Showing 1–50 of 161 results for author: de Leon, J

Discovery of an Eccentric Hot Super-Jupiter Leaving the Transiting Geometry of the Early-A-type star TOI-1355

Authors: Noriharu Watanabe, Norio Narita, Akihiko Fukui, Bun'ei Sato, Keisuke Isogai, John H. Livingston, Jerome P. de Leon, Daniel Huber, Yugo Kawai, Yuya Hayashi, Masashi Omiya, Hideyuki Izumiura, Akito Tajitsu, Keivan G. Stassun, Eric Girardin, Giuseppe Marino, Antonio Frasca, Giovanni Catanzaro, Javier Alonso-Santiago, Manfred Raetz, Stephanie Striegel, Nobuhiko Kusakabe, Motohide Tamura

Abstract: Hot Jupiters orbiting hot stars ($T_\mathrm{eff} > 7000$ K) are suggested to have experienced high-eccentricity migration, often evidenced by the tendency for misaligned orbits, despite their circular orbits. In this paper, we present the discovery of TOI-1355 b: an eccentric ($e\sim0.22$) hot Jupiter with a mass of $m_{\mathrm{p}}\sim5.8M_J$ and a radius of $R_{\mathrm{p}}\sim 1.4R_J$ orbiting an… ▽ More Hot Jupiters orbiting hot stars ($T_\mathrm{eff} > 7000$ K) are suggested to have experienced high-eccentricity migration, often evidenced by the tendency for misaligned orbits, despite their circular orbits. In this paper, we present the discovery of TOI-1355 b: an eccentric ($e\sim0.22$) hot Jupiter with a mass of $m_{\mathrm{p}}\sim5.8M_J$ and a radius of $R_{\mathrm{p}}\sim 1.4R_J$ orbiting an A-type star with a period of about $2.17$ days, identified from the TESS transit survey and subsequent follow-up observations. We measured the stellar parameters using the data from the high-resolution spectrograph Seimei/GAOES-RV and obtained the planetary parameters from the photometric data acquired by TESS and ground-based telescopes. This is one of the rare eccentric hot Jupiters around hot stars. This system could be undergoing high-eccentricity migration. We detected nodal precession by measuring the change in its impact parameter. This implies that its transit will no longer be observable from the middle of 2033. Nevertheless, TOI-1355 b is anticipated to be a compelling target for future atmospheric observations, given the hint of atmospheric variability detected in this study. △ Less

Submitted 18 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 14 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in PASJ

Kilometre-scale Jovian moon characterized for a potential JUICE flyby

Authors: Juan Luis Rizos, Jose Maria Gomez-Limon, Yucel Kilic, Altair R. Gomes-Junior, Jose Luis Ortiz, Nicolas Morales, Alvaro Alvarez-Candal, Pasquale Palumbo, Luisa M. Lara, Simon Porter, Benjamin Proudfoot, Evelyn Christiny M. Prais, Jean Marc Christille, Stefano Sartor, Antonio Cabrera, Stefan Geier, Alessia Spolon, Alice Lucchetti, Andrea Soffiantini, Anne Verbiscer, Armin Behrend, Elena Mazzotta Epifani, Jean-Louis Dumont, Luca Zampieri, Mike Skrutskie , et al. (29 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Jupiter's irregular satellites are thought to be relics of early Solar System planetesimals. However, their small sizes, large distances from Earth and close angular proximity to Jupiter make them difficult to characterize remotely. Here we report multi-instrument observations of kilometre-sized Kallichore, the only irregular moon of Jupiter amenable to a close flyby by ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Exp… ▽ More Jupiter's irregular satellites are thought to be relics of early Solar System planetesimals. However, their small sizes, large distances from Earth and close angular proximity to Jupiter make them difficult to characterize remotely. Here we report multi-instrument observations of kilometre-sized Kallichore, the only irregular moon of Jupiter amenable to a close flyby by ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE), whose astrometric and physical properties were still poorly constrained. We used Hubble photometry and astrometry, followed by a ground-based, multi-site stellar occultation campaign and astrometric and photometric observations with the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio Canarias. We reduced Kallichore's orbital uncertainty by up to approximately 80% and determined its shape: an elongated object with a minimum semi-axis ratio of a/b = 1.53 +/- 0.10, an area-equivalent diameter of 3.8 (+2.3/-0.3) km and a dark surface with a geometric albedo of 3.7% (+0.7/-2.2). No close companions were detected. These new constraints provide a viable pathway towards a JUICE flyby once the spacecraft arrives in the Jupiter system in 2031. △ Less

Submitted 30 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: Published in Nature Astronomy on 24 July 2026

Journal ref: Nature Astronomy (2026)

The Polana-Eulalia Complex with JWST NIRSpec: Connections to Bennu, Ryugu, and Outer Solar System Bodies

Authors: Lucas McClure, Joshua Emery, Driss Takir, Julia de Leon, Mario de Pra, Brittany Harvison, Bryan Holler, Javier Licandro, Tania Le Pivert-Jolivet, Joseph Masiero, Noemi Pinilla-Alonso

Abstract: Carbon rich [C complex] asteroids provide insight into the early Solar System, and families of C complex asteroids serve as robust samples for learning about the internal structure of planetesimals and the materials of the protoplanetary disk. This work investigates the compositions of asteroids within the Polana Eulalia Complex [PEC] through analyses of JWST NIRSpec. Obtained as part of the Spect… ▽ More Carbon rich [C complex] asteroids provide insight into the early Solar System, and families of C complex asteroids serve as robust samples for learning about the internal structure of planetesimals and the materials of the protoplanetary disk. This work investigates the compositions of asteroids within the Polana Eulalia Complex [PEC] through analyses of JWST NIRSpec. Obtained as part of the Spectral Analysis of Main Belt Asteroids in the 3 um Region [SAMBA3] project. NIRSpec observations were conducted for the namesake asteroid of the Eulalia family, [495] Eulalia, as well as three members from the Polana family: [2441] Hibbs, [6712] Hornstein, and [6769] Brokoff. Analyses of the 2.7 um region demonstrate that PEC asteroids exhibit absorptions associated with Mg rich phyllosilicates, in turn underscoring high, though incomplete, degrees of aqueous alteration in the past for both PEC families. Although consistent in regard to composition, [142] Polana and [495] Eulalia show deeper 2.7 um bands than the Polana family asteroids, suggesting slight differences in the degrees of aqueous alteration between large and small PEC asteroids. Minor absorptions from 3.0 to 4.0 um indicate that [495] Eulalia's surface may contain more carbonates than [142] Polana, which potentially highlights slight differences between each family's formation and evolution. Additionally, PEC asteroids also show spectral consistency with Bennu and Ryugu, reinforcing their shared origin in the PEC. Minor absorptions in PEC asteroid spectra also connect to small bodies within and beyond the Main Belt, providing further evidence of outer Solar System formation for the PEC parent bodies. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 75 pages, 11 sets of figures in main text and 9 figures in the appendix. Accepted in PSJ

The GAPS programme at TNG: LXXVI. TOI-1533: a compact system hosting a super-Neptune-mass pair with disparate radii

Authors: G. Mantovan, V. Nascimbeni, S. Desidera, L. Malavolta, J. J. Lissauer, P. Leonardi, T. Azevedo Silva, C. Guerra, D. Polychroni, L. Borsato, M. Baratella, K. Biazzo, D. Nardiello, K. A. Collins, M. Damasso, J. De Leon, M. E. Everett, D. Gandolfi, S. Giacalone, L. Naponiello, G. Piotto, G. Scandariato, K. Stassun, S. W. Yee, L. Affer , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The present-day architecture of planetary systems contains information about their formation and migration histories. The origin of hot Jupiters (HJs, P $\lesssim$ 10 d, $R_{\rm p} > 8 R_\oplus$) has long been a matter of debate. While most of them are found to be ``lonely'', there is a rare population of HJs hosting small companions on inner orbits (eight known as of May 2026). Their peculiar arc… ▽ More The present-day architecture of planetary systems contains information about their formation and migration histories. The origin of hot Jupiters (HJs, P $\lesssim$ 10 d, $R_{\rm p} > 8 R_\oplus$) has long been a matter of debate. While most of them are found to be ``lonely'', there is a rare population of HJs hosting small companions on inner orbits (eight known as of May 2026). Their peculiar architecture suggests a gentle disc-migration mechanism. In this study, we present the discovery and characterisation of the multi-planet system TOI-1533, comprising an inner sub-Neptune (TOI-1533 b, $P_{\rm orb} = 3.63$ d, $R_{\rm p} = 3.15 R_\oplus$) and an outer hot giant planet (TOI-1533 c, $P_{\rm orb} = 8.06$ d, $R_{\rm p} > 7.5 R_\oplus$) with substantial H/He by mass ($ρ_{\rm p} < 0.48$ g cm$^{-3}$), both transiting an active K-dwarf star ($T_{\rm eff} \approx$ 5130 K; $V$ (mag) $\approx$ 11). Our joint modelling of stellar activity and planetary signals from radial velocities (HARPS-N) and transits (TESS) allows us to detect their Keplerian signals (approximately $10~σ$) and to isolate the stellar modulation. The inclusion of simultaneous photometry in the multi-dimensional Gaussian processes formalism was a fundamental addition to the spectroscopic activity indicators, enabling the disentanglement of stellar activity from planetary signals. The mass ratio of the two confirmed planets ($M_{\rm b} / M_{\rm c}$ about 0.8), together with the super-Neptune mass of the large outer companion ($M_{\rm c} \approx 40 M_\oplus$), makes this system unusual compared to the other few HJs with low-mass inner companions. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2026; v1 submitted 29 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 19 pages, 22 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics on 29 June 2026, first submission to A&A on 15 May

