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Optical probing of magnons and phonons in Ni80Fe20 nanodot arrays
Authors:
A. Adhikari,
P. Graczyk,
A. K. Chaurasiya,
S. Mondal,
J. W. Klos,
A. Barman
Abstract:
Control of collective spin excitations by static or dynamic strain is an emerging phenomenon that requires in-depth understanding for design of future spin-wave-regulated devices. Here, we explore mutually interacting spin waves and acoustic wave modes in addition to few non-interactive modes through all optical excitation in ordered arrays of Ni80Fe20 nanomagnets. The acoustic wave originated fro…
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Control of collective spin excitations by static or dynamic strain is an emerging phenomenon that requires in-depth understanding for design of future spin-wave-regulated devices. Here, we explore mutually interacting spin waves and acoustic wave modes in addition to few non-interactive modes through all optical excitation in ordered arrays of Ni80Fe20 nanomagnets. The acoustic wave originated from elastic deformation resonantly couple to the spin wave via magnetoelastic effect at their overlapping frequency. We demonstrate that the choice of the lattice type in which the magnetic nanodots are arranged is crucial for the observation of the magnetoelastic interaction. Therefore, the study shows that the simultaneous existence of elastic wave and spin wave offer ingeneously advantageous features to pave the way of energy-efficient magnetoacoustic devices.
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Submitted 15 January, 2026;
originally announced January 2026.
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Hybrid structure with a ferromagnetic film and an array of magnetic molecules for deep-nanoscale reprogrammable magnonics
Authors:
Oleksandr Pastukh,
Piotr Graczyk,
Mateusz Zelent,
Lukasz Laskowski,
Maciej Krawczyk
Abstract:
Miniaturization is an essential element in the development of information processing technologies and is also one of the main determinants of the usability of the tested artificial neural networks. It is also a key element and one of the main challenges in the development of magnonic neuromorphic systems. In this work, we propose a new platform for the development of these new spin-wave-based tech…
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Miniaturization is an essential element in the development of information processing technologies and is also one of the main determinants of the usability of the tested artificial neural networks. It is also a key element and one of the main challenges in the development of magnonic neuromorphic systems. In this work, we propose a new platform for the development of these new spin-wave-based technologies. Using micromagnetic simulations, we demonstrate that magnetic molecules regularly arranged on the surface of a thin ferromagnetic layer enable resonant coupling of propagating spin waves with the dynamics of the molecules' magnetic moments, opening a gap in the transmission spectrum up to 150 MHz. The gap, its width, and frequency can be controlled by an external magnetic field or the arrangement of molecules on the ferromagnetic surface. Furthermore, the antiferromagnetic arrangement of the magnetic moments of molecules or clusters of molecules allows for control of the gap's position and width. Thus, the proposed hybrid structure offers reprogrammability and miniaturization down to the deep nanoscale, operating frequencies in the range of several GHz, key properties for the implementation of artificial neural networks.
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Submitted 27 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Optical excitation and detection of high-frequency Sezawa modes in Si/SiO2 system decorated with Ni80Fe20 nanodot arrays
Authors:
Piotr Graczyk,
Bivas Rana,
Aleksandra Trzaskowska,
Bipul Kumar Mahato,
Jarosław W. Kłos,
Maciej Krawczyk,
Anjan Barman
Abstract:
Surface acoustic waves have emerged as one of the potential candidates for the development of next-generation wave-based information and computing technologies. For practical devices, it is essential to develop the excitation techniques for different types of surface acoustic waves, especially at higher microwave frequencies, and to tailor their frequency versus wave vector characteristics. We sho…
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Surface acoustic waves have emerged as one of the potential candidates for the development of next-generation wave-based information and computing technologies. For practical devices, it is essential to develop the excitation techniques for different types of surface acoustic waves, especially at higher microwave frequencies, and to tailor their frequency versus wave vector characteristics. We show that this can be done by using ultrashort laser pulses incident on the surface of a multilayer decorated with a periodic array of metallic nanodots. Specifically, we study surface acoustic waves in the dielectric substrate Si/SiO2 decorated with a square lattice of thin Ni80Fe20 (Py) dots. Using a femtosecond laser-based optical pump-probe measurement, we detect a number of high-frequency phononic modes. By performing finite element simulations, we identify them as Sezawa modes from the second and third Brillouin zone in addition to the modes confined within the Py dots. The frequency of the Sezawa modes strongly depends on the period of the Py dots and varies in the range between 5 to 15 GHz. Both types of waves cover the same frequency range for Py dots with period less than 400 nm, providing a promising system for magnetoelastic studies.
