If an AI makes a significant contribution to a research paper, should it be listed as a co-author? The current guidelines in the field have been created to reduce duplication of credit between two different authors in scientific articles. A new computer program could be identified and credited for its impact in an AI research paper that discusses an early artificial intelligence system which is currently under development at Lawrence Berkeley National. One way to imagine the future of artificial intelligence (...) is that it will be much less expensive to develop new technologies than to create new ways of thinking. Now we have done this technology, and now we go and ask why in the end it is the artificial intelligence that takes over? Well, it is not that artificial intelligence is bad, but it is not as effective as human minds or as intelligent as machine minds. Even in the past, when computers were more intelligent than humans, not all the AI programs have been so intelligent as to be intelligent enough to be called intelligent. (shrink)

This study addresses the persistent challenge of rehabilitating underperforming employees by proposing a leadership driven behavioral transformation framework grounded in Transformational Leadership Theory and Positive Relationship Theory. Despite extensive literature on workplace engagement, a critical gap remains in integrating psychological, relational, and motivational strategies to restore productivity among disengaged employees. Using a quantitative design, the study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze responses from 375 employees across diverse sectors in Metro Cebu, Philippines, who met criteria related (...) to tenure and leadership exposure. Findings revealed that transformational leadership dimensions—individualized consideration (β= 0.428), intellectual stimulation (β= 0.392), inspirational motivation (β= 0.345), and idealized influence (β= 0.376)—significantly enhanced work engagement, which in turn predicted higher productivity (β= 0.615). Intrinsic motivation also moderated the engagement–productivity pathway (β= 0.283), affirming its role as a psychological catalyst; these insights contribute a validated, scalable model for inclusive leadership, employee recovery, and strategic organizational development. (shrink)

This qualitative study employing the sentiment analysis method uncovered the people's sentiments on the appointment of Vice-President Sara Z Duterte as the Secretary of the Department of Education. The comments from the Facebook online news platforms were used as the corpora of this study. Results revealed that the appointment of Vice-President Sara Z. Duterte as the Department of Education Secretary received 79% positive sentiments, 11% negative sentiments, and 10% neutral sentiments from the people. This indicates that most people responded favorably (...) to the appointment of Vice President Sara Z. Duterte to the position of Secretary of the Department of Education. This suggests that people believed Vice President Duterte's ability to lead the Education Department and bring about significant changes within the department. (shrink)

In response to the rising incidence of burnout and employee turnover, this study examined the influence of healthyworkplace practices—conceptualized as "green flags"—on employee well-being and retention intentions. These greenflags included quality of life support, work-life boundary practices, mental health accommodation, psychologicalsafety, and recognition. Grounded in the Conservation of Resources theory, a quantitative descriptive-correlationaldesign was employed using structured surveys administered to 500 full-time employees across five industry sectorsin Metro Cebu, Philippines. Stratified random sampling ensured sectoral representation. The study applied descriptivestatistics, Pearson (...) correlation, multiple regression, and structural equation modeling (SEM) for data analysis. Resultsrevealed high perceptions of healthy workplace practices, with mean scores ranging from 3.98 (SD = 0.74) to 4.21(SD = 0.63). Employee well-being (M = 4.12, SD = 0.69) and retention intentions (M = 3.87, SD = 0.78) were alsorated favorably. Correlation analyses revealed significant positive relationships between all green flag indicators andoutcome variables, with psychological safety (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) and recognition (r = 0.64, p < 0.001) exhibiting thestrongest associations. Multiple regression confirmed psychological safety (β = 0.30, p < .001) and recognition (β =0.24, p < .001) as the most influential predictors of well-being, while recognition (β = 0.33, p < .001) and psychologicalsafety (β = 0.28, p < .001) most strongly predicted retention intentions. SEM demonstrated excellent model fit (CFI =0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.041, SRMR = 0.038), validating the theoretical framework. The study concluded thathealthy workplace practices were not merely cultural ideals but measurable strategic functions that enhanced employeeretention and psychological wellness. The validated green flag model offered a replicable structure for embeddingemployee-centered policies into organizational strategy, particularly in service-oriented and high-turnover industries. (shrink)

This work proposes a radical reconfiguration of moral philosophy by dismantling the major pillars of ethical thought—utilitarianism, deontological ethics, communitarianism, and classical economic liberalism—through systematic critique and paradoxical analysis. By exposing their structural inconsistencies and practical failures, I argue that none of these frameworks can provide a universally binding foundation for moral life in the twenty-first century. -/- Against this backdrop, I introduce the doctrine of the Minimal Existential Pursuit Right as a new moral axis. This doctrine rests on an (...) a priori boundary condition: the irreducible right of every sentient or minimally existential entity to (1) experience its finite life in full, and (2) preserve the intrinsic value of that experiential movement through memory, transmission, or transformation. This principle is advanced not as a metaphysical dogma but as a logical necessity for sustaining any coherent moral and social order. -/- The methodology combines the reconstruction of the social contract, the deployment of revelatory paradoxes, and the derivation of an axiomatic formula of minimal existence. Through these tools, I demonstrate why authoritarianism collapses under its own contradictions and why liberal economics, when grounded solely in individual preference, undermines the very conditions for freedom it claims to protect. -/- The contribution of this work lies not only in negating existing systems but in offering a universalizable alternative. By establishing an incontestable minimal right, this framework provides a secular, post-theological foundation for ethics and law, one capable of addressing emergent questions surrounding artificial intelligence, bioengineered beings, and the preservation of non-human life. -/- Thus, this paper marks a decisive shift: from ethics premised on transcendent sanctity or contingent utility, to an existentially grounded moral architecture that secures both freedom and dignity through the recognition of minimal existential pursuit. -/- The derived Universal Ontological Formula (UOF) establishes the a priori logic for defining the Minimal Existential Right by determining the Self-Reflective Quotient (SRQ). However, to bridge the divide between Ontology and Legal Praxis, the thesis introduces two complementary application frameworks: the Minimal Functional Connectivity Standard (MFCS) for biological entities and the Algorithmic Existential Pursuit Standard (AEPS) for non-biological entities. -/- Critically, the subsequent Framework for Restorative Intervention Classification is presented as a Normative Beta Version. This strategic positioning is designed to protect the theory's logical unassailability. The UOF’s validity rests on its abstract, ratio-based logic—not on any specific number. Therefore, the determination of the precise empirical values (e.g., the exact SRQ threshold, or the duration of restorative sanctions) is consciously delegated to Interdisciplinary Technical Commissions. This separation ensures that any future shifts in scientific knowledge (Neuroscience or AI engineering) will only necessitate updating the SRQ variables (technical inputs) without compromising the UOF’s universal logic (the philosophical foundation). The integrity of the theory is thus maintained by acknowledging that Quantification is a technical consensus, not a source of ultimate value. (shrink)

