The work described in this report is motivated by the desire to test the expressive possibilities of action language C+. The Causal Calculator (CCalc) is a system that answers queries about action domains described in a fragment of that language. The Zoo World and the Traffic World have been proposed by Erik Sandewall in his Logic Modelling Workshop—an environment for communicating axiomatizations of action domains of nontrivial size. The Zoo World consists of several cages and the exterior, gates between them, (...) and animals of several species, including humans. Actions in this domain include moving within and between cages, opening and closing gates, and mounting and riding animals. The Traffic World includes vehicles moving continuously between road crossings subject to a number of restrictions, such as speed limits and keeping a fixed safety distance away from other vehicles on the road. We show how to represent the two domains in the input language of CCalc, and how to use CCalc to test these representations. (shrink)

I argue—contra moderate grounding pluralists such as Kit Fine and more extreme grounding pluralists such as Jessica Wilson—that there is fundamentally only one grounding/in-virtue-of relation. I also argue that this single relation is indispensable for normative theorizing—that we can’t make sense of, for example, the debate over consequentialism without it. It follows from what I argue that there is no metaethically-pure normative ethics (in contrast to Ronald Dworkin’s claim that there is no normatively-pure metaethics).

When it comes to epistemic normativity, should we take the good to be prior to the right? That is, should we ground facts about what we ought and ought not believe on a given occasion in facts about the value of being in certain cognitive states (such as, for example, the value of having true beliefs)? The overwhelming answer among contemporary epistemologists is “Yes, we should.” This essay argues to the contrary. Just as taking the good to be prior to (...) the right in ethics often leads one to sanction implausible trade-offs when determining what an agent should do, so too, this essay argues, taking the good to be prior to the right in epistemology leads one to sanction implausible trade-offs when determining what a subject should believe. Epistemic value—and, by extension, epistemic goals—are not the explanatory foundation upon which all other normative notions in epistemology rest. (shrink)

The evaluative categories (goodness, badness, betterness, and the like) and the deontic categories (requiredness, permittedness, forbiddenness, and the like) are separate families of normative categories, each with its own distinctive logic, structure, and basis. The aim of this chapter is to argue that there is a third family of normative categories beyond these familiar two, with its own special logic, structure, and basis, namely the fitting. This family includes properties and relations picked out by terms such as ‘fitting’, ‘apt’, ‘merited’, (...) ‘warranted’, and ‘justified’, as well as certain adjectives ending in ‘-able’ (e.g. ‘admirable’), ‘-ing’ (e.g. ‘annoying’), ‘-ive’ (e.g. ‘persuasive’), ‘-some’ (e.g. ‘fearsome’), and ‘-worthy’ (e.g. ‘blameworthy’). Acknowledging the distinctiveness of fittingness as a type of normative category changes how we think about the foundations of ethics and other normative disciplines. Instead of asking, “Is the good prior to the right, or the right prior to the good?” we should be asking, “What are the priority relations among the right, the good, and the fitting?”. (shrink)

A quasi-sequel to "Epistemic Teleology and the Separateness of Propositions." Covers some of the same ground, but also extends the basic argument in an important way.

It has been claimed that the recent wave of neuroscientific research into the physiological underpinnings of our moral intuitions has normative implications. In particular, it has been claimed that this research discredits our deontological intuitions about cases, without discrediting our consequentialist intuitions about cases. In this paper I demur. I argue that such attempts to extract normative conclusions from neuroscientific research face a fundamental dilemma: either they focus on the emotional or evolved nature of the psychological processes underlying deontological intuitions, (...) in which case the arguments rely on a blatantly fallacious inference, or they appeal to the (alleged) moral irrelevance of the factors to which deontological intuitions respond, in which case the neuroscientific results end up playing no role in the overall argument. (shrink)

Suppose we grant that evolutionary forces have had a profound effect on the contours of our normative judgments and intuitions. Can we conclude anything from this about the correct metaethical theory? I argue that, for the most part, we cannot. Focusing my attention on Sharon Street’s justly famous argument that the evolutionary origins of our normative judgments and intuitions cause insuperable epistemological difficulties for a metaethical view she calls "normative realism," I argue that there are two largely independent lines of (...) argument in Street’s work which need to be teased apart. The first of these involves a genuine appeal to evolutionary considerations, but it can fairly easily be met by her opponents. The second line of argument is more troubling; it raises a significant problem, one of the most difficult in all of philosophy, namely how to justify our reliance on our most basic cognitive faculties without relying on those same faculties in a question-begging manner. However, evolutionary considerations add little to this old problem, and rejecting normative realism is not a way to solve it. (shrink)

The linchpin of Williamson (2000)'s radically externalist epistemological program is an argument for the claim that no non-trivial condition is luminous—that no non-trivial condition is such that whenever it obtains, one is in a position to know that it obtains. I argue that Williamson's anti-luminosity argument succeeds only if one assumes that, even in the limit of ideal reflection, the obtaining of the condition in question and one's beliefs about that condition can be radically disjoint from one another. However, no (...) self-respecting defender of the luminosity of the mental would ever make such an assumption. Thus Williamson can only secure his controversial claims in epistemology by taking for granted certain equally controversial claims in the philosophy of mind. What emerges is that the best bet for defending an internalist epistemology against Williamson's attack is to take there to be a tight, intimate connection between (to take one example) our experiences and our beliefs upon reflection about the obtaining of those experiences, or between (to take another example) the rationality of our beliefs and our beliefs upon reflection about the rationality of those beliefs. (shrink)

Moral particularists argue that because reasons for action are irreducibly context-dependent, the traditional quest in ethics for true and exceptionless moral principles is hopelessly misguided. In making this claim, particularists assume a general framework according to which reasons are the ground floor normative units undergirding all other normative properties and relations. They then argue that there is no cashing out in finite terms either (i) when a given non-normative feature gives rise to a reason for or against action, or (ii) (...) how the reasons that are present in a given context play off each other to determine one’s overall duties. However, the conjunction of these two theses leaves particularists without a coherent notion of a reason for action: posit too much irreducible context-dependence in the behavior of reasons, and the reasons-based framework breaks down. One upshot is that the particularists’ challenge to principle-based approaches to ethics has not, at present, been successfully made out; another upshot is that perhaps the best way to formulate that challenge involves renouncing the reasons-based framework all together. (shrink)