TOI-6884b: A low-mass brown dwarf transiting a slightly evolved star

Authors: Akanksha Khandelwal, Shubhendra Nath Das, Rishikesh Sharma, Abhijit Chakraborty, Churchil Dwivedi, Sanjay Baliwal, Karen A. Collins, David W. Latham, Allyson Bieryla, Cristilyn N. Watkins, Felipe Murgas, Norio Narita, Enric Palle, Steve B. Howell, Mark E. Everett, Catherine A. Clark, Polina A. Budnikova, David Ciardi, Nikitha Jithendran, Akihiko Fukui, Ashirbad Nayak, Bob Massey, Boris Safonov, Florence Libotte, Francis P. Wilkin , et al. (20 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of a low-mass transiting brown dwarf orbiting TOI-6884 (TIC~156514476, $T_{\rm mag}=11.4$) from NASA's \textit{Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite} (\textit{TESS}) mission. The \textit{TESS} light curves initially suggested an orbital period of $\sim$14.42~days; however, our high-precision ground-based radial velocity measurements and multi-epoch time-series photometry re… ▽ More We report the discovery of a low-mass transiting brown dwarf orbiting TOI-6884 (TIC~156514476, $T_{\rm mag}=11.4$) from NASA's \textit{Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite} (\textit{TESS}) mission. The \textit{TESS} light curves initially suggested an orbital period of $\sim$14.42~days; however, our high-precision ground-based radial velocity measurements and multi-epoch time-series photometry reveal this to be a harmonic alias. We determine the true orbital period to be $4.808264^{+0.000015}_{-0.000014}$~days and confirm the substellar nature of the companion. TOI-6884b has a mass of $26.32^{+0.98}_{-0.93}\,M_{\mathrm{J}}$, a radius of $0.927^{+0.51}_{-0.52}\,R_{\mathrm{J}}$, and resides on a nearly circular orbit ($e=0.067^{+0.010}_{-0.012}$). Its host star is a late F-type slightly evolved star with $M_\star = 1.410^{+0.075}_{-0.069}\,M_\odot$,\msun, $R_\star = 1.840^{+0.072}_{-0.073}\,R_\odot$, $\log{g} = 4.057^{+0.045}_{-0.039}$, $[{\rm Fe/H}] = 0.094^{+0.073}_{-0.068}$~dex, and $T_{\rm eff}=6330^{+180}_{-160}$,\mathrm{K}$. TOI-6884b is a key addition to the small population of well-characterized transiting brown dwarfs orbiting host stars that have evolved off the main sequence. The detection of such systems will contribute to our understanding of the dynamical histories and structural evolution of short-period substellar companions around evolved stars. △ Less

Submitted 28 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 18 pages, 14 figures

Observing a 542-day transiting giant with large TTVs: The 2025 transit of HIP 41378 f and new constraints on the outer system

Authors: Pietro Leonardi, Alexandre Santerne, Luca Borsato, Salomé Grouffal, Christopher R. Mann, Giampaolo Piotto, Karen A. Collins, Patrick Tamburo, Yugo Kawai, Denise C. Stephens, Juliana García-Mejía, Edward M. Bryant, Krzysztof Sz. Zielinski, Daniel Bayliss, David Charbonneau, Jerome P. de Leon, Gareb Fernández-Rodríguez, Akihiko Fukui, Eric G. Hintz, Keith Horne, Keisuke Isogai, James S. Jenkins, Norio Narita, Ramotholo Sefako, Avi Shporer , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Characterizing long-period transiting exoplanets is inherently challenging due to the rarity and long duration of transit events. Yet, these systems provide unique insights into planetary formation, migration, the detection of exomoons, and primordial atmospheres by occupying a sparsely populated region of the exoplanet parameter space. The complexity increases further for long-period planets near… ▽ More Characterizing long-period transiting exoplanets is inherently challenging due to the rarity and long duration of transit events. Yet, these systems provide unique insights into planetary formation, migration, the detection of exomoons, and primordial atmospheres by occupying a sparsely populated region of the exoplanet parameter space. The complexity increases further for long-period planets near mean-motion resonances, where transit timing variations (TTVs) can reach amplitudes of several hours to days. We present a coordinated space- and ground-based observing campaign, using photometry from NEOSSat, multiple LCOGT sites, MuSCAT, MuSCAT3, Tierras and NGTS, to capture the 19-hour transit of the long-period giant exoplanet HIP 41378 f ($P$ = 542 d, $R$ = 9.5 $R_{\oplus}$) on 31 October 2025. Our transit analysis constrains the time of inferior conjunction to $T_{\mathrm{C}} = 2460980.888 \pm 0.029~\mathrm{BJD_{TDB}}$, occurring $\sim 7$ hours earlier than predicted from its linear ephemeris. This significant offset is consistent with the previously reported TTVs of HIP 41378 f, making it the longest-period exoplanet known to exhibit measurable TTVs. By combining this new precise measurement to the transit timings of the two outer planets in the system (HIP 41378 d and HIP 41378 e), we perform a dynamical modeling of the system, using the N-body integrator TRADES, refine the ephemeris of HIP 41378 f, and predict future transit events for all three outer transiting planets. △ Less

Submitted 27 June, 2026; v1 submitted 22 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 14 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. This manuscript is complementary to the paper by Grouffal et al. (2026, A&A), entitled "A decade of monitoring the HIP 41378 planetary system: masses and orbital periods of the six planets and an additional planet candidate."

TOI-2147 b and TOI-6019 b: Two eccentric warm Jupiters detected and characterized with TESS and MaHPS

Authors: Luis Thomas, Louise D. Nielsen, Hanna Kellermann, Bibiana Prinoth, Yutong Liu, Elif Zeynep Özden, Arno Riffeser, Claus Gössl, Frank Grupp, Jerome de Leon, Karen A. Collins, Allyson Bieryla, Lorena Acuña-Aguirre, Keith Baka, Malte Busmann, David R. Ciardi, Catherine A. Clark, Juliana Ehrhardt, Mark E. Everett, Akihiko Fukui, Jan-Vincent Harre, Keisuke Isogai, Yanxi Li, Felipe Murgas, Norio Narita , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The population of Jupiter-sized exoplanets with orbital periods between 10 and 200 days (WJs) exhibits a broad range of orbital eccentricities and system architectures, suggesting a diversity of formation and migration pathways. In this work, we report the detection and characterization of two new eccentric WJs, TOI-2147 b and TOI-6019 b, initially identified as planet candidates by the Transiting… ▽ More The population of Jupiter-sized exoplanets with orbital periods between 10 and 200 days (WJs) exhibits a broad range of orbital eccentricities and system architectures, suggesting a diversity of formation and migration pathways. In this work, we report the detection and characterization of two new eccentric WJs, TOI-2147 b and TOI-6019 b, initially identified as planet candidates by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). We combined TESS photometry with ground-based follow-up observations, including multiband photometry from LCOGT and MuSCAT2, high-angular-resolution speckle imaging, and high-precision radial velocity measurements from the high-resolution Manfred Hirt Planet Finder Spectrograph (MaHPS). Using these data, we were able to confirm the planetary nature of both candidates. TOI-2147 b has a radius of $10.5 \pm 0.3\,\mathrm{R}_\oplus$ and a mass of $116 \pm 22\,\mathrm{M}_\oplus$. It orbits its slightly metal-poor ($\mathrm{[Fe/H]} = -0.29^{+0.07}_{-0.08}$) G-type host star on an eccentric orbit ($e = 0.29 \pm 0.07$) with a period of 26.2 days. TOI-6019 b has a radius of $12.3 \pm 0.3\,\mathrm{R}_\oplus$ and a mass of $149 \pm 15\,\mathrm{M}_\oplus$. It orbits a slightly evolved, solar-metallicity G-type sub-giant with a period of 14.5 days on a significantly eccentric orbit ($e = 0.48^{+0.05}_{-0.04}$). Both planets have bulk densities below that of Jupiter, indicating mildly inflated radii, with interior structure modeling using GASTLI. This suggests that tidal heating from the nonzero eccentricities likely contributes to this inflation and disfavors large atmospheric metal enrichment. No significant signals from additional companions were detected in the radial velocity time series or transit timing variations. Together with the elevated eccentricities, this is consistent with a high-eccentricity migration origin for both systems. △ Less

Submitted 10 August, 2026; v1 submitted 18 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 14 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

The mass of TOI-1883 b: A low density super-Neptune in the ridge regime transiting an early-M dwarf

Authors: Izuru Fukuda, Norio Narita, Akihiko Fukui, Teruyuki Hirano, Masayuki Kuzuhara, Hiroyuki Kurokawa, Kai Ikuta, Jerome P. De Leon, Takuya Takarada, Hiroki Harakawa, Hiroyuki Tako Ishikawa, Yasunori Hori, Tadahiro Kimura, Takanori Kodama, Masahiro Ikoma, Akitoshi Ueda, Aoi Takahashi, Enric Palle, Felipe Murgas, Gaia Lacedelli, Hannu Parviainen, John H. Livingston, Jun Nishikawa, Keisuke Isogai, Kiyoe Kawauchi , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Recent large-scale transit surveys conducted by space telescopes such as Kepler and TESS have revealed a vast number of exoplanets, uncovering the diversity of their population. One of the remarkable findings is the presence of a deficiency region in the period-radius distribution of short-period (< 10 days) Neptune-sized planets (4-8 Earth radii). This region is classified into the Neptune desert… ▽ More Recent large-scale transit surveys conducted by space telescopes such as Kepler and TESS have revealed a vast number of exoplanets, uncovering the diversity of their population. One of the remarkable findings is the presence of a deficiency region in the period-radius distribution of short-period (< 10 days) Neptune-sized planets (4-8 Earth radii). This region is classified into the Neptune desert (< 3.2 days), the ridge (3.2-5.7 days), and the savanna (> 5.7 days) based on orbital period, each likely reflecting distinct evolutionary pathways. In this study, we used the InfraRed Doppler (IRD) instrument on the Subaru Telescope to determine the mass of the super-Neptune TOI-1883 b, which resides in the ridge region (P ~ 4.51 days) orbiting an M dwarf. We measured a planetary mass of Mp = 13.7 +6.8/-6.5 Earth masses and a mean density of 0.4 +0.3/-0.2 g cm^-3, with 3-sigma upper limits of 34.1 Earth masses, and 5-sigma upper limits of 47.7 Earth masses. These results suggest that TOI-1883 b is likely a low density super-Neptune. We also find that the boundary of the Neptune desert defined by planets orbiting FGK-type stars exhibits a similar distribution for planets around M-type stars. According to the population-based argument of Bourrier et al. (2025), this suggests that TOI-1883 b may have undergone disk-driven migration to reach its current orbit and experienced early atmospheric photoevaporation driven by strong stellar XUV irradiation. The derived planetary mass is comparable to or exceeds the conventional critical core mass. We suggest that the high metallicity of the host star ([Fe/H] = 0.32 +/- 0.18) may have suppressed the onset of runaway gas accretion. Furthermore, TOI-1883 b has a high Transmission Spectroscopy Metric (TSM > 140), making it an excellent target for future atmospheric characterization via transmission spectroscopy. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 15 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2507.16222

