Chemical Bonding

As typical Longitudinal Ideological Optimization after remarkable Transverse Ideological Expansion in the recent centuries, Homogenous Cosmos Originated from Unique Genesis is timely renovation of humanistic episteme about authenticity of nature proportionate to contemporaneous historical background of Remarkable Highlight of Microcosmic Configuration of Matter and Disruptive Cosmos Redefinition about universal existence & motion in the nature of coherent natura naturans throughout cosmic evolution in logic enantiomorph of newly highlighted factuality of Discretionary Particles in Cosmos Are Mutually Convertible, which redefines cosmos in (...) rational model of linear logic system on the basis of [(Homogenous cosmos originated from unique genesis postulate + spacetime~matter fully embodying cosmos postulate) + Instinctive PNT equilibrium postulate] with freewheeling logic extension that “universal existence & motion” are but spontaneous occurrence in the nature of 'Definite Essence of Matter', stochastic dynamic domino effect of [External physical disturbance + (PNT action + instinctive PNT equilibrium)] of matter reciprocal gelation integration under idiographic external conditions. Whereas, as burgeoning coordinative ideological system about universal existence & motion after [Live Contemporaneous Scientific Orthodoxy = Inertial Ideological Aggradation of a succession of dispersive Transverse Ideological Expansion of recent centuries = a miscellaneous collection of rich and colorful scientific travelogues (physics + chemistry + biology + iatrology + …) like omnifarious ideological smallwares full of a basket; historical harvest and well-deserved rewards of the first itinerant exploration around numerous distinctive landscapes of science’s brand-new landmasses, undertaken with palette & tablet in hands, whose modern academic connotation was mostly endowed by the 19th–20th century shift from macro- to micro-research, especially the epochmaking rational transition from macrocosm to microcosm in the late 19th and early 20th centuries], Homogenous Cosmos Originated from Unique Genesis is not only typical Longitudinal Ideological Optimization after remarkable Transverse Ideological Expansion in the recent centuries but also cognitive outgrowth of typical aberrant scientific knowledge proliferation out of succession of contemporaneous scientific orthodoxy, whose scientific pursuit is not fashion for royal substantiation & perfection of contemporaneous scientific orthodoxy but {Disruptive Cosmos Redefinition about universal existence & motion in rational model of linear logic system on the basis of [(Homogenous cosmos originated from unique genesis postulate + spacetime~matter fully embodying cosmos postulate) + Instinctive PNT equilibrium postulate]} ready to crown all [Live Contemporaneous Scientific Orthodoxy = Inertial Ideological Aggradation of a succession of dispersive Transverse Ideological Expansion of recent centuries = a miscellaneous collection of rich and colorful scientific travelogues (physics + chemistry + biology + iatrology + …), analogous to omnifarious ideological smallwares full of a basket] as proper subset in disruptive longitudinal-optimization ideological version. (shrink)

The periodic table of elements, established empirically by Mendeleev in 1869, has been explained post-hoc by quantum mechanical electron configuration rules. Its primary ordering axis — atomic number Z, a count of protons — presupposes particle ontology at every level. Several structural anomalies persist within this framework: hydrogen's dual chemical character, helium's ambiguous placement, and the discontinuous displacement of lanthanides and actinides from the main table body. These anomalies have no Tier-1 justification within the current framework. -/- This paper derives (...) the periodic table from the automorphism structure of the unique minimal non-commutative algebra M₃(ℂ) of Cognitional Mechanics (CM), with zero free parameters. Elements are classified by their spectral resonance class — the equivalence class of M₃(ℂ) Cartan configurations under the automorphism action — rather than by atomic number Z. Four primary Cartan sets S1–S4 are derived from Axioms A1–A3, and their composite resonances generate the full element sequence. The period lengths 2·8·8·18·18·32·32 emerge from the A3 cyclotomic invariants Φ₃ = 13 and Φ₆ = 7 via the slot formula N_ℓ = 2 + 4(ℓ−1), where the increment 4 = n+1 follows from the A1 dimension n = 3. Zero free parameters are introduced. The nuclear stability maximum of iron-56 and the chemical basis of carbon-based life are established as algebraic necessities of the M₃(ℂ) automorphism structure. The three anomalies of the current periodic table are dissolved as Tier-3 projection artifacts. This paper presupposes the chemical projection framework established in the companion paper (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19122094). -/- Files. (shrink)

Chemical bonding has been defined, since the early twentieth century, in terms of electron sharing and Coulombic interaction between charged particles. This definition presupposes particle ontology at every level. Cognitional Mechanics (CM) establishes that particles are not ontological primitives but Tier-3 projections of Tier-2 spectral structure generated by the unique minimal non-commutative algebra M₃(ℂ). Once particle ontology is eliminated — as demonstrated in the companion paper "Particles Are Unnecessary" (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18810386) — the standard definition of chemical bonding becomes logically unavailable. (...) A definition built on Tier-3 artifacts cannot serve as a foundational account of Tier-2 structure without circularity. -/- This paper provides the necessary reconstruction. Chemical bonding is redefined as a spectral resonance condition between two M₃(ℂ) operational domains, governed by the chemical projection constant n_A = 36 derived from Axiom A2 alone. The spectral coupling constant ξ ≡ μα — the unique Tier-1 composite in which particle-ontological prerequisites cancel — connects the mass-hierarchy and electromagnetic projections of M₃(ℂ) to the chemical energy scale without invoking particle concepts. Bond energy ratios between molecular species are parameter-free, falsifiable Tier-1 predictions derived from the A3 cyclotomic invariants Φ₃ = 13 and Φ₆ = 7. Absolute energy scales remain Tier-3 quantities requiring empirical calibration; this is a structural consequence of the Tier architecture, not a limitation. The periodic table admits a spectral reordering, developed in the companion paper on chemical periodicity, in which the anomalies of the particle-indexed arrangement are dissolved as projection artifacts. (shrink)

En la filosofía contemporánea de las ciencias, una de las subdisciplinas de mayor crecimiento en las últimas décadas ha sido la filosofía de la química, cuyo origen se remonta a mediados de la década de 1990. El gran interés que ha despertado la disciplina en América Latina ha sido muy significativo para el campo. Este libro pretende llenar un vacío en el ámbito latinoamericano, colocando en primer plano las perspectivas que emergen de diferentes enfoques disciplinarios. El volumen incluye colaboraciones de (...) investigadores de Chile, Brasil y Argentina. Los trece capítulos se proponen reflejar el estado del arte de cada uno de los tópicos tratados, mostrando aspectos de la ciencia química desde diferentes perspectivas de análisis. El propósito general es introducir a educadores y estudiantes de química, así también como a químicos, historiadores y filósofos de la ciencia en los debates actuales más relevantes en el ámbito de la filosofía contemporánea de la química. (shrink)

Van Inwagen proposes that besides simples only living organisms exist as composite objects. This paper suggests expanding van Inwagen’s ontology by also accepting composite objects in the case that physical bonding occurs (plus some extra conditions). Such objects are not living organ-isms but rather physical bodies. They include (approximately) the complete realm of inanimate ordinary objects, like rocks and tables, as well as inanimate scientific objects, like atoms and mol-ecules, the latter filling the ontological gap between simples and organisms in (...) van Inwagen’s origi-nal picture. We thus propose a compositional pluralism claiming that composition arises if and on-ly if bonding or life occurs. (shrink)