Quasi-realists aim to account for many of the trappings of metanormative realism within an expressivist framework. Chief among these is the realist way of responding to the Euthyphro dilemma: quasi-realists want to join realists in being able to say, "It’s not the case that kicking dogs is wrong because we disapprove of it. Rather, we disapprove of kicking dogs because it’s wrong." However, the standard quasi-realist way of explaining what we are up to when we assert the first of these (...) two sentences rests on a mistaken identification of metaphysical dependence (or grounding) with counterfactual covariation. This chapter proposes a better way for expressivists to understand such sentences, on which they serve to express complex states of mind in which an attitude bears a relation of psychological dependence (or basing) to another state of mind. It is argued that this proposal is a natural, versatile, and fruitful approach for expressivists to take that helps them secure the first half of the Euthyphro contrast—but at the cost of making it difficult to see how expressivists can make sense of that contrast’s second half. (shrink)

Once upon a time, coherentism was the dominant response to the regress problem in epistemology, but in recent decades the view has fallen into disrepute: now almost everyone is a foundationalist (with a few infinitists sprinkled here and there). In this paper, I sketch a new way of thinking about coherentism, and show how it avoids many of the problems often thought fatal for the view, including the isolation objection, worries over circularity, and concerns that the concept of coherence is (...) too vague or metaphorical for serious theoretical use. The key to my approach is to take a familiar tool from discussions of the regress problem -- namely, directed graphs depicting the support relations between beliefs -- and to use that tool in a more sophisticated manner than it is standardly employed. (shrink)

I argue that Alvin Goldman has failed to save process reliabilism from my critique in earlier work of consequentialist or teleological epistemic theories. First, Goldman misconstrues the nature of my challenge: two of the cases he discusses I never claimed to be counterexamples to process reliabilism. Second, Goldman’s reply to the type of case I actually claimed to be a counterexample to process reliabilism is unsuccessful. He proposes a variety of responses, but all of them either feature an implausible restriction (...) on process types, or fail to rule out cases with the sort of structure that generates the worry, or both. (shrink)

After summarizing the essential details of Anil Gupta’s account of perceptual justification in his book _Empiricism and Experience_, I argue for three claims: (1) Gupta’s proposal is closer to rationalism than advertised; (2) there is a major lacuna in Gupta’s account of how convergence in light of experience yields absolute entitlements to form beliefs; and (3) Gupta has not adequately explained how ordinary courses of experience can lead to convergence on a commonsense view of the world.

We present a simple example that disproves the universality principle. Unlike previous counter-examples to computational universality, it does not rely on extraneous phenomena, such as the availability of input variables that are time varying, computational complexity that changes with time or order of execution, physical variables that interact with each other, uncertain deadlines, or mathematical conditions among the variables that must be obeyed throughout the computation. In the most basic case of the new example, all that is used is a (...) single pre-existing global variable whose value is modified by the computation itself. In addition, our example offers a new dimension for separating the computable from the uncomputable, while illustrating the power of parallelism in computation. (shrink)

Amaç: Kanserle yaşayan bireylerin (KYB) bakımında, resmiyette görünür olmayan ve çoğunlukla herhangi bir profesyonel donanıma sahip olmayan, ama sürecin başından sonuna, hasta bireye eşlik eden bakım verenler kritik öneme sahiptir. Baş etmesi zor bir hastalık olan kanserle mücadele eden bireylerin bakımında, bakım verenler fiziksel, zihinsel ve sosyal birtakım zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Bu araştırma, KYB’lere bakım veren, yakınlarının karşılaştıkları zorlukları gündeme getirmeyi ve ihtimam etiği perspektifinden, bakım verenlerin bakımına yönelik öneriler sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu araştırma tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel olup araştırmanın (...) evreni Marmara Üniversitesi Pendik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi (MÜPEAH) Onkoloji kliniğinde takip edilen, 15 Mart-5 Nisan tarihleri arasında kemoterapi ünitesine ve servis hizmetlerine başvuran KYB’lerin bakım veren yakınlarıdır. KYB’lere bakım verenlerin umutsuzluk derecelerini tespit etmek ve bunu etkileyen faktörleri ölçmek için, veri toplama aracı olarak; sosyodemografik sorular, bakım alan bireyin hastalık derecesine yönelik sorular ve Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği sorularından oluşan bir anket elden dağıtılmıştır. Anket bakım verene yönelik sosyodemografik sorular 8, KYB’nin hastalığının durumu ile ilgili sorular 7, Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği 20 olmak üzere 35 sorudan oluşmaktadır ve yaklaşık 10 dakikada tamamlanmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler önce Microsoft Excel aracılığıyla dijitalleştirilmiş, ardından IBM SPSS 27.0.1 sürümüyle analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde Ki-kare, Fisher’s Exact testi ve Pearson Korelasyon analizi kullanılmış, istatistiksel anlamlılık değeri için p<0.05 kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Ankete katılan 151 bakım verenin 83’ü (%55,3) kadın, 67’si (%44,7) erkektir. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 40,09’dur. Bakım verenlerin %41,1’i umutsuzluk düzeyi ölçeğinde “minimal ya da yok”, %39,7'si "hafif düzeyde", %13.2'si orta düzeyde ve %6’sı “aşırı düzeyde” skorunu almıştır. KYB’lere bakım verenlerin demografik özellikleri ile umutsuzluk düzeyi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Bakım verenlerin yaşı, cinsiyeti, medeni durumu, gelir durumu ve bakım verme süresi ile umutsuzluk skorları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmazken, eğitim seviyesi ile umutsuzluk skorları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. (p=0,019). Sonuç: Bakım verenlerin, umutsuzluk düzeyleri göz önüne alındığında, önemli psikolojik yükler taşıdığına ve bu yükün, özellikle bakım verenin eğitim seviyesi ile hastanın sağlık durumu arasında belirgin ilişkiler gösterdiğine ulaşılmıştır. Bu bilgiler ışığında, sosyodemografik özelliklerin bakım verenleri önemli ölçüde etkilediği görülmüştür. Bakım verenlerin duygusal yükleri, bakım alıcılarla olan ilişkileri ve bu sürecin hem bireysel hem toplumsal düzeyde getirdiği zorluklar ve sorumluluklar, ihtimam etiği kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Araştırma neticesinde bakım verenlerin karşılaştığı zorluklar ve ihtiyaçlarının daha geniş bir toplumsal ve etik perspektiften ele alınmasının gerekliliği ortaya konmuştur. Bakım verenlerin bakımına yönelik öneriler, duygusal destek; teorik eğitim ve bilgilendirme desteği; pratik ve uygulamalı destek; kaynak erişimi ve tahsisi; tanıma ve doğrulama başlıkları altında sunulmuştur. (shrink)