A gem system with a lava world and a habitable zone sub-Neptune orbiting TOI-1752

Authors: A. Peláez-Torres, F. J. Pozuelos, G. Morello, M. Dévora-Pajares, K. Barkaoui, L. Gkouvelis, E. Pallé, K. A. Collins, B. V. Rackham, S. Geraldía-González, M. Centenera-Merino, R. Varas, E. Esparza-Borges, Z. Parlapani, J. Flores, J. Aceituno, P. J. Amado, A. Burdanov, Y. Calatayud-Borras, D. R. Ciardi, B. -O. Demory, T. Gan, S. Giacalone, M. Gillon, Y. Gómez Maqueo Chew , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has delivered a large number of transiting planet candidates around nearby stars by identifying periodic decreases in stellar brightness. Establishing the planetary nature of these signals and determining their fundamental properties is a necessary step toward detailed studies of their internal structure, atmospheres, and formation pathways. In this… ▽ More The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has delivered a large number of transiting planet candidates around nearby stars by identifying periodic decreases in stellar brightness. Establishing the planetary nature of these signals and determining their fundamental properties is a necessary step toward detailed studies of their internal structure, atmospheres, and formation pathways. In this work, we investigate the planetary nature of the TOI-1752 system (M1 V, $103.02\pm0.34$ pc), which hosts two TESS candidates: TOI-1752 b, a short-period object consistent with a lava-world scenario, and TOI-1752 c, a sub-Neptune-size planet candidate located in the optimistic habitable zone. We obtained ground-based multi-color photometric follow-up observations of TOI-1752, which we combined with TESS photometry to assess the nature of both signals. We performed a formal statistical validation using the TRICERATOPS framework, while independently vetting the candidates with the neural-network-based classifier WATSON-Net, which provides a machine-learning assessment of their planetary likelihood based on light-curve morphology, centroid diagnostics, and auxiliary vetting features. We validate TOI-1752 b as a bona fide planet with a radius of $1.69\pm0.07 R_{\oplus}$ and an orbital period of $0.935186^{+0.000001}_{-0.000002}$ days, and TOI-1752 c with a radius of $2.29^{+0.13}_{-0.14} R_{\oplus}$ and an orbital period of $32.7144\pm0.0004$ days. The combined analysis confirms TOI-1752 as a new planetary system, places TOI-1752 c within the optimistic habitable zone of its host star, and identifies TOI-1752 b as a promising target for atmospheric characterization, with an estimated emission spectroscopy metric (ESM) of up to $\sim8$. △ Less

Submitted 17 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 17 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

In-flight calibration of ESA Hera's HyperScout-H imager

Authors: G. P. Prodan, M. Popescu, J. de León, G. Kovács, M. Küppers, B. Grieger, C. Guerbuez, E. Tatsumi, J. Licandro, A. Escalante López, V. Nagy, A. Farina, B. A. Dumitru, G. Poggiali, J. B. Vincent, T. Kohout, I. Petrisor, E. Palomba, M. Esposito, N. Vercruyssen, S. Sugita, M. Lazzarin, P. Abell, P. Michel

Abstract: ESA's Hera space mission is on its way to the mission target, the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos. HyperScout-H, one of the instruments onboard Hera, is a hyperspectral imager operating in the visible and near-infrared regions between 0.65 and 0.95 microns. HyperScout-H will enable a detailed assessment of the composition of both objects, Didymos and its satellite Dimorphos, the characterization o… ▽ More ESA's Hera space mission is on its way to the mission target, the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos. HyperScout-H, one of the instruments onboard Hera, is a hyperspectral imager operating in the visible and near-infrared regions between 0.65 and 0.95 microns. HyperScout-H will enable a detailed assessment of the composition of both objects, Didymos and its satellite Dimorphos, the characterization of space weathering effects, and the possible presence of exogenous material on their surfaces. To monitor instrument functionality, calibration exposures are acquired regularly. This article describes the in-flight calibrations carried out for HyperScout-H during the commissioning and cruise phases. Bias and dark exposures, as well as stellar field observations, were acquired several times after launch. We update the calibration data and monitor instrument performance in the space environment. In five images, the surface of Mars fills the entire field of view, enabling cross-validation of HyperScout-H results with those reported by other Mars missions. The calibration data indicate that the bias pattern is stable, the dark current remains negligible for short exposures, and the detector response is highly linear. We quantify the field-of-view alignment and geometric distortion, and evaluate the point spread function based on the stellar field observations. Stellar observations and Mars swing-by data provide updated radiometric calibration constants, suggesting that in-flight conditions have slightly modified the detector's spectral response. In-flight calibrations are essential to ensure data quality and reliability. The results obtained for HyperScout-H demonstrate that the instrument can achieve its scientific goals in observations of the Didymos-Dimorphos system. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 28 pages, 22 figures. Accepted 3 April 2026. Icarus

Journal ref: Icarus, Volume 454, 2026, 117081, ISSN 0019-1035

TOI-7169 b: A Hot Jupiter Transiting a Metal-Poor Star

Authors: Joshua D. Simon, Joseph E. Rodriguez, Jhon Yana Galarza, David W. Latham, Victoria DiTomasso, Karen A. Collins, Jack Schulte, Anirudh Chiti, Samuel N. Quinn, Mohammad K. Mardini, Shubham Kanodia, Johanna K. Teske, Peter S. Ferguson, Samuel W. Yee, T. G. Tan, Khalid Alsubai, Khalid Barkaoui, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Krzysztof Bernacki, Jaikrit Bhattacharya, Jerome P. de Leon, Sarah J. Deveny, Mark E. Everett, Izuru Fukuda, Akihiko Fukui , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Most known planets are found around metal-rich host stars, which has made it difficult to determine whether a lower metallicity limit for planet formation exists and how the properties of planets born in low-metallicity environments may differ from those with metal-rich origins. We present the discovery and characterization of TOI-7169 b (TIC 372048733 b), a hot Jupiter that is orbiting a spectros… ▽ More Most known planets are found around metal-rich host stars, which has made it difficult to determine whether a lower metallicity limit for planet formation exists and how the properties of planets born in low-metallicity environments may differ from those with metal-rich origins. We present the discovery and characterization of TOI-7169 b (TIC 372048733 b), a hot Jupiter that is orbiting a spectroscopically-confirmed metal-poor ([Fe/H] = -0.72 +/- 0.05) host star. Based on photometry from TESS and follow-up ground-based imaging, we measure an orbital period of 3.4373125 d and a planetary radius of 1.475 +/- 0.029 R_Jup. We use TRES spectroscopy to determine a mass for TOI-7169 b of 0.41 +/- 0.14 M_Jup. The planet is therefore inflated, with a low density of 0.159 +0.055/-0.054 g/cm^3. We also characterize the host star, showing that TOI-7169 is ancient (12.3 +/- 0.6 Gyr) and alpha-enhanced ([alpha/Fe] ~ 0.3), but with a Galactocentric orbit that is confined to the thin disk. TOI-7169 is perhaps the oldest and most metal-poor star currently known to host a transiting giant planet. Future transmission spectroscopy probing the atmosphere of TOI-7169 b may provide insight into the effect of metallicity on the physical properties of giant planets. △ Less

Submitted 23 June, 2026; v1 submitted 26 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 21 pages, 9 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in AJ

TOI-4616 b: a benchmark Earth-sized planet transiting a nearby M4 dwarf

Authors: F. Zong Lang, B. O. Demory, Y. Gomez Maqueo Chew, Y. Schmid, M. Timmermans, F. J. Pozuelos, M. Gillon, Artem Y. Burdanov, Benjamin V. Rackham, Didier Queloz, Keivan G. Stassun, Khalid Barkaoui, Amaury Triaud, Julien de Wit, S. Zuniga-Fernandez, A. J. Burgasser, Elsa Ducrot, Madison G. Scott, D. Sebastian, A. Soubkiou, M. Lendl, I. Plauchu-Frayn, U. Schroffenegger, Erik Meier V., P. Pedersen , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Rocky exoplanets are particularly abundant around M-type stars. Their small radii and low luminosities provide favourable conditions for detecting transiting terrestrial planets and probing their atmospheric properties. We report the discovery and statistical validation of TOI-4616 b, an Earth-sized planet transiting a nearby mid-M dwarf observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TES… ▽ More Rocky exoplanets are particularly abundant around M-type stars. Their small radii and low luminosities provide favourable conditions for detecting transiting terrestrial planets and probing their atmospheric properties. We report the discovery and statistical validation of TOI-4616 b, an Earth-sized planet transiting a nearby mid-M dwarf observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). We confirm the planetary nature of the signal and determine the system parameters by combining TESS photometry with ground-based multi-band transit observations, high-resolution imaging, and optical and near-infrared spectroscopy. The host star lies at a distance of 28.10 +(-) 0.07 pc and has a radius of 0.1889 +(-)0.0096 solar radii, a mass of 0.1881 +(-) 0.0094 solar masses, and an effective temperature of 3150 +(-) 75 K. TOI-4616 b has a radius of 1.22 Earth radii and an orbital period of 1.55 days. The planet receives an incident flux of approximately 40 times that of Earth, corresponding to an equilibrium temperature of about 525 K. This places TOI-4616 b in a regime intermediate between Earth-sized planets orbiting early M dwarfs and those around ultra-cool hosts. Statistical validation with the TRICERATOPS framework, supported by high-resolution imaging and chromatic transit constraints, yields a false-positive probability of 0.0135, below the recommended validation threshold of 0.015, confirming TOI-4616 b as a validated planet. Owing to its proximity to Earth, well-constrained stellar properties, and extensive multi-band follow-up, TOI-4616 b constitutes a valuable benchmark system for comparative studies of terrestrial planets around mid-M dwarfs and for future atmospheric investigations. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Submitted to MNRAS, 22 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables

The Orbital Eccentricity--Radius Distribution for Warm, Single Planets in TESS

Authors: Tyler R. Fairnington, Jiayin Dong, Chelsea X. Huang, Emma Nabbie, George Zhou, Duncan Wright, Karen A. Collins, David Ciardi, Jon M. Jenkins, David W. Latham, George Ricker, Samuel N. Quinn, Sara Seager, Avi Shporer, Roland Vanderspek, Joshua N. Winn, Khalid Barkaoui, Allyson Bieryla, Lars Buchhave, Dmitry Cheryasov, Jessie Christiansen, Courtney Dressing, Akihiko Fukui, Alexey Garmash, Steven Giacalone , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We characterize the radius-dependent eccentricity distribution of 219 warm (P = 8--50 days) systems with only one transiting planetary candidate identified during Sectors 1-69 of the TESS mission. Using the ``photoeccentric effect'' in a hierarchical Bayesian framework, we first model the population using discrete planetary size bins (sub-Neptunes, sub-Saturns, and Jovians). We then develop a cont… ▽ More We characterize the radius-dependent eccentricity distribution of 219 warm (P = 8--50 days) systems with only one transiting planetary candidate identified during Sectors 1-69 of the TESS mission. Using the ``photoeccentric effect'' in a hierarchical Bayesian framework, we first model the population using discrete planetary size bins (sub-Neptunes, sub-Saturns, and Jovians). We then develop a continuous mixture model with weights governed by a logistic sigmoid function of radius. We find that the warm-single population is best described by two components: a dominant low-eccentricity mode ( <e_low> = 0.039-0.038+0.018) and a secondary dynamically excited mode (<e_high> = 0.466-0.068+0.067). The fraction of planets belonging to this high-eccentricity component increases strongly with planet radius, characterized by a transition at a break radius of R_br = 9.2-1.1+1.9 R_e. This trend places warm sub-Saturns predominantly on the same low-eccentricity track as sub-Neptunes. In contrast, warm Jovians (8--16 R_e) are frequently eccentric, with 65-12+13% of the population in the high eccentricity mode. Under the assumption of a two-component model, we see tentative evidence for a bimodal Jovian distribution at ~2.7 sigma. Finally, we identify a non-negligible tail of highly eccentric sub-Neptunes (1--4 R_e), which comprise 16.2-6.4+5.2% of the population, consistent with excitation by non-transiting external companions. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2026; v1 submitted 23 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJL

Gas-depleted planet formation occurred in the four-planet system around the red dwarf LHS 1903

Authors: Thomas G. Wilson, Anna M. Simpson, Andrew Collier Cameron, Ryan Cloutier, Vardan Adibekyan, Ancy Anna John, Yann Alibert, Manu Stalport, Jo Ann Egger, Andrea Bonfanti, Nicolas Billot, Pascal Guterman, Pierre F. L. Maxted, Attila E. Simon, Sergio G. Sousa, Malcolm Fridlund, Mathias Beck, Anja Bekkelien, Sebastien Salmon, Valerie Van Grootel, Luca Fossati, Alexander James Mustill, Hugh P. Osborn, Tiziano Zingales, Matthew J. Hooton , et al. (151 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Small exoplanet radii show two populations, referred to as super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, separated by a gap known as the radius valley. This may be produced by the removal of atmospheres due to stellar or internal heating, or lack of an initial envelope. We us transit photometry and radial velocity measurements to detect and characterize four planets orbiting LHS 1903, a red dwarf (M-dwarf) star… ▽ More Small exoplanet radii show two populations, referred to as super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, separated by a gap known as the radius valley. This may be produced by the removal of atmospheres due to stellar or internal heating, or lack of an initial envelope. We us transit photometry and radial velocity measurements to detect and characterize four planets orbiting LHS 1903, a red dwarf (M-dwarf) star in the Milky Way's thick disk. The planets have orbital periods between 2.2 and 29.3 days, and span the radius valley within a single planetary system. The derived densities indicate that LHS 1903 b is rocky, while LHS 1903 c and LHS 1903 d have extended atmospheres. Although the most distant planet from the host star, LHS 1903 e, has no gaseous envelope, indicating it formed from gas-depleted material. △ Less

Submitted 11 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Science

The Occurrence Rate of Nearby Planetary Companions to Hot Jupiters

Authors: Lizhou Sha, Andrew M. Vanderburg, Chelsea X. Huang, Samuel Christian, Kevin Burdge, Nicholas Saunders, Khalid Barkaoui, Alexander Belinski, Serge Bergeron, Zoë L. de Beurs, Allyson Bieryla, Karen A. Collins, Giuseppe Conzo, Gareb Fernández-Rodríguez, Akihiko Fukui, Davide Gandolfi, Tristan Guillot, Joel D. Hartman, Kai Ikuta, David W. Latham, Jerome P. de Leon, Bob Massey, Gabriel Murawski, Felipe Murgas, Norio Narita , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Of the > 500 confirmed transiting hot jupiters and approximately 2000 additional candidates today, only ten are known to have nearby companion planets. The survival of nearby companions means that these hot jupiters cannot have migrated to their present location via dynamically disruptive high-eccentricity migration but instead have undergone disk migration or formed in situ. The occurrence rate f… ▽ More Of the > 500 confirmed transiting hot jupiters and approximately 2000 additional candidates today, only ten are known to have nearby companion planets. The survival of nearby companions means that these hot jupiters cannot have migrated to their present location via dynamically disruptive high-eccentricity migration but instead have undergone disk migration or formed in situ. The occurrence rate for these nearby companions, therefore, constrains the relative efficiency of different hot jupiter formation pathways. Here, we perform a uniform box least-squares search for nearby transiting companions to hot jupiters in the first five years of TESS data. Accounting for observational completeness and detection efficiency, we arrive at an occurrence rate of $(7.6^{+5.5}_{-3.8})\%$, which is a lower limit on the fraction of hot jupiters that underwent disk migration or in situ formation. Comparing this rate with that derived from transit-timing variation searches suggests that hot jupiters are likely mostly aligned with their nearby companions, but their apparently higher incidence of grazing transits may point to a slight preferential misalignment. We also synthesize evidence that hot jupiters with nearby companions may have cold companions at a rate similar to that of other hot jupiters. Comprehensive transit, radial velocity, and stellar obliquity measurements in hot jupiter systems with nearby companions will be necessary to fully account for the relative prevalence of proposed hot jupiter formation pathways. △ Less

Submitted 15 July, 2026; v1 submitted 19 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 17 pages, 7 figures, 1 table (machine-readable ECSV file available as an ancillary file). Accepted by AJ

A young progenitor for the most common planetary systems in the Galaxy

Authors: John H. Livingston, Erik A. Petigura, Trevor J. David, Kento Masuda, James Owen, David Nesvorný, Konstantin Batygin, Jerome de Leon, Mayuko Mori, Kai Ikuta, Akihiko Fukui, Noriharu Watanabe, Jaume Orell Miquel, Felipe Murgas, Hannu Parviainen, Judith Korth, Florence Libotte, Néstor Abreu García, Pedro Pablo Meni Gallardo, Norio Narita, Enric Pallé, Motohide Tamura, Atsunori Yonehara, Andrew Ridden-Harper, Allyson Bieryla , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Galaxy's most common known planetary systems have several Earth-to-Neptune-size planets in compact orbits. At small orbital separations, larger planets are less common than their smaller counterparts by an order of magnitude. The young star V1298 Tau hosts one such compact planetary system, albeit with four planets that are uncommonly large (5 to 10 Earth radii). The planets form a chain of ne… ▽ More The Galaxy's most common known planetary systems have several Earth-to-Neptune-size planets in compact orbits. At small orbital separations, larger planets are less common than their smaller counterparts by an order of magnitude. The young star V1298 Tau hosts one such compact planetary system, albeit with four planets that are uncommonly large (5 to 10 Earth radii). The planets form a chain of near-resonances that result in transit-timing variations of several hours. Here we present a multi-year campaign to characterize this system with transit-timing variations, a method insensitive to the intense magnetic activity of the star. Through targeted observations, we first resolved the previously unknown orbital period of the outermost planet. The full 9-year baseline from these and archival data then enabled robust determination of the masses and orbital parameters for all four planets. We find the planets have low, sub-Neptune masses and nearly circular orbits, implying a dynamically tranquil history. Their low masses and large radii indicate that the inner planets underwent a period of rapid cooling immediately after dispersal of the protoplanetary disk. Still, they are much less dense than mature planets of comparable size. We predict the planets will contract to 1.5-4.0 Earth radii and join the population of super-Earths and sub-Neptunes that nature produces in abundance. △ Less

Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 45 pages, 11 figures, 6 tables

Journal ref: Nature 649, 310-314 (2026)

TOI-3862 b: A dense super-Neptune deep in the hot Neptune desert

Authors: Ilaria Carleo, Amadeo Castro-González, Enric Pallé, Felipe Murgas, Grzegorz Nowak, Gaia Lacedelli, Thomas Masseron, Emily W. Wong, Patrick Eggenberger, Vincent Bourrier, Dawid Jankowski, Krzysztof Goździewski, Douglas R. Alves, James S. Jenkins, Sergio Messina, Keivan G. Stassun, Jose I. Vines, Matteo Brogi, David R. Ciardi, Catherine A. Clark, William Cochran, Karen A. Collins, Hans J. Deeg, Elise Furlan, Davide Gandolfi , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The structure and evolution of close-in exoplanets are shaped by atmospheric loss and migration processes, which give rise to key population features such as the hot Neptune desert, ridge, and savanna - regions of the period-radius space whose boundaries offer critical insights into planetary formation and survival. As part of the KESPRINT collaboration, we selected the TESS transiting planet cand… ▽ More The structure and evolution of close-in exoplanets are shaped by atmospheric loss and migration processes, which give rise to key population features such as the hot Neptune desert, ridge, and savanna - regions of the period-radius space whose boundaries offer critical insights into planetary formation and survival. As part of the KESPRINT collaboration, we selected the TESS transiting planet candidate TOI-3862.01 for radial velocity follow-up to confirm its planetary nature and characterize its mass and bulk properties. This planet candidate is of particular interest due to its position in the middle of the hot Neptune desert, making it a valuable probe for testing theories of planet migration and atmospheric loss. We confirmed the planetary nature and determined the mass of TOI-3862.01 (hereinafter TOI-3862b) by performing a joint fit with both transit and radial velocity data, precisely characterizing the bulk properties of this planet. TOI-3862b is a super-Neptune on a 1.56-day orbit around a Sun-like star with an effective temperature of 5300$\pm$50K. It has a mass of 53.7$_{-2.9}^{+2.8}$ M$_{\oplus}$ and a radius of 5.53$\pm$0.18 R$_{\oplus}$, corresponding to a density of 1.7$\pm$0.2 g/cm^3. This places it among the rare population of hot and dense super-Neptune desert planets. TOI-3862b, residing deep in the hot Neptune desert, represents a rare occurrence in an otherwise sparsely populated region, offering a valuable opportunity to probe the processes that may allow planets to survive in such environments. △ Less

Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Why the Northern Hemisphere Needs a 30-40 m Telescope and the Science at Stake: Key Targets of Opportunity on Gas and Ice Giants and their satellites

Authors: Ricardo Hueso, Leigh N. Fletcher, Damya Souami, Thierry Fouchet, Tristan Guillot, Olivier Mousis, Patrick G. J. Irwin, Michael Roman, Arrate Antuñano, Athena Coustenis, Julia de León, Sonia Fornasier, Emmanuel Lellouch, Alice Lucchetti, Noemí Pinilla-Alonso, Don Pollacco, Agustín Sánchez-Lavega, Daniel Toledo

Abstract: The Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) will transform our knowledge of the outer planets and their satellite systems; however the visibility of unique targets of opportunity with high scientific value will be reduced for northern objects. Uranus' declination favors observations from the Northern Hemisphere until 2055, and Neptune will be favored from the Northern Hemisphere from 2027 for the next 90… ▽ More The Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) will transform our knowledge of the outer planets and their satellite systems; however the visibility of unique targets of opportunity with high scientific value will be reduced for northern objects. Uranus' declination favors observations from the Northern Hemisphere until 2055, and Neptune will be favored from the Northern Hemisphere from 2027 for the next 90 years. Jupiter and Saturn experience cycles of better observability from either hemisphere on cycles of 10 and 30 years. These planets and their satellite systems often offer unique opportunities for discovery through time-critical observations. We argue that a 30-m class size telescope in the Northern Hemisphere with complementary scientific instrumentation to that on the ELT will secure the possibility of observing high-impact unpredictable phenomena in these systems. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: White Paper submitted to "ESO Expanding Horizons: Transforming Astronomy in the 2040s"

Why the Northern Hemisphere Needs a 30-40m Telescope and the Science at Stake: from Interstellar Visitors to Planetary Defence

Authors: J. de León, N. Pinilla-Alonso, P. Tanga, D. Souami, Z. Gray, A. Alvarez-Candal, B. Carry, R. de la Fuente Marcos, A. Delsanti, F. La Forgia, A. Migliorini, T. Müller, A. Penttilä, M. Popescu, C. Snodgrass, D. Oszkiewicz, C. Opitom, A. Campo-Bagatin, J. Licandro, R. Hueso, M. Lazzarin, S. Fornasier, R. Brunetto, J. A. de Abol Brasón, J. de Cos Juez , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Small Solar system Objects (SSOs) preserve the physical, chemical, and dynamical signatures of the Sun's protoplanetary disk. Upcoming surveys will discover vast numbers of new objects, yet their scientific value will depend on follow-up observations requiring far greater sensitivity and resolution than those currently available. A 30-m class telescope like the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) will… ▽ More Small Solar system Objects (SSOs) preserve the physical, chemical, and dynamical signatures of the Sun's protoplanetary disk. Upcoming surveys will discover vast numbers of new objects, yet their scientific value will depend on follow-up observations requiring far greater sensitivity and resolution than those currently available. A 30-m class telescope like the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) will be transformative, but its Southern location will leave significant regions of the sky poorly covered or even non accessible. A Northern 30-40m telescope is therefore essential to achieve full-sky coverage and fully exploit the small body discoveries of the 2030-2050 era, in particular for targets of opportunity or unexpected discoveries, like those of interstellar objects and potentially hazardous asteroids, as well as for distant trans-Neptunian objects and space mission targets. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: White Paper submitted to "ESO Expanding Horizons: Transforming Astronomy in the 2040s"

Understanding the Planetary Formation and Evolution in Star Clusters(UPiC)-II: Catalog of planets/candidates in Open Clusters and Moving Groups

Authors: Yuan-Zhe Dai, Hui-Gen Liu, Xiaoying Pang, Yueyue Jiang, Jerome P. de Leon, Jing Zhong, Ji-Lin Zhou

Abstract: Detecting planets in open clusters offers a unique opportunity to test planet formation theories in clustered environments. The precisely determined ages of young open clusters make their planets particularly valuable for tracing the early evolution of planetary systems. As the second paper of the UPiC project, this study focuses on stars in stellar groups that host transiting planets or planetary… ▽ More Detecting planets in open clusters offers a unique opportunity to test planet formation theories in clustered environments. The precisely determined ages of young open clusters make their planets particularly valuable for tracing the early evolution of planetary systems. As the second paper of the UPiC project, this study focuses on stars in stellar groups that host transiting planets or planetary candidates. We categorize these stellar groups into Open Clusters (OCs) and Moving Groups (MGs) based on the Jacobi radius to investigate potential differences in their planetary systems. By cross-matching the latest star cluster catalogs with catalogs of transiting planets and candidates, we have compiled the most extensive catalog to date, containing 106 confirmed planets and 168 candidates within OCs and MGs. We refitted the structural parameters of these stellar groups and identified substructures using the \texttt{HDBSCAN} and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) algorithms. Our analysis reveals the density evolution of both MGs and OCs during their first Gyr. We find that MGs consistently exhibit a significantly higher planet fraction than OCs, regardless of sample selection, particularly for Hot Jupiters. Furthermore, exoplanet radii show a clear dichotomy at early stages: most sub-Jupiters evolve into Neptune-sized planets within 100 Myr, while super-Jupiters undergo only minimal contraction. These results suggest that young sub-Jupiters (\textless 100 Myr) represent puffy, Neptune-mass planets undergoing vigorous photoevaporation, whereas Jupiter-mass planets can maintain their atmospheres. We also report evidence for the early emergence of the hot-Neptune desert at 100 Myr in both OCs and MGs. △ Less

Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 33 pages, 16 figures, 2 tables (4 in Appendix), submitted to APJS. Machine-readable tables will be released upon acceptance for publication

Multicolour Validation of Two Temperate Mini-Neptunes Around M-dwarf Habitable Zones

Authors: Chengzi Jiang, Aleksandra Selezneva, Hannu Parviainen, Felipe Murgas, Enric Pallé, Gareb Fernández-Rodríguez, Samuel Geraldía-González, Jaume Orell-Miquel, Norio Narita, Akihiko Fukui, Jerome de Leon, Izuru Fukuda, Kai Ikuta, Kiyoe Kawauchi, Steve B. Howell, Colin Littlefield, Sarah J. Deveny, Joseph D. Twicken, Richard P. Schwarz, Avi Shporer

Abstract: For small planets orbiting within the habitable zones of their host stars, multicolour validation via photometric transit observations offers an efficient alternative to prioritize targets before intensive radial-velocity follow-up, thereby expanding the sample of habitable-zone exoplanets amenable for atmospheric characterisation. In this study, we validate two exceptional habitable-zone TESS can… ▽ More For small planets orbiting within the habitable zones of their host stars, multicolour validation via photometric transit observations offers an efficient alternative to prioritize targets before intensive radial-velocity follow-up, thereby expanding the sample of habitable-zone exoplanets amenable for atmospheric characterisation. In this study, we validate two exceptional habitable-zone TESS candidates, orbiting around M-dwarfs, as genuine planets, precisely determining their transit and physical parameters. We perform Bayesian model comparison by jointly fitting multicolour light curves from TESS and ground-based follow-up, including observations with HiPERCAM at the 10.4-m GTC. Our approach uses wavelength-dependent transit depth variations and precise transit geometry to reject false positives. We validate TOI-2094 b and TOI-7166 b as two new benchmark temperate mini-Neptunes. TOI-2094 b (1.90 $R_{\oplus}$) orbits its M3V star with a period of $\sim$18.79 days, well within the habitable zone ($\sim$0.98 Earth insolation). TOI-7166 b (2.39 $R_{\oplus}$) orbits its M4.5V host star with a period of $\sim$12.92 days, placing it near the inner edge of the habitable zone ($\sim$1.93 Earth insolation). Statistical mass and density estimates suggest that TOI-2094 b may be a volatile-rich planet, such as a water world or a gaseous planet, and is less likely to be rocky, while TOI-7166 b is likely to be volatile-rich. Both planets are of great interest for detailed atmospheric characterisation with the JWST and future ELTs, which requires further precise mass measurements. △ Less

Submitted 17 March, 2026; v1 submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 14 figures, published in MNRAS

Journal ref: Mon Not R Astron Soc (2026)

Rapid-response characterization of near-Earth asteroid 2024 YR4 during a Torino Scale 3 alert

Authors: Maxime Devogèle, Olivier R. Hainaut, Marco Micheli, Petr Pravec, Juan Luis Cano, Francisco Ocaña, Luca Conversi, Nicholas Moskovitz, Julia de León, Zuri Gray, Mikael Granvik, Grigori Fedorets, Jules Bourdelle de Micas, Simone Ieva, Elisabetta Dotto, Tracie Beuden, Carson Fuls, Teddy Kareta, Stefano Bagnulo, Maria Antonella Barucci, Mirel Birlan, Andrea Farina, Kamil Hornoch, Petr Fatka, Peter Kušnirák , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: On 27 December 2024, near-Earth object (NEO) 2024 YR$_4$ was discovered by the ATLAS survey and identified as a virtual impactor. A few weeks later, it eventually reached level 3 on the Torino Scale and was the first and only asteroid to be ever classified at that level. Here we report an intensive observational campaign combining time-series photometry in the visible, broadband visible and near-i… ▽ More On 27 December 2024, near-Earth object (NEO) 2024 YR$_4$ was discovered by the ATLAS survey and identified as a virtual impactor. A few weeks later, it eventually reached level 3 on the Torino Scale and was the first and only asteroid to be ever classified at that level. Here we report an intensive observational campaign combining time-series photometry in the visible, broadband visible and near-infrared colors, and low-resolution visible reflectance spectroscopy to assess its physical properties. Fourier analysis of the lightcurves yields a synodic rotation period of $P = 19.46341 \pm 0.00008$ min, placing 2024 YR$_4$ among the fast rotators, even if such rotation is common for objects of similar $H$ magnitude. Its visible and near-infrared colors and spectra are most consistent with an Sq or K taxonomic classification, though some ambiguity remains. Finally, its phase curve exhibits a notably shallow slope ($G = 0.51 \pm 0.11$), from which we derive an absolute magnitude of $H_\mathrm{R} = 23.82\pm0.09$ mag. After color correction and taking into account other models for the phase function, we report an absolute magnitude of $H_\mathrm{V} = 24.14\pm0.25$ mag. These characterizations, rotation period, taxonomy, and surface properties, would have been crucial for risk assessment and mitigation planning had the initially high impact probability scenario been confirmed, underscoring the importance for planetary defense of a rapid, coordinated international response. △ Less