The study area was a small lowland river valley (the Łęg river) located in the south-east of Poland. The object of investigation was the macrophytes of 10 river lakes with corresponding active river channel stretches of the same length as the cut-offs. The aim was to check the difference in species diversity between cut-off and active river channels. The second aim was to test the following hypothesis: vegetation of river lake has been shaped under the influence of contiguous river stretch (...) which has left a measurable mark in species abundance and composition. To test this, we checked whether a cut-off channel’s flora is more similar to flora of the contiguous river stretch, than to flora of a farther river stretch. During the course of the study it was found that the average species richness was approximately two times higher in the cut-off channels than in the river stretches. The number of the species exclusive for the river lakes was nine times higher in comparison with the river’s exclusives (not found in the cut-offs). The Shannon diversity index definitely spoke in favor of the river lakes. These results clearly show the significance of river lakes in maintaining biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems in a small river valley. We did not confirm our hypothesis concerning floristic relation between an active channel and its cut-offs. The floristic similarity between a given cut-off channel and the contiguous active river channel stretch is not stronger than the similarity between this lake and more distant river stretches. The cause of such a state of affairs may be high natural dynamics of investigated habitats and anthropogenic transformation of the river valley. (shrink)

In this essay we will consider another basic topic: the problem of the nature of the distinctions between Sitte, Brauch, Wert, Mode, and Recht, on which Weber's discussion relies. These discussions typically involved the untranslatable concept of Sitte, which marks a contrast between practices or customs with normative force and “mere practice.” There is a close parallel to this distinction in American social thought in W. G. Sumner's latinate distinction between the mores and folkways of a society. In what follows (...) we shall simply use the German term as a reminder of its long history in German philosophy. Weber was obviously aware of this history, as was Jhering. Our aim will be to examine Weber's modifications of the received version of these distinctions and to consider the Implications of these modifications. As we shall see, what Weber represents as an innocuous classificatory problem contains a much more significant conceptual transformation, which bears on the general image of modernity as rationalization constructed by Weber. (shrink)

The article reveals the topical problem of shaping the leadership qualities in student youth, educating potential leaders who can quickly and purposefully integrate into society, solve social and industrial is-sues, and manage groups and innovative projects. It has emphasised the relevance of the problem of mod-elling the development of youth leadership and the study and adaptation of domestic and international ex-perience in this area. It has been defined that the vast majority of existing conceptual approaches concern the leadership of adults, (...) skilled professionals, and the business sphere. The purpose of the article is to review the conceptual ideas and theories that form the basis of mod-els for the formation of leadership qualities in student youth, as well as identification of the work system for training leaders in educational institutions of various levels. The study uses the methods of substantive, retrospective, comparative and definitional analysis, syn-thesis of principal ideas regarding youth leadership development, as well as generalization and specification of the best experience of modelling the formation of leadership qualities in student youth. Current theories underlying the investigation of the youth leadership phenomenon have been consid-ered, among which are the Trait Theory and the Great Person Theory, Theories of resonant, proactive, emotional, charismatic, democratic, transformational, situational, participative, servant leadership, and what-ever. It has been found out that all existing programs for effective leader development are based on a sin-gle humanistic concept that a leader is, first of all, an individual who, guided primarily by higher spiritual needs, strives for self-realization. It has been claimed that leadership qualities include both individual and psychological personality traits and those which determine productive relationships arising in the group interaction process. Several psychological, pedagogical and complex models for the formation of leadership qualities in student youth, developed in Ukraine and abroad, have been revealed. The models presented in the article are based on the author’s concepts, which, at the same time, have common features in the organization of purposeful training and self-study of pupils / students to develop so-called soſt skills in them, the formation of leader attitude, leader competency, leader behaviour and teamwork experience. The peculiarities of educational disciplines, classroom and extracurricular work, student self-government, and socially and energetic civil activities during the formation of leadership qualities in student youth at the level of an educational institution have been characterized. Examples of the development of youth leadership by organizations at the regional, all-Ukrainian, and international levels have been given. It has been pointed out that most models of leadership development have several common features, namely: a) emphasis on both academic knowledge and personal development of leadership qualities of pupils / students; b) ensuring a high level of interaction in the “teacher-stu-dent” and “student-student” systems; c) experiential learning; d) reflective learning; e) collaborative learning; e) creation of a comfortable and emotionally rich educational environment; f) activation of study and cognitive activities of pupils/students via project activities and networking; g) operating the mutual evaluation and feedback. It has been concluded that each of the analyzed models of leadership formation provides students with valuable opportunities to shape leadership skills and apply them in the real world, increasing their personal and professional development. (shrink)

The Pushp Philosophy presents a re-envisioning of Hindu thought that unites devotion with logical coherence. At its foundation is the claim that every soul is eternally pure, a spark of Vishnu’s lila, untouched by sin or corruption. Imperfections arise not from the soul itself but from the material plane, whose inherent distortions generate suffering. Karma is reinterpreted not as a moral ledger but as resonance: the ripples of action that shape the shared field of existence. Rebirth is voluntary, chosen by (...) the soul in a reflective state to correct its distortions and refine its contribution to the divine play. Consciousness functions as the boundary through which the soul’s purity refracts into the imperfect world, influencing action without direct control. Moksha is not earned but bestowed through divine love, when Vishnu deems the soul’s contribution complete. Avatars and miracles are seen as threshold interventions to reset unbearable dissonance. Other religions are understood as prisms refracting the same truth into diverse forms, sincere devotion in any path harmonizing with the lila. This philosophy balances systematic reasoning with bhakti, offering a framework in which suffering, rebirth, and liberation cohere within an endless divine play sustained by love. (shrink)

This study aims to generate thorough and comprehensive review of the teacher’s perspective and hands-on experience in mainstreaming LSENs in a regular classroom, including teachers’ attitudes and perceptions, challenges encountered, and teaching approach in handling mainstreamed classrooms. A scoping review framework by Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) systematically analyzed the data of the different articles conducted by various scholars. Through scrupulous and through selection of related studies, 10 articles were included in the review from 6 different countries across the globe. The (...) articles included were conducted from 6 countries and various databases. The study highlighted that: 1) teachers have positive and negative attitudes towards mainstreaming, 2) teachers experienced various challenges in handling a mainstream classroom, and 3) learner-centered approach to learning is used in the classroom. Mainstreaming LSENs in a regular classroom has pros and cons among teachers, regular students, and the LSENs themselves. Hence, a daunting responsibility for the teachers. Nevertheless, it is imperative to support teachers by giving seminars and training, especially to those non-special education majors, to be fully equipped to handle mainstreamed classrooms. (shrink)

An anthology on Panarchy edited by Gian Piero de Bellis for World Wide Wisdom, Saint-Imier, 2023.

Going beyond the territorial sovereign state for a future made by autonomous human beings and voluntary communities.

The roots and features of a dying ideology.