Objective: Vascular disorders severely impair the psycho-social status of individuals. Various laser and light systems, which have advantages and disadvantages, including the pro-yellow laser are used for the therapy of these disorders. Aim: The goal of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of the 577 nm pro-yellow laser for a broad range of indications including erythematelangiectatic rosacea, facial erythema, post-acne erythema, facial telangiectasis, hemangioma, genital angiokeratoma, and port wine stain nevus. Methods: A total of 98 patients (...) (25 male, 73 female) older than 15 years who were treated with the pro-yellow laser for vascular disorders at the cosmetology unit between 2017 and 2019 were retrospectively included in the study. Results: The mean rate of recovery was 100% in genital angiokeratoma, 94.4% in spider angioma, 83.3% in facial telangiectasis, 74.8% in erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, 72% in facial erythema + facial telangiectasis, and 68.3% in facial erythema. Over 60% of improvement was observed in most patients with vascular disorders. There was no significant link between the Fitzpatrick skin type and treatment success. Treatment success was significantly low in cases with nasal involvement. Conclusion: The current study concluded that pro-yellow laser is an efficient and safe laser modality that may yield satisfactory outcomes regardless of the different skin types. (shrink)

Türk tıp tarihçiliğinin önemli bir siması olan Galip Ata Ataç'ın (1879-1947) en önemli eseri 1922'de yazmış olduğu, Türkiye'de tıp eğitimi tarihi çalışmaları için ana kaynak niteliğini taşıyan, "Tıp Fakültesi" kitabıdır. Söz konusu kitabın Arap alfabesiyle yayımlanmış tek baskısı vardır ve bu nedenle günümüzde ona ulaşabilmek ve ondan yararlanabilmek hayli zordur. Bu makalede Ataç ve kitabı hakkında geniş biçimde tanıtıcı bilgi verilmiş ve tıp eğitimi tarihçemizin dönüm noktaları "Tıp Fakültesi"ne dayalı olarak anlatılmıştır.

Ngành báo chí, một trong những ngành truyền thông mạnh mẽ nhất hiện nay, đang đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc cung cấp thông tin, giáo dục công chúng, và giải trí nhưng đồng thời cũng là một lĩnh vực có tính cạnh tranh cao và đầy biến động trong bối cảnh kinh tế toàn cầu. Bài viết nhằm đóng góp cái nhìn dưới lăng kính kinh tế học vào quá trình phát triển và cập nhật xu hướng của (...) báo chí. Những Lý thuyết như trợ cấp chính phủ (government subsidy), lựa chọn hợp lý (rational choice), cũng những kiến thức phổ biến về cung và cầu sẽ giúp người đọc hiểu hơn về sự vận hành nền báo chí. Đồng thời, bài viết chỉ ra một số đặc tính riêng biệt của nền báo chí Việt Nam để giúp định hướng rõ hơn các chính sách phát triển. Cuối cùng, bài viết sẽ nêu ra một số thách thức và cơ hội dưới góc nhìn kinh tế học. (shrink)

Can an ugly experiment be a good experiment? Philosophers have identified many beautiful experiments and explored ways in which their beauty might be connected to their epistemic value. In contrast, the present chapter seeks out (and celebrates) ugly experiments. Among the ugliest are those being designed by AI algorithms. Interestingly, in the contexts where such experiments tend to be deployed, low aesthetic value correlates with high epistemic value. In other words, ugly experiments can be good. Given this, we should conclude (...) that beauty is not generally necessary or sufficient for epistemic value, and increasing beauty will not generally tend to increase epistemic value. (shrink)

This work presents Cognitional Mechanics (CM) as a structural template for physical Grand Unification Theories (GUTs), reversing the traditional direction of abstraction from physics to mathematics. CM is a complete axiomatic framework formalizing abstract operational structures through non-commutative operations, finite depth constraints, and unreachable configuration regions. Rather than deriving CM from physical theory, this paper explores how a fully specified abstract theory can provide structural insights for physical unification. -/- The approach employs Heisenberg-picture operator formulation without probabilistic interpretation. CM operations (...) are elevated to time-dependent operators whose intrinsic non-commutative relations induce emergent geometric structures—curvature tensors, connections, and gauge fields—entirely through deterministic operator evolution. This yields operator-level analogues of Einstein equations and Yang-Mills gauge structure, suggesting pathways for emergent gravity and gauge symmetries from purely abstract foundations. -/- The significance lies not in claiming physical derivation, but in demonstrating structural correspondence. Where string theory begins with physical strings and loop quantum gravity with quantized spacetime, CM begins with abstract computation and asks whether physical structure can emerge as implementation. The framework naturally accommodates discrete operational depth as analogue to Planck-scale cutoffs, non-local operator correlations resembling quantum entanglement, and hierarchical structure generation from bounded compositional complexity. (shrink)

This paper establishes the first formal definition of Tiers within the Noological framework, revealing a strict three-layer architecture that governs reality-constitution: Tier-1 (Noology) as the regulative layer, Tier-2 (Cognitional Mechanics) as the executive substrate, and Tier-3 (MUT/GUT) as the projective display layer. These layers obey an irreversible dependency chain: Tier-1 ⇒ Tier-2 ⇒ Tier-3. A key result is the structural necessity of the algebra M_3(C) (3×3 complex matrices) as the unique minimal substrate supporting the Noological primitives Ordo and Consensus. We (...) prove that 2×2 algebras fail triangulation in metric state space, while n≥4 algebras violate operational bounds through spectral instability. The constants δ=√(3/2) and γ=1/2 originate in Tier-1 as structural requirements—not empirical parameters—and are realized through Tier-2 dynamics. This framework repositions existing mathematics and physics as Tier-3 projections of deeper operational constraints. Gödelian incompleteness is circumvented not by stronger axioms but by structural separation of internal operations from external Quaestio. Physical laws, mathematical theorems, and even the fine-structure constant α⁻¹≈137.03 emerge as shadows cast by the non-commutative geometry of M_3(C). The Tier alignment provides the structural foundation for all subsequent Noological applications, transforming century-old questions about unification, completeness, and the origin of physical constants from unsolved problems into consequences of a single coherent architecture. (shrink)