Submitted 12 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 32 pages, 8 figures

Journal ref: Alert. J Astronaut Sci 73, 31 (2026)

HyperScout-H: the hyperspectral imager for the ESA Hera mission

Authors: Marcel M. Popescu, Julia de León, George Pantelimon Prodan, Michael Küppers, Gábor Kovács, Balázs Vince Nagy, Björn Grieger, Hannah Goldberg, Marco Esposito, Nathan Vercruyssen, Eri Tatsumi, Lisa Krämer Ruggiu, Özgür Karatekin, Seiji Sugita, Monica Lazzarin, Paul A. Abell, Jean-Baptiste Vincent, Iulian Petrişor, Patrick Michel

Abstract: The HyperScout-H (HS-H) instrument is one of the payloads aboard ESA's Hera spacecraft. Hera is a planetary defence mission that aims to provide a detailed characterization of the near-Earth binary asteroid (65803) Didymos-Dimorphos after the NASA/DART mission impact. HS-H is a versatile dual-use payload, functioning as a hyperspectral imager that captures both images and spectral data within the… ▽ More The HyperScout-H (HS-H) instrument is one of the payloads aboard ESA's Hera spacecraft. Hera is a planetary defence mission that aims to provide a detailed characterization of the near-Earth binary asteroid (65803) Didymos-Dimorphos after the NASA/DART mission impact. HS-H is a versatile dual-use payload, functioning as a hyperspectral imager that captures both images and spectral data within the 0.65--0.95 $μ$m wavelength range. The observations from this instrument will offer key insights regarding the composition of the two bodies Didymos and Dimorphos, space weathering effects, and the potential presence of exogenous material on these asteroids. Thanks to its wide field of view ($\approx 15.5^\circ \times 8.3^\circ$ in paraxial approximation), HS-H will be able to monitor the system's orbital dynamic and dust environment. At the same time, both components of this binary asteroid remain in the field of view for most of the asteroid phase of the mission. These results also complement the data obtained from other instruments in characterizing the geomorphological units. The data that will be obtained by HS-H will enable the creation of maps highlighting key spectral features, such as taxonomic classification, spectral slope, and band parameters. This article presents the pre-flight calibration of the instrument, outlines the science objectives, and discusses the expected investigations. The instrument's capabilities are demonstrated through laboratory observations of two meteorite samples and a dedicated software toolbox was developed specifically for processing the instrument's data. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 33 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews

Compositional characterisation of asteroid (84) Klio with JWST

Authors: Tania Le Pivert-Jolivet, Julia de León, Javier Licandro, Bryan Holler, Noemí Pinilla-Alonso, Mário De Prá, Joshua Emery, Brittany Harvison, Joseph Masiero, Lucas McClure, Driss Takir

Abstract: The analysis of the composition of primitive C$-$complex asteroids is essential to understand the distribution of volatiles in the Solar System since its formation. Primitive low-albedo families within the inner main asteroid belt are of particular interest because they are a significant source of carbonaceous near-Earth asteroids, such as Ryugu and Bennu. This study, part of the JWST SAMBA3 proje… ▽ More The analysis of the composition of primitive C$-$complex asteroids is essential to understand the distribution of volatiles in the Solar System since its formation. Primitive low-albedo families within the inner main asteroid belt are of particular interest because they are a significant source of carbonaceous near-Earth asteroids, such as Ryugu and Bennu. This study, part of the JWST SAMBA3 project (Spectral Analysis of Main Belt Asteroids in the 3 $μ$m region), report the first spectroscopic analysis of asteroid (84) Klio in the 3 $μ$m region, in order to better constrain its composition. We analysed the infrared (0.97$-$5.10 $μ$m) Spectrum of Klio measured by the NIRSpec instrument on board JWST. We used the NEATM thermal model to extract the reflectance spectrum of the asteroid. Several spectral features were then analysed in the 2.8, 3.4, and 3.9 $μ$m regions by different Gaussian fitting. The Spectrum of Klio shows an absorption band at 2.776 $\pm$ 0.001 $μ$m that we attributed to phyllosilicates. We compared the position and shape of the feature with that observed in primitive materials such as carbonaceous chondrites and returned samples from Ryugu and Bennu. The position and shape of the 2.8 $μ$m band, as well as the presence of a 0.7 $μ$m band in the visible, suggest that Klio's spectrum is similar to certain CM2 meteorites. We observed an absorption band around 3.9 $μ$m, with a depth of $0.020 \pm 0.001$ that could be attributed to carbonates. We could not clearly detect any absorption associated with organics at 3.4 $μ$m. △ Less

Submitted 22 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 9 pages, 9 figures, plus appendix. Accepted for publication in A&A

Validation of TESS Planet Candidates with Multi-Color Transit Photometry and TRICERATOPS+

Authors: Jonathan Gomez Barrientos, Michael Greklek-McKeon, Heather A. Knutson, Steven Giacalone, W. Garrett Levine, Morgan Saidel, Shreyas Vissapragada, David R. Ciardi, Karen A. Collins, David W. Latham, Cristilyn N. Watkins, Polina A. Budnikova, Dmitry V. Cheryasov, Akihiko Fukui, Allyson Bieryla, Avi Shporer, Benjamin M. Tofflemire, Catherine A. Clark, Chris Stockdale, Colin Littlefield, Emily Gilbert, Enric Palle, Eric Girardin, Felipe Murgas, Galen J. Bergsten , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present an upgraded version of TRICERATOPS, a software package designed to calculate false positive probabilities for planet candidates identified by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). This enhanced framework now incorporates ground-based light curves in separate bandpasses, which are routinely obtained as part of the candidate vetting process. We apply this upgraded framework to… ▽ More We present an upgraded version of TRICERATOPS, a software package designed to calculate false positive probabilities for planet candidates identified by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). This enhanced framework now incorporates ground-based light curves in separate bandpasses, which are routinely obtained as part of the candidate vetting process. We apply this upgraded framework to explore the planetary nature of 14 TESS planet candidates, combining primarily J band light curves acquired with the 200-inch Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory with complementary archival observations from the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT), the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO), and the Teide Observatory, along with existing TESS data and contrast curves from high-resolution imaging. As a result of this analysis we statistically validate (False Positive Probability < 1.5% and Nearby False Positive Probability < 0.1%) six new planets in five systems: TOI-1346 b, TOI-1346 c, TOI-2719 b, TOI-4155 b, TOI-6000 b, and TOI-6324 b. For these systems, we provide updated estimates of their stellar and planetary properties derived from the TESS and ground-based observations. These new systems contain planets with radii between 0.9-6 Re and orbital periods between 0.3-5.5 days. Finally, we use our upgraded version of TRICERATOPS to quantify the relative importance of multi-wavelength transit photometry and high-resolution imaging for exoplanet candidate validation, and discuss which kinds of candidates typically benefit the most from ground-based multi-color transit observations. △ Less

Submitted 4 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 26 pages, 7 Figures, accepted for publication in AJ

The mass of TOI-654 b: A short-period sub-Neptune transiting a mid-M dwarf

Authors: Kai Ikuta, Norio Narita, Takuya Takarada, Teruyuki Hirano, Akihiko Fukui, Hiroyuki Tako Ishikawa, Yasunori Hori, Tadahiro Kimura, Takanori Kodama, Masahiro Ikoma, Jerome P. de Leon, Kiyoe Kawauchi, Masayuki Kuzuhara, Gaia Lacedelli, John H. Livingston, Mayuko Mori, Felipe Murgas, Enric Palle, Hannu Parviainen, Noriharu Watanabe, Izuru Fukuda, Hiroki Harakawa, Yuya Hayashi, Klaus Hodapp, Keisuke Isogai , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Sub-Neptunes are small planets between the size of the Earth and Neptune. The orbital and bulk properties of transiting sub-Neptunes can provide clues for their formation and evolution of small planets. In this paper, we report on follow-up observations of a planetary system around the mid-M dwarf TOI-654, whose transiting sub-Neptune TOI-654 b ($P=1.53$ day) is validated as a suitable target for… ▽ More Sub-Neptunes are small planets between the size of the Earth and Neptune. The orbital and bulk properties of transiting sub-Neptunes can provide clues for their formation and evolution of small planets. In this paper, we report on follow-up observations of a planetary system around the mid-M dwarf TOI-654, whose transiting sub-Neptune TOI-654 b ($P=1.53$ day) is validated as a suitable target for the atmospheric observation. We measure the planetary mass and stellar properties with the InfraRed Doppler instrument (IRD) mounted on the Subaru telescope and obtain the stellar and planetary properties from additional transit observations by the Transit Exoplanetary Survey Satellite (TESS) and a series of the Multicolor Simultaneous Camera for studying Atmospheres of Transiting exoplanets (MuSCAT). As a result, the planetary mass of TOI-654 b is determined to be $M_{\rm p} = 8.71 \pm 1.25 M_{\oplus}$, and the radius is updated to be $R_{\rm p} = 2.378 \pm 0.089 R_{\oplus}$. The bulk density suggests that the planet is composed of a rocky and volatile-rich core or a rocky core surrounded by a small amount of H/He envelope.TOI-654 b is one of unique planets located around the radius valley and and also on the outer edge of the Neptune desert. The precise mass determination enables us to constrain the atmospheric properties with future spectroscopic observations especially for the emission by the James Webb Space Telescope and Ariel. △ Less

Submitted 22 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ

Discovery of a transiting hot water-world candidate orbiting Ross 176 with TESS and CARMENES