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Submitted 15 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Generation of femtosecond spin-polarized current pulses at Fe/MgO interface by quasi-static voltage
Authors:
Piotr Graczyk,
Maria Pugaczowa-Michalska,
Maciej Krawczyk
Abstract:
The generation of short spin-current pulses is essential for fast spintronic devices. So far, spin current pulses are generated by femtosecond laser pulses which drive spins from a ferromagnetic metal layer. However, the need for miniaturization, simplicity and energy efficiency favour electric-field control of spintronic devices over optic or thermal control. Here, we combine ab initio calculatio…
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The generation of short spin-current pulses is essential for fast spintronic devices. So far, spin current pulses are generated by femtosecond laser pulses which drive spins from a ferromagnetic metal layer. However, the need for miniaturization, simplicity and energy efficiency favour electric-field control of spintronic devices over optic or thermal control. Here, we combine ab initio calculations of electronic density of states at MgO/Fe interface with continuous model for charge transport to investigate the dynamics of the spin-dependent potential. We demonstrate that the voltage-driven instability of the electronic band structure due to the electronic resonant states at the Fe/MgO interface results in the generation of the femtosecond spin-polarized current pulse with the spin polarization up to P=700% that propagates from the interface to the bulk. The dynamics of the current pulses driven by the Stoner instability depends neither on the dielectric relaxation time nor on the details of how the instability is achieved by changing the voltage, i.e. as long as the voltage changes are slow (quasi-static) with respect to the time determined by the spin diffusion constant, being of the order of fs.The presence of the instability may be detected by transport or magnetic measurements.
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Submitted 21 December, 2023;
originally announced December 2023.
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Advanced magnon-optic effects with spin-wave leaky modes
Authors:
Krzysztof Sobucki,
Wojciech Śmigaj,
Piotr Graczyk,
Maciej Krawczyk,
and Paweł Gruszecki
Abstract:
We numerically demonstrate the excitation of leaky spin waves (SWs) guided along a ferromagnetic stripe by an obliquely incident SW beam on the thin film edge placed below the stripe. During propagation, leaky waves emit energy back to the layer in the form of plane waves and several laterally shifted parallel SW beams. This resonance excitation, combined with interference effects of the reflected…
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We numerically demonstrate the excitation of leaky spin waves (SWs) guided along a ferromagnetic stripe by an obliquely incident SW beam on the thin film edge placed below the stripe. During propagation, leaky waves emit energy back to the layer in the form of plane waves and several laterally shifted parallel SW beams. This resonance excitation, combined with interference effects of the reflected and re-emitted waves, results in the magnonic Woods anomaly and significant increase of the Goos-Hanchen shift magnitude. Hence, we provide a unique platform to control SW reflection and to transfer SWs from a 2D platform into the 1D guiding mode that can be used to form a transdimensional magnonic router.
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Submitted 4 July, 2023; v1 submitted 22 February, 2023;
originally announced February 2023.