Contemporary nuclear physics accounts for radioactive decay and nuclear reactions through five independent theoretical frameworks, each with its own force carriers, coupling constants, and free parameters. Alpha decay is modeled via quantum mechanical tunneling through the Coulomb barrier. Beta decay is attributed to weak interaction mediated by W± bosons. Gamma decay is treated as electromagnetic radiation from excited nuclear states. Nuclear fission is described by the liquid drop model. Nuclear fusion is governed by strong force dynamics. No unified derivation from (...) a single axiomatic structure has been achieved within the Standard Model. -/- This paper derives all five phenomena from the axioms of Cognitional Mechanics (CM) and the algebraic structure of M₃(ℂ), the unique minimal noncommutative finite-dimensional C*-algebra, without free parameters. The central result is that all nuclear transitions are instances of spectral relaxation of the resonance coefficient κ toward the Iron Stability Attractor κ(Fe) = 6/13, established as the S4 closure node of the M₃(ℂ) automorphism structure. Alpha decay is derived as separation of the ⁴He Aut-invariant orbit unit. Beta decay is derived as SU(2)₁₂ isospin transition, with parity non-conservation following from the Tier structural non-alignment between the Tier-2 algebraic operation and the Tier-3 spatial symmetry. Gamma decay is derived as Cartan eigenvalue relaxation. -/- Nuclear fusion is derived as two-domain spectral convergence toward κ(Fe) = 6/13. Nuclear fission is derived from the condition δt(x)/t → −1, under which entropy monotonicity becomes unsatisfiable within a single M₃(ℂ) domain. The half-life is established as a Tier-3 dimensional quantity structurally excluded from Tier-2 derivation. The Iron Stability Theorem κ(Fe) = 6/13 unifies all nuclear transitions under a single algebraic fixed point. -/- Published on March 31, 2026 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19343077 -/- . (shrink)

The gravitational hierarchy problem—why gravity is ~10^45 times weaker than electromagnetism at the electron mass scale—has resisted parameter-free resolution despite decades of effort in supersymmetry, extra-dimension models, and warped geometry frameworks. All existing approaches introduce new degrees of freedom or symmetry principles without deriving the gravitational coupling constant alpha_G = G m_e^2 / (hbar c) from first principles. -/- This paper derives alpha_G solely from the Tier-1 axioms of Cognitional Mechanics (CM) and the algebraic structure of M_3(C), the minimal noncommutative (...) finite-dimensional C*-algebra. The principal result is alpha_G = alpha^(n(2n+1)) * sqrt(n(n+1)/(2n+1)) with n=3, yielding alpha_G^(CM) = 1.75192 x 10^-45. All factors—the exponent 21, numerator 12, and denominator 7—emerge purely from the dimension parameter n; no empirical fitting is performed. -/- The zeroth-order residual against CODATA 2022 is 6.1 x 10^-5, within the 5.5 x 10^-4 experimental scatter band of independent G measurements. The leading correction C_3^G = -(delta^2 - delta/(2*sqrt(n))) * alpha^2, derived from Tier-1 constants delta^2 = n/2 and n alone, reduces the residual to 5.5 x 10^-8, well below current experimental resolution. This establishes alpha_G as a Tier-1 structural invariant of M_3(C) and provides an algebraic resolution to the gravitational hierarchy problem. The CM-implied value G_implied = 6.67471 x 10^-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2 serves as a theoretical convergence point for future precision G metrology. (shrink)

A number of philosophers think that grounding is, in some sense, well-founded. This thesis, however, is not always articulated precisely, nor is there a consensus in the literature as to how it should be characterized. In what follows, I consider several principles that one might have in mind when asserting that grounding is well-founded, and I argue that one of these principles, which I call ‘full foundations’, best captures the relevant claim. My argument is by the process of elimination. For (...) each of the inadequate principles, I illustrate its inadequacy by showing either that it excludes cases that should not be ruled out by a well-foundedness axiom for grounding, or that it admits cases that should be ruled out. (shrink)

The fine structure constant α⁻¹ ≈ 137 has long been regarded as one of the deepest mysteries in physics — a dimensionless number that no theory has been able to explain from first principles. This paper argues that this perception is not a scientific conclusion. It is an artifact of institutional practice. -/- Two independent experimental lineages — rubidium atom interferometry (Morel et al. 2020) and cesium atom interferometry (Parker et al. 2018) — have diverged beyond their stated uncertainties at (...) the ninth significant digit. The CODATA consensus value, widely used as the benchmark for theoretical comparison, is a least-squares average across these discrepant measurements. It corresponds to no single physical experiment. Comparing a theoretical derivation against this value does not test the theory; it tests the composition of the averaging pool. -/- This paper advances two claims. The first is epistemological: the appropriate benchmark for any fundamental derivation of α is the highest-precision single-experiment determination, not an institutionally constructed consensus. The second is structural: the value α⁻¹ = 137.035999206... is not an empirical input but a structural invariant of M₃(ℂ), the unique minimal non-commutative algebra satisfying the foundational axioms of Cognitional Mechanics. No external parameters are fitted. The theoretical value agrees with Morel et al. 2020 to within 6.82 × 10⁻¹⁶ — eight orders of magnitude below the experimental uncertainty. The mystery of α dissolves once its institutional origin is recognized. This paper does not explain a mystery. It corrects a misidentification of the target. (shrink)

In 1960, Eugene Wigner posed a question that has since become canonical in the philosophy of mathematics and physics: why do mathematical structures developed for purely formal reasons repeatedly turn out to describe physical reality with uncanny precision? Wigner declared this effectiveness "bordering on the mysterious" and offered no rational explanation. Subsequent responses — Hamming's partial accounts, Tegmark's Mathematical Universe Hypothesis, Wheeler's "It from Bit," Wolfram's computational universe, Penrose's three-worlds framework — each address aspects of the problem while remaining captive (...) to the presuppositions that generate it. -/- This paper advances a dissolution rather than a solution. The source of Wigner's puzzle is identified in a conflation of two fundamentally distinct descriptive modes: static description, characteristic of classical mathematics, which captures structural snapshots of reality; and dynamic description, the computational-algebraic mode, which captures reality as an ongoing operational process. The universe is not formalized by mathematical structures; it computes. Both mathematics and physical law are static projections of a single dynamic source: the minimal non-commutative algebra M3(C), whose necessity is derived from first principles within the Cognitional Mechanics (CM) framework rather than postulated. -/- Once the static/dynamic distinction is drawn, Wigner's question loses its force. Static mathematical descriptions are effective because they are cross-sections of a dynamic computational reality. The correspondence between mathematics and physics is not a contingent harmony; it is a structural inevitability. (shrink)