This essay explores the long-range evolution of Robert Williams’s philosophy of self-defense and the relationship this had to the redefinition of self-defense by the best-known and most ambitious theorist-practitioner of the Black Power Movement: Huey P. Newton. Despite his prominence as an ideological rival of MLK Jr.’s program of nonviolence and a militant figure in the Civil Rights Movement, Robert F. Williams has been ignored as a subject of philosophical relevance. But Williams’s program of pre-emptive self-defense not only reformulated Black (...) manhood but matured into a body of ideas grounded in the proposition that violence against whites –organized, armed resistance against a militarized police state— was the key to Black survival. Williams’s ideas were assimilated by the leading theoretician of the Black Panther Party—Huey P. Newton—who adapted it within a broader Black nationalist philosophical system (intercommunalism) which understood self-defense as necessitating the harnessing of violence for revolutionary ends. Rather than an aberration, I argue that Newton’s transformation of self-defense was a natural evolution of the offensive and militaristic essence in the thought and practice of Black nationalist tradition in the US. (shrink)

This work presents a physically grounded framework for conscious experience based on coherence, topology, and structural constraint rather than computation, information quantity, or fundamental collapse processes. Consciousness is modeled as a structurally realized property of coherent biological systems, arising when evolving neural and subcellular phase fields instantiate topologically stabilized configurations that satisfy fixed admissibility constraints. The framework distinguishes explicitly between dynamical substrates —including large-scale neural oscillatory phase fields and a microtubular coherence field—and a non-dynamical constraint field, denoted Φq, which defines (...) the space of physical configurations admissible as conscious experience without exerting causal influence or evolving in time. Qualitative experience (qualia) is identified with topological equivalence classes of phase configurations rather than with local neural states or informational measures. This separation between dynamical evolution and experiential realization provides a unified account of several central features of consciousness, including unity, robustness, persistence of identity, discreteness of perceptual categories, and modulation across sleep, anesthesia, stress, and altered states. The framework yields concrete, falsifiable predictions involving phase-specific coherence signatures, topological disruption under anesthesia, stability effects associated with microtubular dynamics, and attractor trapping under chronic stress. The paper is intended to add academic clarity and empirical accessibility to cross-field discussions of consciousness by grounding phenomenology in physically realizable organizational principles. No new forces, particles, or violations of known physical laws are introduced. The model is compatible with existing neuroscientific methods and is designed to evolve alongside experimental advances. (shrink)

We present a data-driven framework in which neural dynamics are understood as trajectories constrained by the geometry of an empirically reconstructed state space. By mapping neural activity into a low-dimensional coordination space, we derive an effective landscape and a reduced dynamical coordinate governing system evolution. -/- Analysis of drift, diffusion, and occupancy reveals that neural trajectories are confined within a restricted region of state space, rather than undergoing repeated barrier-crossing transitions. This motivates the introduction of an admissibility operator Φq, which (...) formalizes the boundary separating accessible from inaccessible states. -/- The results suggest that neural dynamics are fundamentally shaped by boundary constraints, providing a geometric perspective on the organization of neural activity and its possible role in constraining realizable states. (shrink)

The objective of this study was to evaluate lipid sources, associated with spineless cactus or not, as a strategy for reducing feed costs in goat milk production. Twelve lactating Saanen goats, with an average body weight of 55.0±8.0kg, were distributed in a 4x4 Latin square, with a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The treatments consisted of two lipid sources (coconut peels - CP; and cottonseed - CT), associated or not with “Orelha de Elefante Mexicana” (OEM) spineless cactus. Goats that consumed diets containing (...) cottonseed as the main source of energy showed higher performance indexes (P<0.05). The CP+OEM treatment presented the lowest cost for 1 kg of dry matter (R$ 1.78). The PC diet demonstrated lower daily feeding costs (R$ 2.54). Total revenue was higher for the CT+OEM diet (R$ 8.17), as was net income (R$ 4.19). Therefore, the association of cottonseed with OEM spineless cactus in the feeding of lactating goats is recommended, due to the reduction in feeding costs, especially with roughage, in addition to superior performance, contributing to greater profitability of the activity. Keywords: economic evaluation, fat feeds, milk production, Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw., small ruminants. (shrink)

The Automated Data Analytics System leverages Generative AI, specifically OpenAI’s GPT-4, to empower non-technical users to interact with enterprise data through natural language queries. Seamlessly integrated with a Snowflake data warehouse and built on a Streamlit-based user interface, the tool automatically translates user input into SQL queries, executes them, and delivers structured insights along with dynamic visualizations. This eliminates the need for manual SQL writing and custom development, significantly lowering the technical barriers traditionally associated with data analysis. The intuitive interface (...) enables business analysts and decision-makers to independently explore data, identify trends, and generate real-time reports without relying on developers or data teams. By automating the entire analytics workflow from natural language query generation to result visualization the platform simplifies data exploration, enhances user autonomy, and fosters a data-driven culture across the organization. As a result, businesses can make faster, smarter decisions and extract actionable insights from raw data with minimal effort and no coding required. (shrink)

Ear diseases, if not diagnosed and treated promptly, can lead to severe health complications, including chronic pain, infection, and permanent hearing loss. Early detection is crucial to preventing these outcomes and ensuring effective treatment. However, traditional diagnostic methods for ear diseases typically depend on manual examination of the ear by experienced medical professionals using otoscopes. These methods are not only timeconsuming and resource-intensive but can also be highly subjective, often leading to inconsistent or inaccurate diagnoses, especially in under-resourced or remote (...) areas. To address these challenges, this project introduces an automated, deep learning-based system for the detection of ear infections. By leveraging the power of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), the system is capable of analyzing medical images of the ear and classifying them into two categories: Normal or Infected. The approach involves training a CNN model on a labeled dataset of ear images, allowing it to learn complex patterns and features associated with various ear conditions. Once trained, the system can accept new ear images as input, process them through the CNN model, and output a diagnosis within seconds. This not only significantly reduces the time required for diagnosis but also enhances accuracy and consistency, minimizing the risk of human error. The proposed system is designed to support medical professionals by acting as a diagnostic aid, particularly in regions with limited access to specialized healthcare services. Ultimately, this project aims to demonstrate how artificial intelligence and deep learning can be harnessed to improve medical diagnostics, reduce workload for healthcare workers, and contribute to better patient outcomes by facilitating early and accurate detection of ear infections. (shrink)