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Roadmap on Spin-Wave Computing
Authors:
A. V. Chumak,
P. Kabos,
M. Wu,
C. Abert,
C. Adelmann,
A. Adeyeye,
J. Åkerman,
F. G. Aliev,
A. Anane,
A. Awad,
C. H. Back,
A. Barman,
G. E. W. Bauer,
M. Becherer,
E. N. Beginin,
V. A. S. V. Bittencourt,
Y. M. Blanter,
P. Bortolotti,
I. Boventer,
D. A. Bozhko,
S. A. Bunyaev,
J. J. Carmiggelt,
R. R. Cheenikundil,
F. Ciubotaru,
S. Cotofana
, et al. (91 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Magnonics is a field of science that addresses the physical properties of spin waves and utilizes them for data processing. Scalability down to atomic dimensions, operations in the GHz-to-THz frequency range, utilization of nonlinear and nonreciprocal phenomena, and compatibility with CMOS are just a few of many advantages offered by magnons. Although magnonics is still primarily positioned in the…
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Magnonics is a field of science that addresses the physical properties of spin waves and utilizes them for data processing. Scalability down to atomic dimensions, operations in the GHz-to-THz frequency range, utilization of nonlinear and nonreciprocal phenomena, and compatibility with CMOS are just a few of many advantages offered by magnons. Although magnonics is still primarily positioned in the academic domain, the scientific and technological challenges of the field are being extensively investigated, and many proof-of-concept prototypes have already been realized in laboratories. This roadmap is a product of the collective work of many authors that covers versatile spin-wave computing approaches, conceptual building blocks, and underlying physical phenomena. In particular, the roadmap discusses the computation operations with Boolean digital data, unconventional approaches like neuromorphic computing, and the progress towards magnon-based quantum computing. The article is organized as a collection of sub-sections grouped into seven large thematic sections. Each sub-section is prepared by one or a group of authors and concludes with a brief description of the current challenges and the outlook of the further development of the research directions.
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Submitted 30 October, 2021;
originally announced November 2021.
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Spin-wave diode and circulator based on unidirectional coupling
Authors:
Krzysztof Szulc,
Piotr Graczyk,
Michał Mruczkiewicz,
Gianluca Gubbiotti,
Maciej Krawczyk
Abstract:
In magnonics, an emerging branch of wave physics characterized by low-energy consumption, it is highly desirable to realize circuit elements within the scope of spin-wave computing. Here, based on numerical simulations, we demonstrate the functionality of the spin-wave diode and the circulator to steer and manipulate spin waves over a wide range of frequency in the GHz regime. They take advantage…
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In magnonics, an emerging branch of wave physics characterized by low-energy consumption, it is highly desirable to realize circuit elements within the scope of spin-wave computing. Here, based on numerical simulations, we demonstrate the functionality of the spin-wave diode and the circulator to steer and manipulate spin waves over a wide range of frequency in the GHz regime. They take advantage of the unidirectional coupling induced by the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction to transfer the spin wave between thin ferromagnetic layers in only one direction of propagation. Using the multilayered structure consisting of Py and Co in direct contact with Pt, we obtain sub-micrometer-size devices of high efficiency. In the diode, the power loss ratio between forward and reverse direction reaches 22 dB, while in the four-port circulator, the efficiency exceeds 13 dB. Thus, our work contributes to the emerging branch of energy-efficient magnonic logic devices, where, thanks to short wavelength of spin waves, it is possible to realize nanoscale devices.
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Submitted 14 February, 2020;
originally announced February 2020.
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Nonresonant amplification of coherent spin waves through voltage-induced interface magnetoelectric effect and spin-transfer torque
Authors:
Piotr Graczyk,
Maciej Krawczyk
Abstract:
We present new mechanism for manipulation of the spin-wave amplitude through the use of the dynamic charge-mediated magnetoelectric effect in ultrathin multilayers composed of dielectric thin-film capacitors separated by a ferromagnetic bilayer. Propagating spin waves can be amplified and attenuated with rising and decreasing slopes of the oscillating voltage, respectively, locally applied to the…
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We present new mechanism for manipulation of the spin-wave amplitude through the use of the dynamic charge-mediated magnetoelectric effect in ultrathin multilayers composed of dielectric thin-film capacitors separated by a ferromagnetic bilayer. Propagating spin waves can be amplified and attenuated with rising and decreasing slopes of the oscillating voltage, respectively, locally applied to the sample. The way the spin accumulation is generated makes the interaction of the spin-transfer torque with the magnetization dynamics mode-selective and restricted to some range of spin-wave frequencies, which is in contrary to known types of the spin-transfer torque effects. The interfacial nature of spin-dependent screening allows to reduce the thickness of the fixed magnetization layer to a few nanometers, thus the proposed effect significantly contributes toward realization of the magnonic devices and also miniaturization of the spintronic devices.