This paper presents Noology (Japanese: Chigaku), a formal system defining the highest-level protocol by which intelligence constitutes reality. Noology is not a scientific theory or speculative philosophy, but a mathematically formalized axiomatic system specifying an operating system of existence. It consists of three primitive notions—Ordo, Consensus, and Arbitrium—three absolute axioms, and a governing principle. The system is minimal, irreducible, and self-contained, avoiding presupposition of arithmetic, set theory, or physical laws. Crucially, Noology functions as a meta-judgment framework: it does not generate (...) truths internally, but adjudicates whether an externally provided structure qualifies as Res under a given configuration, the Quaestio. By design, Noology avoids the premises of Gödel's incompleteness theorems and establishes a structurally closed, consistent, and sovereign foundation for all subsequent intellectual activity. It serves as the regulative layer above Cognitional Mechanics (CM), providing the axiomatic conditions from which CM's operational structures are derived. Noology thus provides a rigorous, hierarchy-based formal framework, bridging minimal philosophical assumptions with mathematically grounded operational formalism, enabling the systematic adjudication of reality without reliance on internal generation of mathematical or physical propositions. (shrink)

This paper derives two structural results from the unique minimal non-commutative algebra M₃(ℂ) of Cognitional Mechanics (CM), with zero free parameters. -/- First, the complete spectral closure terminus Z = 118 is established as an algebraic necessity of Axioms A1–A4: the slot formula N_ℓ = 2 + 4(ℓ−1) terminates at ℓ_max = Φ₆ = 7 by the A3 cyclotomic structure, and ℓ = 8 closure is forbidden by Axiom A4 (Redundancy Exclusion) via the κ = 1/2 conflict with the established (...) f-band half-closure node. Elements with Z > 118 are not algebraically excluded; Z = 118 is the terminus of complete spectral closure. -/- Second, all seven classical nuclear magic numbers 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 are derived as a zero-parameter consequence of the phase difference between the Cartan action (electron spectral closure, dimension n−1 = 2) and the automorphism action (nucleon spectral closure, dimension n²−1 = 8) on M₃(ℂ). The phase difference series D_k ∈ {0, ±Φ₁(3), ±2Φ₂(3)} is uniquely determined by S1–S2 antisymmetry, the conservation law Σ D_k = −2Φ₂(n) = −8 fixed by the bidirectional eigenvalue structure of the Cartan action, and a monotonicity bound. -/- New magic numbers in neutron-rich nuclei (6, 14, 16, 32, 34) are derived as Type II-modified closure nodes. The value 14 = 2Φ₆ was confirmed experimentally in 2025. The isospin-symmetric Island of Inversion at Z = N = 42 (⁸⁴Mo) is identified as an over-resonance node κ = 7/6 > 1, with the 8p-8h excitation count n_ph = 2Φ₂(n) = 8 following algebraically from A1 alone. (shrink)

The strong coupling constant αs has resisted parameter-free derivation within the Standard Model framework, where its value at the Z-boson scale, αs(MZ) = 0.11810 ± 0.00011, is determined solely by experiment. -/- This paper derives, from the axioms of Cognitional Mechanics (CM) and the algebraic structure of M3(C) alone, a Tier-2 spectral invariant αs⁻¹ = Φ₆(2Φ₃−n)/(2πn) − Φ₁/n³ = 161/(6π) − 2/27, where Φk(n) denote the cyclotomic invariants of M3(C) at n = 3. This invariant is scale-independent by construction; its (...) numerical value αs(CM) = 0.118104 coincides with the experimentally observed αs(MZ) to a residual of 0.003%, within current experimental uncertainty. The derivation is zero-parameter: all factors emerge from the A1–A3 axioms without empirical input. -/- The main term arises from the Cartan-torus phase volume (A2) and the A3 weighted-mean cyclotomic capacity. The correction term is the unique adjoint-representation spectral invariant Φ₁⟨H²⟩adj/(⟨H⁴⟩adj·n²), whose negative sign reflects the asymptotic freedom inherent in the non-commutative over-interference of the adjoint action (A1). Together with the prior CM derivations of α, μ, and αG, this result establishes the complete set of dimensionless coupling constants of the Standard Model as Tier-2 structural invariants of M3(C). (shrink)

Chemical bonding has been defined, since the early twentieth century, in terms of electron sharing and Coulombic interaction between charged particles. This definition presupposes particle ontology at every level. Cognitional Mechanics (CM) establishes that particles are not ontological primitives but Tier-3 projections of Tier-2 spectral structure generated by the unique minimal non-commutative algebra M₃(ℂ). Once particle ontology is eliminated — as demonstrated in the companion paper "Particles Are Unnecessary" (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18810386) — the standard definition of chemical bonding becomes logically unavailable. (...) A definition built on Tier-3 artifacts cannot serve as a foundational account of Tier-2 structure without circularity. -/- This paper provides the necessary reconstruction. Chemical bonding is redefined as a spectral resonance condition between two M₃(ℂ) operational domains, governed by the chemical projection constant n_A = 36 derived from Axiom A2 alone. The spectral coupling constant ξ ≡ μα — the unique Tier-1 composite in which particle-ontological prerequisites cancel — connects the mass-hierarchy and electromagnetic projections of M₃(ℂ) to the chemical energy scale without invoking particle concepts. Bond energy ratios between molecular species are parameter-free, falsifiable Tier-1 predictions derived from the A3 cyclotomic invariants Φ₃ = 13 and Φ₆ = 7. Absolute energy scales remain Tier-3 quantities requiring empirical calibration; this is a structural consequence of the Tier architecture, not a limitation. The periodic table admits a spectral reordering, developed in the companion paper on chemical periodicity, in which the anomalies of the particle-indexed arrangement are dissolved as projection artifacts. (shrink)

This paper initiates a fundamental ontological shift in the physical sciences. We argue that the Standard Model, despite its predictive success, has fallen into a "category error" inherited from 20th-century nuclear chemistry: the pursuit of ever-smaller material constituents. Much like Ptolemaic astronomy, which maintained accuracy through the accumulation of arbitrary epicycles, the Standard Model relies on 19 free parameters and ad hoc mechanisms (such as the Higgs field) that lack structural necessity. -/- Within the framework of Cognitional Mechanics (CM), we (...) propose an "Operational Ontology" where the category of "physical existence" is restricted to stable eigenvalue clusters observable at the chemical scale. All sub-nuclear phenomena—quarks, gluons, and gauge bosons—are reconceived not as material "things," but as internal modes of a minimal non-commutative algebra: M3(C) ⊕ C. -/- By applying the Spectral Action Principle to this internal structure, we derive gravity, gauge interactions, nucleon mass generation, atomic structure, and the periodic table without introducing any particle as an ontological primitive. Neutrinos are identified as spacetime eigenmodes (Layer III) coupled to Riemannian curvature, yielding a derived mass scale and a specific curvature coupling (ξ = −1/6) without requiring right-handed neutrinos. -/- Published: February 28, 2026. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18810386. (shrink)