Girolamo Saccheri (1667--1733) was an Italian Jesuit priest, scholastic philosopher, and mathematician. He earned a permanent place in the history of mathematics by discovering and rigorously deducing an elaborate chain of consequences of an axiom-set for what is now known as hyperbolic (or Lobachevskian) plane geometry. Reviewer's remarks: (1) On two pages of this book Saccheri refers to his previous and equally original book Logica demonstrativa (Turin, 1697) to which 14 of the 16 pages of the editor's "Introduction" are devoted. (...) At the time of the first edition, 1920, the editor was apparently not acquainted with the secondary literature on Logica demonstrativa which continued to grow in the period preceding the second edition \ref[see D. J. Struik, in Dictionary of scientific biography, Vol. 12, 55--57, Scribner's, New York, 1975]. Of special interest in this connection is a series of three articles by A. F. Emch [Scripta Math. 3 (1935), 51--60; Zbl 10, 386; ibid. 3 (1935), 143--152; Zbl 11, 193; ibid. 3 (1935), 221--333; Zbl 12, 98]. (2) It seems curious that modern writers believe that demonstration of the "nondeducibility" of the parallel postulate vindicates Euclid whereas at first Saccheri seems to have thought that demonstration of its "deducibility" is what would vindicate Euclid. Saccheri is perfectly clear in his commitment to the ancient (and now discredited) view that it is wrong to take as an "axiom" a proposition which is not a "primal verity", which is not "known through itself". So it would seem that Saccheri should think that he was convicting Euclid of error by deducing the parallel postulate. The resolution of this confusion is that Saccheri thought that he had proved, not merely that the parallel postulate was true, but that it was a "primal verity" and, thus, that Euclid was correct in taking it as an "axiom". As implausible as this claim about Saccheri may seem, the passage on p. 237, lines 3--15, seems to admit of no other interpretation. Indeed, Emch takes it this way. (3) As has been noted by many others, Saccheri was fascinated, if not obsessed, by what may be called "reflexive indirect deductions", indirect deductions which show that a conclusion follows from given premises by a chain of reasoning beginning with the given premises augmented by the denial of the desired conclusion and ending with the conclusion itself. It is obvious, of course, that this is simply a species of ordinary indirect deduction; a conclusion follows from given premises if a contradiction is deducible from those given premises augmented by the denial of the conclusion---and it is immaterial whether the contradiction involves one of the premises, the denial of the conclusion, or even, as often happens, intermediate propositions distinct from the given premises and the denial of the conclusion. Saccheri seemed to think that a proposition proved in this way was deduced from its own denial and, thus, that its denial was self-contradictory (p. 207). Inference from this mistake to the idea that propositions proved in this way are "primal verities" would involve yet another confusion. The reviewer gratefully acknowledges extensive communication with his former doctoral students J. Gasser and M. Scanlan. ADDED 14 March 14, 2015: (1) Wikipedia reports that many of Saccheri's ideas have a precedent in the 11th Century Persian polymath Omar Khayyám's Discussion of Difficulties in Euclid, a fact ignored in most Western sources until recently. It is unclear whether Saccheri had access to this work in translation, or developed his ideas independently. (2) This book is another exemplification of the huge difference between indirect deduction and indirect reduction. Indirect deduction requires making an assumption that is inconsistent with the premises previously adopted. This means that the reasoner must perform a certain mental act of assuming a certain proposition. It case the premises are all known truths, indirect deduction—which would then be indirect proof—requires the reasoner to assume a falsehood. This fact has been noted by several prominent mathematicians including Hardy, Hilbert, and Tarski. Indirect reduction requires no new assumption. Indirect reduction is simply a transformation of an argument in one form into another argument in a different form. In an indirect reduction one proposition in the old premise set is replaced by the contradictory opposite of the old conclusion and the new conclusion becomes the contradictory opposite of the replaced premise. Roughly and schematically, P,Q/R becomes P,~R/~Q or ~R, Q/~P. Saccheri’s work involved indirect deduction not indirect reduction. (3) The distinction between indirect deduction and indirect reduction has largely slipped through the cracks, the cracks between medieval-oriented logic and modern-oriented logic. The medievalists have a heavy investment in reduction and, though they have heard of deduction, they think that deduction is a form of reduction, or vice versa, or in some cases they think that the word ‘deduction’ is the modern way of referring to reduction. The modernists have no interest in reduction, i.e. in the process of transforming one argument into another having exactly the same number of premises. Modern logicians, like Aristotle, are concerned with deducing a single proposition from a set of propositions. Some focus on deducing a single proposition from the null set—something difficult to relate to reduction. (shrink)

A central challenge in consciousness research is a persistent structural gap between neural activity and conscious experience. While decades of work have identified numerous neural correlates of consciousness, these findings increasingly indicate that activation magnitude, localization, or stimulus processing alone are insufficient to account for awareness. What remains less clearly articulated is how neural activity must be organized to support conscious experience. In this review, we synthesize empirical findings that bear on the structure of neural states correlated with conscious experience. (...) Drawing on research in neural correlates of consciousness, representational similarity analysis, neural manifold studies, perturbational approaches, and canonical sensory systems, we examine how neural activity is organized in state space across conscious and unconscious conditions. Across paradigms and measurement modalities, conscious experience is associated with neural states that are restricted to admissible configurations, organized within low-dimensional state spaces, structured by meaningful geometric and topological relationships, and dynamically accessible under perturbation. We show that distances in neural representational space track experiential similarity, that categorical perceptual distinctions correspond to clustering and boundaries in neural state space, and that pertur- bational measures distinguish accessible experiential states from inactive or fragmented configurations. Rather than advancing a specific theory of consciousness, this review provides a unifying structural syn- thesis that clarifies empirical constraints on the neural organization associated with conscious experience. (shrink)

This study used the online game Kahoot to address the spelling problems of the 40 Grade 10 students in one of the public high schools in Ozamiz City enrolled during the school year 2023-2024. A pretest with 50 spelling words was administered to the class. Using a one-group, quasi-experimental pretest-posttest approach, this study assessed the impact of the Kahoot intervention on students' spelling proficiency. After the pretest, the teacher implemented nine sessions using Kahoot as the main instrument to teach spelling. (...) This was followed by a post-test with the exact 50 spelling words. In the pretest, none of the students reached a passing score of 38. After implementing the intervention, over half of the class scored 31 to 50. The study found that the online game Kahoot effectively enhanced the spelling skills of Grade 10 students, with respondents expressing positive perceptions of its ease, improvement, ability, motivation, and concentration. Kahoot provided an enjoyable learning approach, making it a helpful tool. The students also strongly agreed that using the game was easy, improved spelling, enhanced spelling ability, motivated them to spell, and increased concentration in spelling. This study recommended that other schools implement spelling activities using an online game. (shrink)

The purpose of this research is to determine the variables influencing college students' engagement in swimming activities, as well as the significant themes that often appear in these occurrences. A descriptive research design was used to identify the factors influencing college students' perception of participating in swimming activities. Descriptive research is a type of nonexperimental study that aims to describe the features of phenomena as it occurs. It was found out that participating in swimming activities provides various benefits, some of (...) these include helping build endurance, muscle strength, and cardiovascular fitness, enhanced swimming skills, and maintaining a healthy weight. As a result, the implementation of active recreational activities in schools must be reinforced, not simply for the purpose of participation, but also because students are driven to do so. And these activities must be carried out not just on school grounds, but also at home and in the community. (shrink)

In this article, the results of conceptualization of the definition of mind as an object of interdisciplinary applied research are described. The purpose of the theoretical analysis is to generate a methodological discourse suitable for a functional understanding of the mind in the context of the problem of natural language processing as one of the components of developments in the field of artificial intelligence. The conceptual discourse was realized with the help of the author's method of structural-ontological analysis, and developed (...) in the mainstream of the system-methodological tradition of the school of G.P. Shchedrovitsky and intended for descriptive research of subject areas of interdisciplinary objects of scientific study. As a result of the structural and ontological analysis of the super-system, the relevant place and role of the directly studied system (mind) are determined, and its primary process and material are localized and structural and functional connections are described. At the basic level, the mind is conceptualized as an energy process unfolding in a spatio-temporal environment and accompanied by archetypal structuring of neural impulses into images. The genesis of the system is separately analyzed by constructing a structural-ontological matrix that reflects the initial stage of the development of the mind. The primary process is concretized with the help of hetero- and homeostatic dichotomy, and also the most significant features of the consistent transformation of the material of the system and its ascent to verbal morphology are described. The structural-ontological comparison of the functioning of the verbal intelligence with the preverbal level has been carried out. The transformation of neural impulses of needs into words, as verbal units fixing semiotic values is analyzed. Structural-ontological connections that determine the reactive and prospective characteristics of the functioning of the system are disclosed. The position of the chronological primacy of "semiotic readiness" for language with respect to the debut of the latter as an information-sign model of the environment is argued. The hypothesis of domination at the initial stage of the development of the mind of exopsychic functions over endopsychic ones is formulated. The theoretical substantiation of the hypothesis of the inevitability of the ontology of language in the functional understanding of the mind is given, corresponding structural and ontological arguments are given, including those based on the ideas about the information relationship between affects and needs, according to the views of P.V. Simonov. The arguments are presented in favor of the non-alternative methodology of A. Turing in studies of artificial intelligence. (shrink)