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Submitted 21 January, 2020;
originally announced January 2020.
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Driving magnetization dynamics in an on-demand magnonic crystal by magneto-elastic interaction
Authors:
C. L. Chang,
S. Mieszczak,
M. Zelent,
V. Besse,
U. Martens,
R. R. Tamming,
J. Janusonis,
P. Graczyk,
M. Münzenberg,
J. W. Kłos,
R. I. Tobey
Abstract:
Using spatial light interference of ultrafast laser pulses, we generate a lateral modulation in the magnetization profile of an otherwise uniformly magnetized film, whose magnetic excitation spectrum is monitored via the coherent and resonant interaction with elastic waves. We find an unusual dependence of the magnetoelastic coupling as the externally applied magnetic field is angle- and field-tun…
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Using spatial light interference of ultrafast laser pulses, we generate a lateral modulation in the magnetization profile of an otherwise uniformly magnetized film, whose magnetic excitation spectrum is monitored via the coherent and resonant interaction with elastic waves. We find an unusual dependence of the magnetoelastic coupling as the externally applied magnetic field is angle- and field-tuned relative to the wave vector of the magnetization modulation, which can be explained by the emergence of spatially inhomogeneous spin-wave modes. In this regard, the spatial light interference methodology can be seen as a user-configurable, temporally windowed, on-demand magnonic crystal, potentially of arbitrary two-dimensional shape, which allows control and selectivity of the spatial distribution of spin waves. Calculations of spin waves using a variety of methods, demonstrated here using the plane-wave method and micromagnetic simulation, can identify the spatial distribution and associated energy scales of each excitation, which opens the door to a number of excitation methodologies beyond our chosen elastic wave excitation.
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Submitted 25 February, 2019;
originally announced February 2019.
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Spin-polarized currents driven by spin-dependent surface screening
Authors:
Piotr Graczyk,
Maciej Krawczyk
Abstract:
We have examined the spin polarization of the electron current in a ferromagnetic metal induced by the spin-dependent surface screening at the dielectric-ferromagnetic metal (D-FM) interface. In an applied ac voltage, the dynamic band splitting driven by the changes in the screening charge at the D-FM interface develops spin accumulation. The resultant spin accumulation gradient produces a time-de…
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We have examined the spin polarization of the electron current in a ferromagnetic metal induced by the spin-dependent surface screening at the dielectric-ferromagnetic metal (D-FM) interface. In an applied ac voltage, the dynamic band splitting driven by the changes in the screening charge at the D-FM interface develops spin accumulation. The resultant spin accumulation gradient produces a time-dependent spin current. We have derived the rate of the spin accumulation on the rate of the screening charge density accumulation within the Stoner band model. The spin-charge dynamics in the system is then modeled by a set of diffusive equations with the contributions from spin-dependent surface screening ands spin-dependent conductivity. We show for MgO-Cu-Co-MgO system that the spin-dependent screening in thin Co film produces spin accumulation 7 times higher than that obtained by the spin-dependent conductivity in thick Co films. We propose an experimental approach to validate our numerical predictions and to distinguish between spin accumulation induced by the spin-dependent conductivity and by the spin-dependent surface screening.
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Submitted 21 February, 2019; v1 submitted 18 February, 2019;
originally announced February 2019.