Authors: S. Geraldía-González, J. Orell-Miquel, E. Pallé, F. Murgas, G. Lacedelli, V. J. S. Béjar, J. A. Caballero, C. Duque-Arribas, J. Lillo-Box, D. Montes, G. Morello, E. Nagel, A. Schweitzer, H. M. Tabernero, Y. Calatayud-Borras, C. Cifuentes, G. Fernández-Rodríguez, A. Fukui, J. de Leon, N. Lodieu, R. Luque, M. Mori, N. Narita, H. Parviainen, E. Poultourtzidis , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The case of Ross 176 is a late K-type star that hosts a promising water-world candidate planet. The star has a radius of $R_*$=0.569$\pm$0.020$R_{\odot}$ and a mass of $M_{\star}$ = 0.577 $\pm$ 0.024 $M_{\odot}$. We constrained the planetary mass using spectroscopic data from CARMENES, an instrument that has already played a major role in confirming the planetary nature of the transit signal detec… ▽ More The case of Ross 176 is a late K-type star that hosts a promising water-world candidate planet. The star has a radius of $R_*$=0.569$\pm$0.020$R_{\odot}$ and a mass of $M_{\star}$ = 0.577 $\pm$ 0.024 $M_{\odot}$. We constrained the planetary mass using spectroscopic data from CARMENES, an instrument that has already played a major role in confirming the planetary nature of the transit signal detected by TESS. We used Gaussian Processes (GP) to improve the analysis because the host star has a relatively strong activity that affects the radial velocity dataset. In addition, we applied a GP to the TESS light curves to reduce the correlated noise in the detrended dataset. The stellar activity indicators show a strong signal that is related to the stellar rotation period of $\sim$ 32 days. This stellar activity signal was also confirmed on the TESS light curves. Ross 176b is an inner hot transiting planet with a low-eccentricity orbit of $e = 0.25 \pm 0.04$, an orbital period of $P \sim 5$ days, and an equilibrium temperature of $T_{eq}\sim 682K$. With a radius of $R_p = 1.84\pm0.08R_{\oplus}$ (4% precision), a mass of $M_p = 4.57^{+0.89}_{-0.93} M_{\oplus}$ (20% precision), and a mean density of $ρ_p = 4.03^{+0.49}_{-0.81} g cm^{-3}$, the composition of Ross 176b might be consistent with a water-world scenario. Moreover, Ross 176b is a promising target for atmospheric characterization, which might lead to more information on the existence, formation and composition of water worlds. This detection increases the sample of planets orbiting K-type stars. This sample is valuable for investigating the valley of planets with small radii around this type of star. This study also shows that the dual detection of space- and ground-based telescopes is efficient for confirm new planets. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A. 16 pages. 13 figures

Assessing interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS with the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias and the Two-meter Twin Telescope

Authors: R. de la Fuente Marcos, M. R. Alarcon, J. Licandro, M Serra-Ricart, J. de Leon, C. de la Fuente Marcos, G. Lombardi, A. Tejero, A. Cabrera-Lavers, S. Guerra Arencibia, I. Ruiz Cejudo

Abstract: Context. Theories of the formation and evolution of small bodies in planetary systems predict that they may escape into interstellar space at any time. After having characterized just two such interlopers -1I/2017 U1 (Oumuamua) and 2I/Borisov more questions were raised than answered. Assessing the recently discovered interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS will only broaden our understanding of this complex t… ▽ More Context. Theories of the formation and evolution of small bodies in planetary systems predict that they may escape into interstellar space at any time. After having characterized just two such interlopers -1I/2017 U1 (Oumuamua) and 2I/Borisov more questions were raised than answered. Assessing the recently discovered interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS will only broaden our understanding of this complex topic. Aims. Here, we investigate the spectral, cometary, and rotational properties of 3I/ATLAS as well as its dynamical context. Methods. We identified the spectral type of 3I/ATLAS from the visible reflectance spectrum and used photometric observations to derive its level of activity and rotational properties. Observational data were obtained with the OSIRIS camera spectrograph at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias and the Two-meter Twin Telescope. We used N-body simulations and statistical analyses of Gaia DR3 data to investigate the origin of 3I/ATLAS and its Galactic background. Results. Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS has a visible spectrum slightly redder than those of D-type asteroids, 1I/'Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov, with a spectral slope of 18.3%/1000 A in the 4000-9000 A range, which is similar to those of TNOs and Centaurs. It has a conspicuous coma and its rotation period is 16.79 h. The heliocentric components of its Galactic velocity were (U, V, W) = (-51.233, -19.456, 18.930) km/s with a radiant in Sagittarius. The analysis of a sample of kinematic analogs of 3I/ATLAS extracted from Gaia DR3 suggests that its parent system is part of the Galactic thin disk and includes a solar-like star with slightly sub-solar metallicity. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2025; v1 submitted 17 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables. Abstract abridged as per arXiv directive ("The abstract field cannot be longer than 1,920 characters"). Accepted by A&A Letters. After A&A language corrections

Journal ref: A&A 700, L9 (2025)

The TESS Grand Unified Hot Jupiter Survey. III. Thirty More Giant Planets

Authors: Samuel W. Yee, Joshua N. Winn, Joel D. Hartman, Joseph E. Rodriguez, George Zhou, David W. Latham, Samuel N. Quinn, Allyson Bieryla, Karen A. Collins, Jason D. Eastman, Kevin I. Collins, Dennis M. Conti, Eric L. N. Jensen, David R. Anderson, Özgür Baştürk, David Baker, Khalid Barkaoui, Matthew P. Battley, Daniel Bayliss, Thomas G. Beatty, Yuri Beletsky, Alexander A. Belinski, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Paul Benni, Pau Bosch-Cabot , et al. (101 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery of 30 transiting giant planets that were initially detected using data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. These new planets orbit relatively bright ($G \leq 12.5$) FGK host stars with orbital periods between 1.6 and 8.2 days, and have radii between 0.9 and 1.7 Jupiter radii. We performed follow-up ground-based photometry, high angular-resolut… ▽ More We present the discovery of 30 transiting giant planets that were initially detected using data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. These new planets orbit relatively bright ($G \leq 12.5$) FGK host stars with orbital periods between 1.6 and 8.2 days, and have radii between 0.9 and 1.7 Jupiter radii. We performed follow-up ground-based photometry, high angular-resolution imaging, high-resolution spectroscopy and radial velocity monitoring for each of these objects to confirm that they are planets and determine their masses and other system parameters. The planets' masses span more than an order of magnitude ($0.17\,M_J < M_p < 3.3\,M_J$). For two planets, TOI-3593 b and TOI-4961 b, we measured significant non-zero eccentricities of $0.11^{+0.05}_{-0.03}$ and $0.18^{+0.04}_{-0.05}$ respectively, while for the other planets, the data typically provide a 1-$σ$ upper bound of 0.15 on the eccentricity. These discoveries represent a major step toward assembling a complete, magnitude-limited sample of transiting hot Jupiters around FGK stars. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 96 pages, 11 tables, 38 figures, 30 planets. Accepted to ApJS

TOI-1846b: A super-Earth in the radius valley orbiting a nearby M dwarf

Authors: Abderahmane Soubkiou, Khalid Barkaoui, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Mourad Ghachoui, Jamila Chouqar, Benjamin V. Rackham, Adam Burgasser, Emma Softich, Enric Pallé, Akihiko Fukui, Norio Narita, Felipe Murgas, Steve B. Howell, Catherine A. Clark, Colin Littlefield, Allyson Bieryla, Andrew W. Boyle, David Ciardi, Karen Collins, Kevin I. Collins, Jerome de Leon, Courtney D. Dressing, Jason Eastman, Emma Esparza-Borges, Steven Giacalone , et al. (20 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery and validation of a super-Earth planet orbiting the M dwarf star TOI-1846 (TIC 198385543). The host star(Kmag = 9.6)is located 47 pc away and has a radius of Rs=0.41+/-0.01R_Sun,a mass of Ms=0.40+/-0.02M_Sun and an effective temperature of Teff=3568+/-44K. Our analyses are based on joint modelling of TESS photometry and ground-based multi-color photometric data. We also us… ▽ More We present the discovery and validation of a super-Earth planet orbiting the M dwarf star TOI-1846 (TIC 198385543). The host star(Kmag = 9.6)is located 47 pc away and has a radius of Rs=0.41+/-0.01R_Sun,a mass of Ms=0.40+/-0.02M_Sun and an effective temperature of Teff=3568+/-44K. Our analyses are based on joint modelling of TESS photometry and ground-based multi-color photometric data. We also use high-resolution imaging and archival images, as well as statistical validation techniques to support the planetary system nature. We find that TOI-1846b is a super-Earth sized planet with radius of Rp=1.79+/-0.07R_Earth and a predicted mass of Mp=4.4+1.6-1.0M_Earth (from the Chen & Kipping relation) on a 3.9 d orbit, with an equilibrium temperature of Teq=589+/-20K (assuming a null Bond Albedo) and an incident flux of Sp=17.6+/-2.0S_Earth. Based on the two RV measurements obtained with the TRES spectrograph and high-resolution imaging, a non-planetary transiting companion is excluded. With a radius of ~1.8R_Earth, TOI-1846b is within the sparsely populated radius range around 2R_Earth known as the radius gap (or radius valley). This discovery can contribute to refining the precise location of the radius valley for small planets orbiting bright M dwarfs, thereby enhancing our understanding of planetary formation and evolution processes. △ Less

Submitted 23 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Multi-band, Multi-epoch Photometry of the Spot-crossing System TOI-3884: Refined System Geometry and Spot Properties

Authors: Mayuko Mori, Akihiko Fukui, Teruyuki Hirano, Norio Narita, John H. Livingston, Khalid Barkaoui, Karen A. Collins, Jerome P. de Leon, Kai Ikuta, Yugo Kawai, Richard P. Schwarz, Avi Shporer, Gregor Srdoc