This study explores the impact of regional comprehensive factors on talent acquisition using the ASA (Attraction-Selection-Attrition) theory within the context of the automotive industry, employing a structural equation modeling approach. Analyzing data from 308 respondents, the study identifies significant relationships between regional development pole, industry agglomeration, and regional incentives with various dimensions of talent acquisition, including attraction, selection, and retention. The findings reveal that regional development pole and incentives positively influence talent management processes, whereas industry agglomeration has a detrimental effect. (...) These insights are essential for formulating strategies to enhance talent acquisition and retention in the automotive industry by leveraging regional development and incentive mechanisms while addressing the challenges posed by industrial agglomeration. (shrink)

Our doxastic states are our belief-like states, and these include outright doxastic states and degreed doxastic states. The former include believing that p, having the opinion that p, thinking that p, being sure that p, being certain that p, and doubting that p. The latter include degrees of confidence, credences, and perhaps some phenomenal states. But we also have conviction (being convinced simpliciter that p) and degrees of conviction (being more or less convinced that p). This volume shows: how and (...) why all of the outright doxastic states mentioned above can be reduced to conviction thresholds; what degrees of conviction fundamentally are (degreed reliance-dispositions); why degrees of conviction are not credences; when suspending a belief is compatible with continuing to believe; and the surprising extent to which Kant endorsed the theory of conviction that emerges in this volume. (shrink)

This study sought to investigate the Human Resource and Management (HRM) Program of a preschool hereinafter referred to as the Early Years Learning Center (EYLC) in Mandaluyong City for purposes of this research study. This is a qualitative case study that delved particularly into the issue of employee retention, especially of seasoned teachers and staff of the subject learning center. It used the interview method to generate an in-depth analysis as it revisited its HRM Program. To triangulate the data gathered, (...) documents from websites and social media as well as artifacts were also utilized. There is a dearth of research on the Human Resource and Management Program in preschool education. Most studies are from India and China. In terms of the HRM Program in education, SWOT analysis was frequently used to help improve the program. There were negligible sources that used the balanced scorecard at the preschool level. Hence, a combination of the SWOT analysis and the Balanced Scorecard method were utilized - the SWOT Analysis to determine the problems the learning center faces vis-à-vis its HRM Program, and the balanced scorecard in the search for a solution or strategy to help solve the problem. Based on the study, these combined tools proved to be effective in revisiting the HRM Program of schools. After interviewing the Directress of EYLC, findings disclosed that to be able to improve the retention of employees in the learning center, the focus should be given to the hiring policies and procedures keeping in mind the job security of its targeted employees. This brings forward concerns over advertising schemes utilizing different venues and platforms as well as issues involving the provision of seasoned employees with a retirement package, comprehensive Health Management Organization (HMO), and a continuing professional development program. (shrink)

Expert video game players exhibit unique behaviors compared to their less experienced counterparts. Such behaviours may also influence physiological aspects such as blinks and eyelid movements. In this study, we used the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) signal from a webcam to investigate the complex dynamics of eyelid movements among players with different levels of expertise in Tetris. We measured complex dynamics using recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) based measures (Determinism, Laminarity, Average Diagonal Line, and Trapping Time). Our results show that expert (...) Tetris players display more complex patterns in their eyelid behaviour, but also that some of the measures obtained using RQA correlate directly with player actions (keys pressed) and events in Tetris (numbers of lines cleared). This study provides the first example of a direct connection between RQA measures extracted from the EAR signal and behavior displayed in a game. Our results also demonstrate the potential of using RQA measures extracted from the EAR in analysing human behavior during other screen-presented tasks. (shrink)

There are cases in which an agent neither knows that p nor is ignorant of the fact that p. Every theory of knowledge, T, faces a dilemma in light of such cases: either T is too strong to explain the absence of factual ignorance in such cases, or T is too weak to explain the absence of knowledge in such cases. The solution is to embrace the first horn of the dilemma and to augment one’s theory of knowledge with an (...) account of factual awareness that can explain why factual ignorance is absent in these cases. This paper develops a new, ignorance-based argument for the idea that factual awareness is a more general state of which knowledge is but one instance. It also provides further reasons to identify factual ignorance with the absence of factual awareness. (shrink)

RESUMO A nutrição tem se tornado uma ferramenta estratégica na produção de galinhas poedeiras, impulsionada pela crescente demanda por alimentos funcionais, sustentáveis e com valor agregado. Estratégias alimentares que visam otimizar o desempenho produtivo, a saúde intestinal, a imunidade das aves e a qualidade dos ovos vêm sendo amplamente exploradas. Entre os recursos nutricionais avaliados, destacam-se os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, antioxidantes naturais, compostos imunomoduladores, ácidos orgânicos e pigmentos naturais ou sintéticos. Este capítulo revisa evidências científicas recentes sobre o uso desses (...) ingredientes na alimentação de poedeiras, com foco em seus efeitos sobre desempenho, qualidade interna e externa dos ovos, saúde intestinal e resposta imune. Os dados apontam que ingredientes funcionais podem melhorar a produtividade, elevar a qualidade dos ovos e reduzir doenças intestinais, favorecendo um ambiente intestinal mais saudável. Ácidos orgânicos, por exemplo, mostraram-se eficazes como alternativas aos antibióticos promotores de crescimento, enquanto pigmentos naturais como os extraídos da calêndula oferecem soluções sustentáveis aos corantes sintéticos. No entanto, a adoção dessas estratégias enfrenta desafios práticos, como o custo elevado, a variabilidade na composição de compostos naturais e a adequação aos sistemas alternativos de produção, como o orgânico. A nutrição funcional é promissora para aprimorar a produção de ovos e responder às exigências do mercado, desde que acompanhada de análise econômica, adaptação ao sistema produtivo e suporte técnico especializado. Palavras-chave: avicultura sustentável; bioativos naturais; pufas; saúde aviária. (shrink)

This study developed and validated BEsMART, a mobile review application for pre-service science teachers preparing for the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET). Addressing challenges such as high review costs, inconsistent study habits, and concept retention difficulties, BEsMART integrates spaced repetition for memory retention and hypercorrection techniques to correct misconceptions. Other features include questionbased drills, multimedia resources, instant feedback, and progress tracking. A mixed-method research design was employed, combining ISO/IEC 25010 standards, the U.S.E. Questionnaire, and qualitative feedback from 9 experts and (...) 48 pre-service teachers. Using the Scrum methodology, the application underwent iterative development to enhance usability. Results showed high functional suitability, usability, and reliability, with overall ratings of 4.72 (experts) and 4.75 (users). Findings confirm BEsMART’s effectiveness as a self-directed, accessible, and cost-efficient LET review tool, reinforcing mobile learning’s transformative potential in professional examination contexts and paving the way for future improvements and broader adoption. (shrink)

Antonio Caso, “La existencia como economía y como caridad” (1916). Translated with Jose G. Rodriguez Jr. as “Existence as Economy and as Charity,” in 20th Century Mexican Philosophy: Essential Readings, eds. Carlos Alberto Sánchez and Robert Eli Sanchez, Jr. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).