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Experimental Evidence of Non-Negligible Imaginary Part of Spin Mixing Conductance and Its Impact on Magnetization Dynamics in Heavy-Metal|Ferromagnet Bilayers
Authors:
Adam Krysztofik,
Piotr Graczyk,
Hubert Głowiński,
Emerson Coy,
Karol Załęski,
Iwona Gościańska,
Janusz Dubowik
Abstract:
The paper concerns experimental verification of the magnitude of imaginary part of spin mixing conductance in bilayers comprising heavy metals. We present results of broadband ferromagnetic resonance studies on heterostructures consisting of Finemet thin films covered by Pt and Ta wedge layers with the aim to observe spin pumping effects and to evaluate both the real and imaginary parts of the spi…
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The paper concerns experimental verification of the magnitude of imaginary part of spin mixing conductance in bilayers comprising heavy metals. We present results of broadband ferromagnetic resonance studies on heterostructures consisting of Finemet thin films covered by Pt and Ta wedge layers with the aim to observe spin pumping effects and to evaluate both the real and imaginary parts of the spin mixing conductance. The experimental results are analyzed in the framework of a recent microscopic theory which allows us to estimate the value of the interfacial spin-orbit interaction and confirm its important role. In particular, we show that the imaginary part of spin mixing conductance cannot be regarded as negligible and we discuss its influence on magnetization dynamics. For Finemet|Ta bilayers, the ratio $\mathrm{Re}[g_{eff}^{\uparrow\downarrow}]/\mathrm{Im}[g_{eff}^{\uparrow\downarrow}]=$ 0.38, that is, the field-like torque dominates over the damping-like torque in such system. Consequently, relatively small enhancement of precession damping with respect to significant total torque exerted on the magnetization in Finemet|Ta system offers an attractive perspective for an application in the next-generation magnetic random-access memory cells.
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Submitted 14 May, 2019; v1 submitted 12 December, 2018;
originally announced December 2018.
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Magnonic band gap and mode hybridization in continuous Permalloy film induced by vertical coupling with an array of Permalloy ellipses
Authors:
Piotr Graczyk,
Maciej Krawczyk,
Scott Dhuey,
Wei-Gang Yang,
Holger Schmidt,
Gianluca Gubbiotti
Abstract:
We investigate magnonic band structure in thin homogeneous permalloy film decorated with periodic array of elliptically shaped permalloy dots and separated by non-magnetic Pt spacer. We demonstrated experimentally formation of the magnonic band structure for Damon-Eshbach wave propagating in permalloy film with the band gap opened at the Brillouin zone border and band splitting at smaller wavenumb…
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We investigate magnonic band structure in thin homogeneous permalloy film decorated with periodic array of elliptically shaped permalloy dots and separated by non-magnetic Pt spacer. We demonstrated experimentally formation of the magnonic band structure for Damon-Eshbach wave propagating in permalloy film with the band gap opened at the Brillouin zone border and band splitting at smaller wavenumbers, due to the Bragg interference and interaction of propagating wave of the continuous film with a standing resonant mode of the nano-ellipses, respectively. The shape anisotropy of the permalloy nanodots allows to control the spin wave dynamics through the switch between two states of the magnetization with respect to the underneath film magnetization, thus enabling magnonic band structure reprogrammability. With numerical analysis we show, that predominant role in formation of the magnonic band structure is played by a vertical dynamic coupling between propagating wave in the film and magnetization oscillations in the nanodots.
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Submitted 29 August, 2018; v1 submitted 30 May, 2018;
originally announced May 2018.
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Co- and contra-directional vertical coupling between ferromagnetic layers with grating for short-wavelength spin wave generation
Authors:
Piotr Graczyk,
Mateusz Zelent,
Maciej Krawczyk
Abstract:
The possibility to generate short spin waves is of great interest in the field of magnonics nowadays. We present an effective and technically affordable way of conversion of long spin waves, which may be generated by conventional microwave antenna, to the short, sub-micrometer waves. It is achieved by grating-assisted resonant dynamic dipolar interaction between two ferromagnetic layers separated…
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The possibility to generate short spin waves is of great interest in the field of magnonics nowadays. We present an effective and technically affordable way of conversion of long spin waves, which may be generated by conventional microwave antenna, to the short, sub-micrometer waves. It is achieved by grating-assisted resonant dynamic dipolar interaction between two ferromagnetic layers separated by some distance. We analyze criteria for the optimal conversion giving a semi-analytical approach for the coupling coefficient. We show by the numerical calculations the efficient energy transfer between layers which may be either of co-directional or contra-directional type. Such a system may operate either as a short spin wave generator or a frequency filter, moving foreward possible application of magnonics.