This essay is about the relationship between the notions of practical reason, the will, and choice in Kant’s practical philosophy. Although Kant explicitly identifies practical reason and the will, many interpreters argue that he cannot really mean it on the grounds that unless they are distinct, irrational and, especially, immoral action is impossible. Other readers affirm his identification but distinguish the will from choice on the same basis. We argue that proper attention to Kant’s conception of practical reason as a (...) capacity reveals that these distinctions are neither textually grounded nor philosophically necessary. His moral psychology concerns a single capacity, practical reason, which is the will, and whose actualities in this or that individual fall under the title of choice. Practical reason is the will and choice because it is the rational faculty of desire: a rational being’s capacity to be, by means of her representations, the cause of the actuality of their objects. This, we argue, is entailed by his conception of rational action: action not just in accordance with, but in and through the representation of, principles. The possibility of irrational action is explained not by a distinction between capacities but by the finitude, and thereby the fallibility, of human reason. (shrink)

This paper establishes the Isometric Extension of the Mathematical Unified Theory of Cognitional Mechanics (CM-MUT), deriving the exact quantitative correspondence between the geometric modal functor and the algebraic modal functor over the historical category Hist. The central result is that for all admissible operational histories H, the κ-scale L¹ norm and the Frobenius norm are related by the Casimir invariant K=√3 of M₃(ℂ): ‖M_A(H)‖_κ = K·‖M_G(H)‖_F. -/- This isometric relationship is derived from two implementation axioms, A3' (Modal Norm Selection) and (...) A5 (Modal Distance Preservation), which formalize assumptions implicit throughout the CM corpus. The proof proceeds via the automorphism structure Aut(M₃(ℂ))≅PGL(3,ℂ), Axiom 4 (Redundancy Exclusion), and a formal lemma establishing that minimal descriptive complexity in the Cartan subalgebra uniquely forces uniform eigenvalue distribution Var(κ)=0 for all admissible histories. -/- Four corollaries follow from a single algebraic source: the inverse fine structure constant α⁻¹=137.03599…, the Iron Stability Attractor κ(Fe)=6/13, the chemical projection constant Π_chem=145/468, and the ABC quality bound q(a,b,c)<13/7. -/- Prior CM results on the Riemann Hypothesis, P≠NP, and the Halting Problem are unified under this framework. The Navier-Stokes regularity problem, the Hodge Conjecture, the Yang-Mills mass gap, the Poincaré Conjecture, and the Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture are shown to be Tier-3 projections of Tier-1 structural necessities. -/- The apparent difficulty of the Millennium Problems is an artifact of their Tier-3 formulation, not of mathematical reality. All derivations proceed with zero free parameters from the axiomatic structure of M₃(ℂ). -/- Published on April 4, 2026 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19411822 . (shrink)

Operational Quantum Mechanics presents a structural reinterpretation of quantum theory grounded in two axioms derived from Cognitional Mechanics: non-commutativity of operations (A∘B ≠ B∘A) and finite operational resolution (Level of Detail). The wave function Ψ is redefined as Operational Potential Density (ρ_op) encoding resource distribution for Type I internal generation—the symmetrical counterpart to Universal Relativity's Type II external constraint expressed through operational delay δt(x). -/- Quantum probability arises epistemically from finite resolution limits rather than ontologically from fundamental randomness. Wave function (...) "collapse" becomes an operationally grounded Commit operation triggered by interface formation between systems, eliminating observer dependence and resolving the measurement problem through deterministic buffer resolution. -/- Schrödinger's cat paradox dissolves structurally via four discrete operational steps: queueing of decay trigger as pending operation, thresholding at specific operational cycle, committing to single state via projection ρ ↦ P_iρP_i/Tr(P_iρP_i), and reporting as read command to pre-determined memory address. The cat exists in a pending execution state—not ontological superposition—until interface-triggered Commit resolves unresolved operational cycles below the resolution limit. -/- Born rule statistics |Ψ|² = ρ_op are adopted as the canonical projection measure compatible with resource conservation and tensor-product linearity. Bell inequality violations follow from the logical impossibility of factorization under non-commutativity and finite resolution. -/- This framework maintains strict mathematical equivalence with standard quantum mechanics while repositioning probability as an epistemic consequence of structural resolution limits inherent to non-commutative operational structures. (shrink)

One of the main contentions of the framework for Responsible Innovation (RI) is that social and ethical aspects have to be addressed by deliberative engagement with stakeholders and the wider public throughout the innovation process. The aim of this article is to reflect on the question to what extent is deliberative engagement suitable for conducting RI in business. We discuss several tensions that arise when this framework is applied in the business context. Further, we analyse the place of deliberative engagement (...) in several theories of business ethics. We conclude that there remains a tension between the ideal of RI and the way in which the competitive market operates. Hence, RI scholars should reflect more critically on changes that are required in the market in order to make RI possible, modify the ideal of deliberative engagement for RI in business, or attempt to strike a balance between these two responses. (shrink)

The article explores the phenomenon of visual and aesthetic thinking as an emerging managerial competence and an integral component of management culture in the hospitality industry. Moving beyond traditional rational approaches, the study conceptualizes visual-aesthetic thinking as a form of managerial intelligence that integrates cognitive, sensory, and cultural dimensions of decision-making. It emphasizes that visual perception, color, composition, and spatial design function as non-verbal management tools capable of structuring team behavior, stimulating creativity, and reinforcing brand identity. Based on content analysis (...) and comparative review of international and Ukrainian research, the authors identify four structural dimensions of this phenomenon: visual culture as a channel of managerial communication, the cognitive-aesthetic nature of decision-making, the aesthetic environment as a managerial instrument, and visual-aesthetic thinking as a marker of advanced leadership culture. The study demonstrates how managers in hotels and restaurants utilize visual codes, design elements, and aesthetic cues to create multisensory service environments that enhance staff motivation, improve customer experience, and promote emotional coherence within teams. The authors argue that the aestheticization of management contributes to organizational stability, cognitive economy, and the emotional sustainability of service personnel. The findings expand theoretical understanding of aesthetic intelligence in management and suggest practical implications for leadership development, staff adaptation, and the design of emotionally engaging service spaces in the hospitality sector. (shrink)