My argument proceeds in two stages. In §I, I sum up the intuitions of a popular argument for 'satisfaction accounts' of Purgatory that I label, TAP. I then offer an argument, taken from a few standard orthodox Christian beliefs and one axiom of Christian theology, to so show that TAP is unsound. In the same section, I entertain some plausible responses to my argument that are prima facie consistent with these beliefs and axiom. I find these responses wanting. In §II, (...) I offer a sorites problem for TAP, given the orthodox Christian understanding of Christ’s parousia, showing that TAP and the intuitions driving it are faulty. To attempt something of a corrective, I end by offering some modest theological suggestions for thinking through “the logic of total transformation.”. (shrink)

Graduates' employability indicates the excellent education and relevant preparation they obtained from their respective degrees. Tracer studies have enabled higher education institutions to profile their graduates while also reflecting on the quality of education they provide. With the foregoing, a tracer study determined the demographic and academic profile of teacher education graduates from 2017 to 2020 in a state university in the West Philippines. It also ascertained the advanced studies they attended after college, their employment data, the relevance of college (...) preparation with their current employment, difficulties they encountered while securing employment and in their present job, and recommendations to strengthen the teacher education program. The study utilized a descriptive survey research design with 80 non-random samples chosen based on availability. The survey was based on the Philippine Commission on Higher Education with modifications elucidated from previous studies. Results showed that graduates took the teacher education program with a strong passion for the teaching profession. More graduates received honors and awards, passed the licensure examinations for teachers, attended advanced studies for professional development, and are employable. Besides, the graduates’ college preparation is relevant to their current employment. Further, difficulties and problems encountered and recommendations to strengthen the teacher education program were noted. These findings may serve as a baseline for curriculum review and give suggestions for future tracer studies. (shrink)

A gas in a box is perhaps the most important model system studied in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Usually, studies focus on the gas, whereas the box merely serves as an idealized confinement. The present article focuses on the box as the central object and develops a thermodynamic theory by treating the geometric degrees of freedom of the box as the degrees of freedom of a thermodynamic system. Applying standard mathematical methods to the thermody- namics of an empty box allows (...) equations with the same structure as those of cosmology and classical and quantum mechanics to be derived. The simple model system of an empty box is shown to have interesting connections to classical mechanics, special relativity, and quantum field theory. (shrink)

Natural Language Processing (NLP), a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI), has emerged as a powerful tool in analyzing human language to detect underlying mental health issues such as depression and suicidal tendencies. By leveraging techniques in machine learning and deep learning, NLP systems can process and interpret textual data from diverse sources like social media, forums, and online journals to identify patterns and linguistic markers associated with mental health conditions. These markers include the use of emotionally charged words, changes in (...) writing style, expressions of hopelessness, isolation, or distress, which are critical indicators of a person's psychological state. The process typically involves data preprocessing, feature extraction using models such as TF-IDF or word embeddings (e.g., Word2Vec, GloVe), and classification using supervised learning techniques or deep learning models like BERT or LSTM. The application of NLP for mental health detection is particularly impactful in healthcare and public safety. It enables early identification and intervention for at-risk individuals by providing clinicians and support organizations with actionable insights from large volumes of textual content. On social media platforms, it facilitates automated monitoring to detect crisis situations and initiate timely support. Additionally, in educational institutions and workplaces, such systems can promote mental well-being by identifying signs of distress and enabling appropriate counseling or outreach efforts. However, this field faces notable challenges, including data privacy concerns, ethical considerations, the risk of false positives or misdiagnosis, and ensuring the cultural and linguistic diversity of datasets to avoid bias. Ongoing research aims to improve model accuracy and interpretability while integrating multimodal data for more robust detection. The goal is to develop responsible and sensitive AI systems that assist in understanding and supporting mental health, ultimately contributing to a safer, more empathetic digital environment. (shrink)

This study evaluated the effectiveness of four game-based activities (GBAs) in teaching ecosystems to Grade 7 Biology students. Involving 69 students (34 control, 35 experimental), the quasi-experimental study used a mixed-methods approach. The researcher utilized a static-group comparison design for the quantitative phase and a thematic analysis for the qualitative phase. Quantitative analysis revealed significant improvements in the experimental group's social skills (p<0.05; Cohen’s d = 0.63) and conceptual understanding (p<0.05; Cohen’s d = 0.86). Descriptive statistical analysis also suggests that (...) GBAs can foster positive attitudes toward using GBAs and learning. Qualitative data from journal entries and teacher-observer interviews highlighted enhanced communication, collaboration, confidence, and participation among students using GBAs. The study also recognized the interconnection between conceptual understanding, social skills, and attitude toward learning, not just as pedagogical tools but also as practical tools in improving students’ affective domain, creating a safe environment beneficial for the learning process in general. (shrink)

This work examines the structure of paradoxes, phenomena characterized by the apparent derivation of contradictions or counter-intuitive conclusions from acceptable premises using acceptable reasoning. Motivated by the recurrence of certain features across diverse paradoxes, a specific structural hypothesis regarding their generation is proposed and analyzed. The hypothesis posits that paradoxes frequently arise from the interaction of three components: (1) concepts that establish or interact with boundaries (such as those pertaining to scope, classification, truth, state, or definition); (2) the reflexive application (...) of these concepts or related rules (involving self-reference, self-inclusion, recursion, or causal/definitional circularity); and (3) the involvement of specific operational triggers – negation, limit (including infinity, extremes, or boundary values), or transformation (change of state, identity, position, or logical status) – within the reflexive structure. The study first provides a detailed conceptual analysis of these components – boundaries, reflexivity, and the triggers – outlining their definitions and potential roles based on discussions in logic, philosophy, and related fields. Subsequently, the hypothesis is examined against a wide range of paradoxes drawn from logic, set theory, semantics, physics, metaphysics, epistemology, and decision theory. This examination involves analyzing the structure of each paradox to identify the presence and interaction of the hypothesized components. The analysis indicated a recurrent correspondence between the structures of the examined paradoxes and the proposed pattern involving boundaries, reflexivity, and triggers. Further analysis explored the representation of this structural pattern using elements of logical and mathematical formalism, sketching how the interaction of boundary predicates/sets, reflexive constructions, and operators corresponding to negation, limits, or transformations can lead to derivations of inconsistency (e.g., P ↔ ¬P or P ∧ ¬P) within systems adhering to standard logical principles. The discussion also addressed the context and limitations surrounding the hypothesis, including the meaning of "often arise," the relationship between the identified structure and strategies for paradox resolution (which often involve modifying the system to restrict or manage components of the pattern), the distinction between the structure and its outcome in different systems, and the acknowledgment that the pattern may not be the sole source of all paradoxes and that its identification can involve interpretation. Finally, potential implications arising from the identification of this recurring structure were considered. These include the possibility of providing a unifying framework for paradox analysis across disciplines, offering insights relevant to the design of consistent conceptual and formal systems by highlighting potential points of instability, suggesting connections between the structure and characteristics of natural language or thought involving self-reference and boundary definition, and noting structural resonances with limitative results in mathematical logic, such as Gödel's incompleteness theorems. Potential directions for future work, including further categorization, analysis of non-paradoxical structures, cross-disciplinary applications, and exploration of cognitive aspects, were also outlined. (shrink)