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Submitted 25 October, 2017;
originally announced October 2017.
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Spin wave nonreciprocity and magnonic band structure in thin permalloy film induced by dynamical coupling with an array of Ni stripes
Authors:
M. Mruczkiewicz,
P. Graczyk,
P. Lupo,
A. Adeyeye,
G. Gubbiotti,
M. Krawczyk
Abstract:
An efficient way for the control of spin wave propagation in a magnetic medium is the use of periodic patterns known as magnonic crystals (MCs). However, the fabrication of MCs especially bi-components, with periodicity on nanoscale, is a challenging task due to the requirement for sharp interfaces. An alternative method to circumvent this problem is to use homogeneous ferromagnetic film with modi…
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An efficient way for the control of spin wave propagation in a magnetic medium is the use of periodic patterns known as magnonic crystals (MCs). However, the fabrication of MCs especially bi-components, with periodicity on nanoscale, is a challenging task due to the requirement for sharp interfaces. An alternative method to circumvent this problem is to use homogeneous ferromagnetic film with modified periodically surrounding. The structure is also suitable for exploiting nonreciprocal properties of the surface spin waves. In this work, we demonstrate that the magnonic band structure forms in thin permalloy film due to dynamical magnetostatic coupling with Ni stripes near its surface. We show, that the band gap width can be systematically tuned by the changing interlayer thickness between film and stripes. We show also the effect of nonreciprocity, which is seen at the band gap edge shifted from the Brillouin zone boundary and also in nonreciprocal interaction of propagating spin waves in Py film with the standing spin waves in Ni stripes. Our findings open possibility for further investigation and exploitation of the nonreciprocity and band structure in magnonic devices.
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Submitted 10 June, 2017;
originally announced June 2017.
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Coupled mode theory for the acoustic wave and spin wave interaction in the magphonic crystals: Propagating magnetoelastic waves
Authors:
Piotr Graczyk,
Maciej Krawczyk
Abstract:
We have investigated co-directional and contra-directional couplings between spin wave and acoustic wave in one-dimensional periodic structure (magphonic crystal). The system consists of two ferromagnetic layers alternating in space. We have taken into consideration materials commonly used in magnonics: yttrium iron garnet, CoFeB, permalloy, and cobalt. The coupled mode theory (CMT) formalism have…
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We have investigated co-directional and contra-directional couplings between spin wave and acoustic wave in one-dimensional periodic structure (magphonic crystal). The system consists of two ferromagnetic layers alternating in space. We have taken into consideration materials commonly used in magnonics: yttrium iron garnet, CoFeB, permalloy, and cobalt. The coupled mode theory (CMT) formalism have been successfully implemented to describe magnetoelastic interaction as a periodic perturbation in the magphonic crystal. The results of CMT calculations have been verified by more rigorous simulations by frequency-domain plane wave method and time-domain finite element method. The presented resonant coupling in the magphonic crystal is an active in-space mechanism which spatially transfers energy between propagating spin and acoustic modes, thus creating propagating magnetoelastic wave. We have shown, that CMT analysis of the magnetoelastic coupling is an useful tool to optimize and design a spin wave - acoustic wave transducer based on a magphonic crystals. The effect of spin wave damping has been included to the model to discuss the efficiency of such a device. Our model shows that it is possible to obtain forward conversion of the acoustic wave to the spin wave in case of co-directional coupling and backward conversion in case of contra-directional coupling.
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Submitted 20 April, 2017;
originally announced April 2017.