng pamayanan sa isang publikasyon na inilibas ng Kapisanang Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas noong 1958. Ito rin ang naging batayan ng ilan pang mga aklat na inilabas patungkol sa kasaysayan ng lungsod, kaya masasabi rin na ito ang canon sa usaping ito. Naka-ilang ulit ang pagkakalimbag ng sanaysay na ito ni Serrano mula 1960 hanggang 1971. Sa kasamaang-palad (...) ay mahirap na itong hanapin sa ngayon sapagkat nasa piling aklatan lamang ang may kopya ng nasabing sanaysay. Layunin ng akda na ito na ihayag ang klasik na akdang ito ni Serrano at maisalin upang mas maabot ito ng nakararami. Isasakonteksto rin ito sa estado ng pag-aaral tungkol sa lungsod at sa historiograpya nito. Gayundin, sa pagkakasalin nito na may anotasyon ay nais din ng artikulong ito na makapag-ambag sa papasibol na Araling Kalookan. (shrink)