The article explores visual culture as a conceptual and practical foundation for managerial thinking in the modern restaurant industry. It argues that visual culture, beyond its aesthetic function, serves as a cognitive and organizational framework that shapes strategic, operational, and communicative processes within hospitality enterprises. Drawing on an interdisciplinary methodology that combines visual studies, management theory, and case analysis, the authors examine how visual identity, design, and media integration affect managerial decisions, internal coordination, and customer interaction. The study highlights the (...) phenomenon of the “visual turn,” which redefines managerial cognition through imagery, visual metaphors, and spatial structures. Empirical cases of restaurant brands, such as Taco Love, The Oak Stave, and Chipotle, demonstrate that a consistent visual identity, coherent social media representation, and well-structured spatial aesthetics increase brand recognizability, emotional engagement, and organizational coherence. The research identifies the motivational dimensions of visual thinking, emphasizing how visualization enhances decision clarity, stimulates creativity, and strengthens responsible leadership within service teams. The findings confirm that visual culture serves as both a communicative and motivational mechanism for developing managerial literacy, fostering ethical awareness, and shaping leadership identity in the hospitality sector. The study concludes that visual management tools - dashboards, graphic standards, infographics, and storytelling media—constitute not merely instruments of representation but cognitive architectures that structure thought and behavior in the contemporary restaurant environment. (shrink)

Cognitional Mechanics Cosmology (CM Cosmology) reconstructs time, space, redshift, and large-scale structure from the unique minimal algebra M₃(ℂ). Rather than postulating a Big Bang singularity, inflation, dark matter particles, or dark energy fields, the framework derives all major cosmological observables from a closed set of algebraic axioms with zero free parameters. -/- Building on this foundation, we introduce Permanent Operational Cosmology (Japanese: Koukyuu Enzan Uchu-ron) as the cosmological realization of CM. It describes a universe governed not by an initial creation (...) event or a future thermal end, but by continuous non-commutative operations whose algebraic structure inherently excludes both absolute beginning and termination. -/- Within this framework, time emerges as the ordering of non-commutative operations, three-dimensional space arises as a necessary projection of the algebra, and cosmological redshift follows from a uniform temporal modulation without requiring spatial expansion. The cosmological constant vanishes as a structural identity, cosmic flatness follows from the algebra's natural metric, and the derived CMB temperature and matter/energy density fractions match observational data to within one percent. -/- Furthermore, information is conserved as the invariant rank of the density matrix, resolving the black-hole information paradox by showing it stems from treating dynamical boundary conditions as static horizons. Apparent cosmological tensions arise when the continuous operational dynamics of the underlying algebra are interpreted through static, snapshot-like models. -/- Permanent Operational Cosmology provides a mathematically complete, zero-parameter alternative to the standard ΛCDM model, grounded in a single algebraic structure that unifies cosmic evolution, thermodynamics, and quantum information. -/- Published on April 7, 2026 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19448254. (shrink)

This paper derives van der Waals interactions from M₃(ℂ) non-commutative algebra structure constants within the Cognitional Mechanics (CM) framework. Traditional London theory describes dispersion forces via polarizability and ionization energy in physical coordinates, leaving structural questions unanswered: why r⁻⁶ specifically, what is the geometric origin of C₆, and what is the algebraic meaning of polarizability. -/- CM reformulates these interactions in operational coordinates where London's "polarization" becomes off-diagonal operator components and "quantum fluctuations" represent temporal evolution of non-commutativity. The r⁻⁶ dependence (...) emerges not as a perturbative consequence but as a geometric necessity: it is the unique leading asymptotic term consistent with 4th-order non-commutative trace structure, dimensional reduction from su(3) to its off-diagonal subspace, and rotational symmetry in 3D physical space. This form is dictated by the algebra of M₃(ℂ)—it cannot be obtained by fitting experimental data. -/- This structural derivation of an interaction law complements the companion algebraic derivations of α⁻¹, μ, and αG within the same framework, where fundamental physical constants emerge from M₃(ℂ) with zero free parameters. Taken together, these results establish that M₃(ℂ) is not a fitting tool but an axiomatic structure from which both the forms of physical laws and the values of physical constants follow as necessary consequences. -/- Molecular electronic states are represented as operators F ∈ M₃(ℂ) with interaction energy defined via commutator traces. The C₆ coefficient is computed from su(3) structure constants (Gell-Mann matrices) with explicit calculation procedure provided. Ultra-precision implementation incorporates effective nuclear charge with exchange-correlation corrections (Perdew 1996), distance-dependent shielding functions evaluated at van der Waals equilibrium distance, Dirac first-order relativistic corrections (0.032–0.29% for Ar–Xe), numerical Hartree-Fock orbitals from NIST Atomic Spectra Database with adaptive Gauss-Kronrod quadrature achieving 10⁻⁸ accuracy, and higher-order dispersion terms (C₈, C₁₀ from rank-4 structure constants). Final results: He–He (0.07% error), Ne–Ne (0.13%), Ar–Ar (0.02%), Kr–Kr (0.15%), Xe–Xe (0.21%), average 0.12% error, matching ab initio CCSD(T) benchmarks. -/- Results demonstrate quantitative correspondence between operational constraints and physical measurements, establishing that intermolecular interactions arise from geometric state space constraints rather than quantum fluctuations per se. All numerical calculations are fully specified via explicit formulas ensuring complete reproducibility without external code. The framework extends London theory as a valid physical coordinate description while providing higher-level operational structure, unifying chemistry as non-commutative operational programs executed on material hardware. Future applications include covalent/ionic bonding operational descriptions, chemical kinetics formulation, and connection to emergent gauge structures in the CM-GUT framework. (shrink)

Once one accepts that certain things metaphysically depend upon, or are metaphysically explained by, other things, it is natural to begin to wonder whether these chains of dependence or explanation must come to an end. This essay surveys the work that has been done on this issue—the issue of grounding and infinite descent. I frame the discussion around two questions: (1) What is infinite descent of ground? and (2) Is infinite descent of ground possible? In addressing the second question, I (...) will consider a number of arguments that have been made for and against the possibility of infinite descent of ground. When relevant, I connect the discussion to two important views about the way reality can be structured by grounding: metaphysical foundationalism and metaphysical infinitism. (shrink)

This work establishes the Internal Language Theorem for the algebra M3(C) within the framework of Cognitional Mechanics (CM). CM derives all four Standard Model dimensionless coupling constants with zero free parameters, but the mechanism by which M3(C) generates the structural constants used in these derivations has remained implicit. In particular, the repeated appearance of the cyclotomic evaluation values Φ1(3)=2, Φ2(3)=4, Φ3(3)=13, and Φ6(3)=7 has lacked a formal explanation. -/- The present paper demonstrates that these values arise necessarily from the axioms (...) A1–A4 defining the M3(C) Structure. Using the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, the evaluation point x=n=3 is shown to be uniquely determined by information completeness and redundancy exclusion. The minimal noncommutative realization of A1 yields the circulant matrix C3, whose characteristic polynomial generates Φ3. The Cartan reflection H↦−H produces its dual Φ6. The linear factors Φ1 and Φ2 arise from the terminal Cayley–Hamilton polynomials x3±1. All other cyclotomic polynomials are excluded by degree closure or by the integer-eigenvalue condition derived from A4. -/- The result is a fully self-generated internal language: the set {Φ1,Φ2,Φ3,Φ6} is complete, unique, and necessary. This mechanism has no analogue in conventional physics or in Connes’ noncommutative geometry, where M3(C) functions only as a carrier of particle ontology. In CM, the algebra itself is the origin of physical constants through the self-evaluation formula Φn(n). -/- Published on March 31, 2026 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19350315. (shrink)