This study explored the perceptions of first-year Teacher Education students at Biliran Province State University regarding the shifting class schedule, focusing on academic performance, well-being, social interaction, and satisfaction. Guided by an embedded mixed-methods research design, the study primarily analyzed quantitative survey data, while integrating qualitative insights from students’ open-ended responses to provide deeper context and understanding. Findings indicated generally positive perceptions of the shifting schedule. Morning shift students reported slightly higher satisfaction and academic engagement, while afternoon shift students valued (...) improved rest and flexible time management. Notably, female students encountered more challenges during the afternoon shift, particularly in maintaining focus and engaging in peer interactions. The thematic analysis highlighted four key themes: flexibility and time management, sleep and well-being, institutional and logistical challenges, and student-led suggestions. These themes contextualized the numerical data and revealed systemic gaps in classroom availability and schedule communication. The study recommends adjustments to shift start times, a more equitable distribution of facilities, responsiveness in scheduling to meet student needs, and clearer administrative procedures would address these concerns. It contributes to current educational discourse by showing how shift-based systems can be optimized to balance institutional efficiency with learner well-being—particularly in teacher education contexts where future educators are shaped not just by instruction, but also by the structural experiences of their academic environments. (shrink)

This study aimed to explore the rhetorical moves of article abstracts in Taiwanese Chinese philosophy journals. The most common theory for the discourse analysis of research abstracts is proposed by Hyland（2000）. Most of the research abstracts in the field of social sciences and natural sciences are composed of Hyland’s five rhetorical moves: introduction, purpose, method, results, and conclusion. Therefore, the question to be explored in this research is how to compose the rhetorical moves of abstracts of Chinese philosophy journal articles. (...) What is the frequency and order of each rhetorical move in the abstract of each paper? Do they reflect some particular type of distribution? Are there any rhetorical moves that occur exceptionally rarely? Does the abstract of research articles in Chinese philosophy journals apply the framework of the same five rhetorical moves? What are the conventions of the philosophy writing community reflected in the rhetorical moves of abstracts of academic journal articles in philosophy? -/- To answer the above questions, this research collected the abstracts of 18 papers from the representative Chinese philosophy journal "SOOCHOW JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES " in Taiwan in the past five years (2017-2021) and used the five moves of Hyland（2000） one by one to answer the above questions. The rhetorical moves of each abstract were analyzed and presented in tables to show the frequency, order, and type of each rhetorical move. -/- The results of this study found that "method (M)" and "conclusion (C)" are not the rhetorical moves that constitute the abstract of articles in Taiwanese philosophy journals, but the rhetorical move "purpose (P)" is "necessary" to appear. In the Purpose move, the subject is usually "this article"; the verbs are "argue" or "inquire." Although "introduction (I)" is a "conventional" move, the total number of words in the introduction is the highest in the whole abstract. This study also shows rhetorical move variation of the abstracts of philosophy journal articles, reflecting the writing culture and conventions of the academic philosophy community. -/- Finally, this study proposes three teaching guidelines for abstract writing of academic papers in philosophy, which will be useful for philosophy scholars and graduate students to consult when writing and submitting abstracts of philosophy in conference or journal papers. -/- Keywords: philosophy, journal article, abstract, discourse analysis, rhetorical move . (shrink)

From ancient conceptions of becoming a philosopher to modern discussions of psychedelic drugs, the concept of transformation plays a fascinating part in the history of philosophy. However, until now there has been no sustained exploration of the full extent of its role. Transformation and the History of Philosophy is an outstanding survey of the history, nature, and development of the idea of transformation, from the ancient period to the twentieth century. Comprising twenty-two specially commissioned chapters by an international team of (...) contributors, the volume is divided into four clear parts: - Philosophy as Transformative: Ancient China, Greece, India, and Rome - Transformation Between the Human and the Divine: Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy - Transformation After the Copernican Revolution: Post-Kantian Philosophy - Treatises, Pregnancies, Psychedelics, and Epiphanies: Twentieth-Century Philosophy. Each of these sections begins with an introduction by the editors. Transformation and the History of Philosophy is essential reading for students and researchers in the history of western and non-western philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, and aesthetics. It will also be extremely useful for those in related disciplines such as religion, sociology, and the history of ideas. (shrink)

Computations: Transform finite strings by finite string transformation rules into values or nontermination. Deciders: Transform finite strings by finite string transformation rules into {Accept, Reject}. When UTM(P) and H.UTM(P) vary then it is H.UTM(P) that rules because H is only required to report on the behavior that it actual input actually specifies.

This paper presents the Triadic Balance Framework (TBF): the applied and prescriptive extension of the Triadic Psychological Architecture (TPA). Where TPA describes what human motivation is — three neurobiologically distinct domains (SPAA, AEACFO, ECA) modulated by SPAA's regulatory state — TBF answers what follows: given real constraints, relative to the science of wellbeing, what kinds of triadic balance are actually possible at the individual level, and what does the path toward them look like? -/- TBF's foundational move is to anchor (...) its prescriptive claims not in moral authority but in biological necessity. Chronic iSPAA is measurably costly — in cortisol load, cardiovascular strain, immune dysregulation, allostatic deterioration, and relational friction. TBF does not command balance; it shows the bill before you sign. The normative foundation is grounded in Anchored Wellbeing Ethics (AWE: Neurobiologically Anchored) — introduced concisely here with full treatment in Paper 6. -/- Six core contributions are developed: (1) A wellbeing-as-constraint normative foundation, including domain-specific cost profiles: SPAA intensifies under iSPAA (narrowing to zero-sum scarcity framing), AEACFO suppresses proportionally (care-scope contracting toward circumferential self before going near-offline — not redirecting toward self), and ECA redirects (curiosity conscripted toward certainty-seeking, not silenced — a mechanism producing sophisticated motivated reasoning in high-ECA individuals under threat). (2) The iSPAA → sSPAA transition: multiple pathways including direct regulatory interventions, sustained relational co-regulation, and the Asymmetric Bidirectionality + Finite Resource Model — with the S-step in C-S-L-R functioning as the resource-release mechanism that signals partial safety to the nervous system. (3) The C-S-L-R Protocol (Courage → Self/SPAA → Love/AEACFO → Reason/ECA): its 38-year phenomenological origin, governing principles, configuration-specific variants, the Entry Gate Paradox (if iSPAA suppresses the capacities needed to recognize iSPAA, how does the protocol initiate?) and its three-tier resolution (acute domain pressure; external co-regulation; baseline Courage building). A dedicated subsection addresses the S-step risk for High ECA / Low AEACFO configurations — including neurodivergent populations — for whom Self-acknowledgment can trigger iSPAA rather than sSPAA; the C-R-S-L alternative sequence (Courage → Reason → Self → Love) is specified as the primary alternative. (4) The individual transformation model: two-threshold structure (earned security vs. autonomous sSPAA), Threshold 1.5, the three-tier accessibility framework, and Co-Regularity Baseline Shift (CBS) as the mechanism for slow-timescale domain baseline elevation through sustained relational sSPAA. (5) TBF's ethical architecture: the Configuration Thesis (most behavior is configuration-expression, not deliberate choice), the Perceptual Field Thesis (configuration shapes what stimuli enter awareness before deliberation begins), Compatibilist Configurational Agency, configurational compassion, and the structural limits of individual work. (6) Structural Compassion Grief (SCG): a clinical note on the phenomenological state that can emerge from sustained configurational compassion when all three domains — intact AEACFO, stable sSPAA, ECA structural clarity — are simultaneously active. -/- The paper includes a full scholarly summary of the Transactional Model of Existential Crisis (TMEC) as Companion Document V.2: seven crisis configurations generated by three engagement modes (Getting/experiential nourishment, Giving/agency-and-contribution, Learning/autotelic-epistemic-engagement) mapped to TPA architecture with TBF intervention priorities. Estimated coverage: ~70–75% of existential crises. TOCS clinical assessment guidance — including triangulation protocol and neurodivergence safeguards — is integrated in Section 6. Six testable predictions and six falsification criteria are specified. -/- Current epistemic status: 8/10 internal coherence — 3/10 empirical validation — 5–10 year research agenda required. -/- Keywords: TBF protocol, C-S-L-R, S-step risk, C-R-S-L, regulatory state restoration, iSPAA costs, sSPAA transition, Entry Gate Paradox, Co-Regularity Baseline Shift, Structural Compassion Grief, TMEC, configurational compassion, clinical sequencing -/- Series (3 of 7): -/- Paper 1 — TPA/TBF Main Paper Paper 2 — Motivational Archetypes Paper 3 — TBF Individual Extension Paper 4 — TBF Collective Extension Paper 5 — Plain Language Introduction Paper 6 — Philosophical Dimensions Paper 7 — Post-Submission Refinements and New Discoveries. (shrink)