This article examines the importance of the historical fall and doctrine of original sin in context of allegorical doctrines of the fall and sin. The article provides a moderate defense of a historic fall by critiquing what I shall dub Allegorical Accounts. Contemporary Allegorical Accounts of the fall and original sin deny that any historical fall of our human ancestors occurred. These accounts also affirm that all individuals require Christ’s atoning work for sin, freely fall into sin, and are not (...) created sinful or determined to fall into sin. I challenge the Allegorical Account. Given any Allegorical Account’s claims about the fall and original sin, I propose a set of jointly inconsistent propositions which I label as Atonement for All, Good Creation, and Time-Gap. If one assumes the Allegorical Account, any two propositions of the set will imply the falsity of the third. However, each of the three propositions is plausible. I examine possible modifications to avoid the inconsistency or conduct damage control—each of these is found wanting. Since these propositions are jointly inconsistent when one assumes an Allegorical Account, the article suggests that non-Allegorical Accounts of the fall and original sin may be theologically more important than recently regarded. (shrink)

The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the considerable challenge of sourcing expertise and determining which experts to trust. Dissonant information fostered controversy in public discourse and encouraged an appeal to a wide range of social indicators of trustworthiness in order to decide whom to trust. We analyze public discourse on expertise by examining how social indicators inform the reputation of Dr. Didier Raoult, the French microbiologist who rose to international prominence as an early advocate for using hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19. To (...) comprehend how these indicators came to inform his reputation, we outline Dr. Raoult's rise to fame based on discourse about hydroxychloroquine. We then discuss why we trust in experts like scientist-practitioners. This is followed by an examination of how social indicators of trust like status, epistemic authority, influence and values have informed Dr. Raoult's reputation. We conclude with recommendations for how to improve the selection and evaluation social indicators of trust and reputations. Our aim here, instead of making a claim about the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine or Dr. Raoult's reputation per se, is to outline through this case study how social indicators of trust inform reputation and the challenge they present to evaluating expertise. (shrink)

Kit Fine (2000) breaks with tradition, arguing that, pace Russell (e.g., 1903: 228), relations have neither directions nor converses. He considers two ways to conceive of these new "neutral" relations, positionalism and anti-positionalism, and argues that the latter should be preferred to the former. Cody Gilmore (2013) argues for a generalization of positionalism, slot theory, the view that a property or relation is n-adic if and only if there are exactly n slots in it, and (very roughly) that each slot (...) may be occupied by at most one entity. Slot theory (and with it, positionalism) bears the full brunt of Fine's (2000) symmetric completions and conflicting adicities problems. I fully develop an alternative, plural slot theory (or pocket theory), which avoids these problems, key elements of which are first considered by Yi (1999: 168 ff.). Like the slot theorist, the pocket theorist posits entities (pockets) in properties and relations that can be occupied. But unlike the slot theorist, the pocket theorist denies that at most one entity can occupy any one of them. As a result, she must also deny that the adicity of a property or relation is equal to the number of occupiable entities in it. By abandoning these theses, however, the pocket theorist is able to avoid Fine's problems, resulting in a stronger theory about the internal structure of properties and relations. Pocket theory also avoids a serious drawback of anti-positionalism. (shrink)

To better handle real-world uncertainty, concepts such as fuzzy sets, neutrosophic sets, rough sets, and soft sets have been introduced. For example, neutrosophic sets, which simultaneously represent truth, indeterminacy, and falsehood, have proven to be valuable tools for modeling uncertainty in complex systems. These set concepts are increasingly studied in graphized forms, and generalized graph concepts now encompass well-known structures such as hypergraphs and superhypergraphs. Furthermore, hyperconcepts and superhyperconcepts are being actively researched in areas beyond graph theory. Combinatorics, uncertain sets (...) (including fuzzy sets, neutrosophic sets, rough sets, soft sets, and plithogenic sets), uncertain graphs, and hyper and superhyper concepts are active areas of research with significant mathematical and practical implications. Recognizing their importance, this paper explores new graph and set concepts, as well as hyper and superhyper concepts, as detailed in the "Results" section of "The Structure of the Paper." Additionally, this work aims to consolidate recent findings, providing a survey-like resource to inform and engage readers. For instance, we extend several graph concepts by introducing Neutrosophic Oversets, Neutrosophic Undersets, Neutrosophic Offsets, and the Nonstandard Real Set. This paper defines a variety of concepts with the goal of inspiring new ideas and serving as a valuable resource for researchers in their academic pursuits. (shrink)

The proton-to-electron mass ratio μ = 1836.152 673 426(32) is one of the most precisely measured dimensionless constants in physics, yet the Standard Model offers no closed-form derivation of its value. Lattice QCD provides numerical estimates but requires non-perturbative inputs and external renormalization, leaving the algebraic origin of μ unexplained. -/- Cognitional Mechanics (CM) is a framework that derives physical constants as structural projections of the unique minimal non-commutative algebra M₃(ℂ), selected by three axioms with no free parameters. The fine-structure (...) constant α⁻¹ was previously derived with residual 6.82×10⁻¹⁶ against the Morel 2020 rubidium-recoil measurement. The present paper extends this framework to μ. -/- The natural derivation variable is (μα)², not μ alone. The ratio μ = mₚ/mₑ presupposes distinct massive particles; α = e²/ℏc presupposes a charged particle. Both are Tier-3 quantities in the CM framework, where particles are spectral projections rather than primary entities. Their product (μα)² cancels all particle-ontological prerequisites, yielding a Tier-1 quantity derivable directly from the M₃(ℂ) axioms. -/- The derivation produces a six-term closed-form expansion of (μα)² with all coefficients uniquely fixed by the spectral structure of the Cartan element H₂ = diag(1,1,−2) and two cyclotomic identities. The residual against CODATA 2022 is +1.73×10⁻¹³, a factor of approximately 100 below the current measurement uncertainty, with zero free parameters. The derivation further identifies ξ ≡ μα as the spectral coupling constant of M₃(ℂ). (shrink)