This systematic literature review generally aims to determine the impact of Education 5.0 on college educators. Specifically, it sought to evaluate the influence of advanced digital technologies when integrated into college teaching, identify the global challenges and benefits of Education 5.0, and highlight gaps in long-term research on its effects on educators' professional growth and adaptation. This study utilized the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Findings underscored the necessity for the (...) transformative impact of Education 5.0 on teaching methods, continuous professional upskilling, and a strong foundation of technologies for instruction. It can be concluded that integrating advanced digital technologies like AI, VR, and AR into college teaching enhances student engagement and supports the principles of Constructivist Learning Theory by fostering interactive, effective, and student-centered learning environments (Gupta et al., 2020; Johnson & Wang, 2021; Nguyen & Vo, 2022). (shrink)

Este artigo examina o conceito de cosmopolitismo nas Meditações de Marco Aurélio. A partir de passagens selecionadas da obra, analisa-se o alcance da ideia de cosmopolitismo e as suas implicações a nível antropológico, político, social e ético. No âmbito social defende-se uma leitura altruísta da posição de Marco Aurélio. Por fim, propõe-se que o conceito de cosmopolitismo viabiliza uma defesa da dignidade animal e uma ética ambiental.

I advance modal consciousness pluralism: the claim that a core aspect of conscious experience consists in an agent’s capacity to navigate counterfactual possibilities. Distinguishing prediction from intervention (P(Y|X) vs. P(Y|do(X))), I propose a six-level hierarchy of modal access and a bridge from structural causal models to modal frames. Phenomenological unity is explained via ε-bounded modal coherence across self-relevant submodules, yielding testable links between planning depth and qualities such as vividness, unity, and sense of agency. I contrast the account with Predictive (...) Processing/Active Inference (observation-conditioned prediction), Global Neuronal Workspace (access/broadcast), and Integrated Information Theory (informational structure), arguing that intervention-sensitive structure supplies explanatory resources these frameworks lack. Behavioral assays, neural signatures (frontoparietal coupling, hippocampal simulation, DMN self-projection), and AI benchmarks operationalize the claims. “Level 6” is treated as an idealized limit (a regulative ideal), not a metaphysical thesis. The result is a graded, empirically tractable framework connecting counterfactual competence to phenomenal character. (shrink)

According to the forecast that billions of devices will get connected to the Internet by 2020. All these devices will produce a huge amount of data that will have to be handled rapidly and in a feasible manner. It will become a challenge for real-time applications to handle this huge data while considering security issues as well as time constraints. The main highlights of cloud computing are on-demand service and scalability; therefore the data generated from IoT devices are generally handled (...) in cloud infrastructure. Though, dealing with IoT application requests on the cloud exclusively is not a proficient result for some IoT applications particularly time-sensitive ones. These issues can be settled by utilizing another idea called, Fog computing. Fog computing has become one of the major fields of research from both academia and industry perspectives. The ongoing research commitments on few issues in fog computing are figuring out in this paper. At long last, this paper also highlights some open issues in fog with IoT, which will determine the future research direction for implementing Fog computing paradigm. (shrink)

This study sought to determine the effect of using a researcher-developed e-learning self- directed interactive module (E-SelfIMo) in enhancing the conceptual understanding of selected earth science concepts by senior high school students in the STEM strand of Sorsogon National High School. The study used a mixed -methods approach, consisting of an explanatory sequential research design and a randomized pretest-posttest control group, to compare the conceptual understanding levels of an experimental group of 30 students exposed to E-SelfIMo with 30 students in (...) a control group. An unpaired t-test revealed no significant difference between the initial (pretest) levels of conceptual understanding of the two groups [t(58) = 0.2445, p = 0.40]. After exposure to E-SelfIMo, After exposure to E-SelfIMo, the experimental group demonstrated a significantly highe r level of conceptual understanding (x̄ = 129.8, SD = 7.35) than the control group (x̄ = 112.63, SD = 9.84), t(58) = 7.66, p = 0.0001. This result was also supported by the large effect size, with a Cohe n’s d value of 1.996. Qualitative analysis also supported the quantitative findings, reporting significant knowledge gains, improved learning skills, greater engagement, enhanced understanding, and positive overall learning experiences among participants due to the interactive simulations, multimedia content, and self-directed nature. The study concludes that students exposed to E-SelfIMo demonstrated significantly highe r levels of conceptual understanding, indicating its positive effect on learning outcomes. (shrink)

Most epistemologists agree that epistemic justification is required for knowledge. This requirement is usually formulated in one of two ways: S knows that p only if S is justified in believing that p. S knows that p only if S's belief that p is justified. Surprisingly and are generally regarded as synonymous formulations of the justification condition. In Chapter 1, I argue that such a synonymy thesis is mistaken and that, in fact, and specify substantively different requirements. requires that the (...) person be justified, whereas requires that the belief in question be justified, and intuitively, these constitute different requirements. Thus, it is concluded that and employ inherently different kinds of epistemic justification in their respective analysantia. I dub them "personal justification" and "doxastic justification", respectively. The remainder of the dissertation is devoted to demonstrating both the legitimacy and the importance of the personal/doxastic justification distinction. For example, the distinction helps account for the divergent intuitions that regularly arise regarding justificatory evaluations in demon-world contexts. ;In Chapters 2 and 3 I provide analyses for doxastic and personal justification. Chapter 2 spells out an externalist reliabilist account of doxastic justification which safely avoids demon-world counterexamples. Chapter 3 advances an internalist coherence account of personal justification. In defending this coherence theory, I argue that all foundation theories are false and that the regress argument on which they are predicated is unsound. ;In Chapter 4, I propose an analysis of ordinary knowledge which only requires doxastic justification. Nevertheless personal justification plays a negative, undermining role in the analysis. I then demonstrate that this analysis of knowledge is immune to typical Gettier examples. It also remains unscathed by Harman's beefed-up Gettier cases. Finally, I consider a stronger analysis of knowledge requiring both doxastic and personal justification. Though the latter analysis proves too strong for ordinary knowledge, it remains interesting as an analysis of a more intellectualistic kind of knowledge. ;The final chapter examines the internalist/externalist controversy and demonstrates that this controversy is yet another manifestation of the personal/doxastic justification conflation. (shrink)