Abstract: Spot-crossing transits offer a unique opportunity to probe spot properties such as temperature, size, and surface distribution. TOI-3884 is a rare system in which spot-crossing features are persistently observed during every transit. This is due to its unusual configuration: a nearly poler orbit super-Neptune transits a pole-on mid-M dwarf, repeatedly crossing a polar spot. However, previous studi… ▽ More Spot-crossing transits offer a unique opportunity to probe spot properties such as temperature, size, and surface distribution. TOI-3884 is a rare system in which spot-crossing features are persistently observed during every transit. This is due to its unusual configuration: a nearly poler orbit super-Neptune transits a pole-on mid-M dwarf, repeatedly crossing a polar spot. However, previous studies have reported discrepant values in key system parameters, such as stellar inclination and obliquity. To address this, we conducted multi-band, multi-epoch transit observations of TOI-3884b using the MuSCAT instrument series, along with photometric monitoring with the LCO 1m telescopes/Sinistro. We detected time-dependent variations in the spot-crossing signals, indicating that the spot is not exactly on the pole. From the monitoring data, we measured a stellar rotation period of $11.043~_{-0.053}^{+0.054}$ days with a modulation amplitude of $\sim$5% in the r-band, consistent with the time variability in the spot-crossing features. Our analysis reconciles previous discrepancies and improves the constraints on the parameters of the system geometry ($i_\star = 139.9~^{+1.2}_{-2.0}$ deg and $λ=41.0~^{+3.7}_{-9.0}$ deg) and those of the spot properties (spot radius of $0.425~_{-0.011}^{+0.018}~R_\star$ and spot-photosphere temperature difference of $200~_{-9}^{+11}$ K). These results provide a critical context for interpreting upcoming transmission spectroscopy of TOI-3884b, as well as yielding new insights into the magnetic activity and spin-orbit geometry of M dwarfs. △ Less

Submitted 17 June, 2025; v1 submitted 6 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in AJ. [ver. 2] This is a revised version of the manuscript incorporating corrections based on valuable feedback. In particular, the definition of stellar inclination has been updated to follow the conventional standard, resulting in revised values for related parameters. These corrections were made after acceptance but prior to journal publication

The Eccentricity Distribution of Warm Sub-Saturns in TESS

Authors: Tyler R. Fairnington, Jiayin Dong, Chelsea X. Huang, Emma Nabbie, George Zhou, Duncan Wright, Karen A. Collins, Jon M. Jenkins, David W. Latham, George Ricker, Samuel N. Quinn, Sara Seager, Avi Shporer, Roland Vanderspek, Joshua N. Winn, Calvin Ajizian, Akihiko Fukui, David Baker, Giuseppe Conzo, Robert Scott Fisher, Raquel Forés-Toribio, Tianjun Gan, Alexey Garmash, Kai Ikuta, Adam Lark , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the eccentricity distribution of warm sub-Saturns (4-8 Re, 8-200 day periods) as derived from an analysis of transit light curves from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. We use the "photoeccentric" effect to constrain the eccentricities of 76 planets, comprising 60 and 16 from single- and multi-transiting systems, respectively. We employ Hierarchical Bayesian M… ▽ More We present the eccentricity distribution of warm sub-Saturns (4-8 Re, 8-200 day periods) as derived from an analysis of transit light curves from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. We use the "photoeccentric" effect to constrain the eccentricities of 76 planets, comprising 60 and 16 from single- and multi-transiting systems, respectively. We employ Hierarchical Bayesian Modelling to infer the eccentricity distribution of the population, testing both a Beta and Mixture Beta distribution. We identify a few highly eccentric (e ~ 0.7-0.8) warm sub-Saturns with eccentricities that appear too high to be explained by disk migration or planet-planet scattering alone, suggesting high-eccentricity migration may play a role in their formation. The majority of the population have a mean eccentricity of e = 0.103+0.047-0.045, consistent with both planet-disk and planet-planet interactions. Notably, we find that the highly eccentric sub-Saturns occur in single-transiting systems. This study presents the first evidence at the population level that the eccentricities of sub-Saturns may be sculpted by dynamical processes. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

TOI-2015b: a sub-Neptune in strong gravitational interaction with an outer non-transiting planet

Authors: K. Barkaoui, J. Korth, E. Gaidos, E. Agol, H. Parviainen, F. J. Pozuelos, E. Palle, N. Narita, S. Grimm, M. Brady, J. L. Bean, G. Morello, B. V. Rackham, A. J. Burgasser, V. Van Grootel, B. Rojas-Ayala, A. Seifahrt, E. Marfil, V. M. Passegger, M. Stalport, M. Gillon, K. A. Collins, A. Shporer, S. Giacalone, S. Yalçınkaya , et al. (97 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: TOI-2015 is a known exoplanetary system around an M4 dwarf star, consisting of a transiting sub-Neptune planet in a 3.35-day orbital period, TOI-2015b, accompanied by a non-transiting companion, TOI-2015c. High-precision RV measurements were taken with the MAROON-X spectrograph, and high-precision photometric data were collected several networks. We re-characterize the target star by combining opt… ▽ More TOI-2015 is a known exoplanetary system around an M4 dwarf star, consisting of a transiting sub-Neptune planet in a 3.35-day orbital period, TOI-2015b, accompanied by a non-transiting companion, TOI-2015c. High-precision RV measurements were taken with the MAROON-X spectrograph, and high-precision photometric data were collected several networks. We re-characterize the target star by combining optical spectr, Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) analysis. The TOI-2015 host star is a K=10.3mag M4-type dwarf with a sub-solar metallicity of [Fe/H]=-0.31+/-0.16, and a Teff=3200K. Our photodynamical analysis of the system strongly favors the 5:3 mean motion resonance and in this scenario the planet b has an orbital period of 3.34days, a mass of Mp=9.02+/-0.34Me, a radius of Rp=3.309+/-0.012Re, resulting in a density of rhop= 1.40+/-0.06g/cm3, indicative of a Neptune like composition. Its transits exhibit large (>1hr) timing variations indicative of an outer perturber in the system. We performed a global analysis of the high-resolution RV measurements, the photometric data, and the TTVs, and inferred that TOI-2015 hosts a second planet, TOI-2015c, in a non-transiting configuration. TOI-2015c has an orbital period of Pc=5.583days and a mass of Mp=8.91+0.38-0.40Me. The dynamical configuration of TOI-2015b and TOI-2015c can be used to constrain the system's planetary formation and migration history. Based on the mass-radius composition models, TOI-2015b is a water-rich or rocky planet with a hydrogen-helium envelope. Moreover, TOI-2015b has a high transmission spectroscopic metric (TSM=149), making it a favorable target for future transmission spectroscopic observations with JWST to constrain the atmospheric composition of the planet. Such observations would also help to break the degeneracies in theoretical models of the planet's interior structure. △ Less

Submitted 10 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: The paper has been accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Characterization of of (98943) 2001 CC$_{21}$, the target of Hayabusa2$\#$

Authors: Marcel M. Popescu, Eri Tatsumi, Javier Licandro, Miguel R. Alarcon, Javier Rodríguez Rodríguez, Miquel Serra-Ricart, Julia de León, Joaquín Fernandez Martin, David Morate, Gabriel N. Simion, Bogdan Alexandru Dumitru, Daniel Nicolae Berteşteanu, George Pantelimon Prodan, Masatoshi Hirabayashi

Abstract: The near-Earth asteroid (98943) Torifune, previously designated 2001 CC$_{21}$, is the flyby target of the Hayabusa2 extended mission, nicknamed Hayabusa2$\#$ (SHARP: Small Hazardous Asteroid Reconnaissance Probe). The ground-based telescope observations offer a key science input for the mission's scientific investigation. During 2022 - 2024 this asteroid was at visible apparent magnitudes brighte… ▽ More The near-Earth asteroid (98943) Torifune, previously designated 2001 CC$_{21}$, is the flyby target of the Hayabusa2 extended mission, nicknamed Hayabusa2$\#$ (SHARP: Small Hazardous Asteroid Reconnaissance Probe). The ground-based telescope observations offer a key science input for the mission's scientific investigation. During 2022 - 2024 this asteroid was at visible apparent magnitudes brighter than 18.5, allowing for a detailed characterization using ground-based telescope observations. We determined its rotation period $P~=~5.021516\pm0.000106$ h and its absolute magnitude H = 18.78 $\pm$ 0.14 and. The large number of lightcurves allows to estimate its axes ratio, its convex shape and its pole orientation $λ= 301^{\circ} \pm 35^{\circ}$, $β= {89^{+1}_{-6}}^{\circ}$ and $ε= 5^{\circ} \pm 3^{\circ}$ which indicate a prograde rotation. We report the semi-axis of the equivalent ellipsoid, $a$ = 0.42$^{+0.08}_{0.06}$ km, $b$ = 0.16$^{+0.05}_{0.04}$ km, and $c$ = $0.17\pm0.03$ km. Consequently, the volume equivalent diameter is $D_{eq}$ = $0.44 \pm 0.06$ km . Using observations conducted simultaneously with four broadband filters, we determined $(g-r) = 0.663 \pm 0.022$ mag, $(r-i) = 0.177 \pm 0.012$ mag, and $(i-z_s) = -0.061 \pm 0.032$ mag. Additionally, we found that Torifune exhibits no detectable large-scale heterogeneity. We classified the object using a high signal-to-noise ratio spectrum (over the visible and near-infrared region) as Sq-type in the Bus-DeMeo taxonomy. We estimate a mineralogy similar to LL/L ordinary chondrites, with an ol/(ol+px) = 0.60, a Fa content of 28.5 mol$\%$, and a Fs content of 23.4 mol$\%$. The spectral data indicate a surface affected by moderate space weathering effects. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in PSJ, 29 page, 15 figures

Confirmation of four hot Jupiters detected by TESS using follow-up spectroscopy from MaHPS at Wendelstein together with NEID and TRES

Authors: Juliana Ehrhardt, Luis Thomas, Hanna Kellermann, Christine Freitag, Frank Grupp, Samuel W. Yee, Joshua N. Winn, Joel D. Hartman, Karen A. Collins, Cristilyn N. Watkins, Keivan G. Stassun, Paul Benni, Allyson Bieryla, Kylee Carden, Jacek Checinski, Dmitry V. Cheryasov, Brendan Diamond, Nicholas Dowling, Courtney D. Dressing, Emma Esparza-Borges, Phil Evans, Raquel Forés-Toribio, Akihiko Fukui, Steven Giacalone, Eric Girardin , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the confirmation and characterization of four hot Jupiter-type exoplanets initially detected by TESS: TOI-1295 b, TOI-2580 b, TOI-6016 b, and TOI-6130 b. Using observations with the high-resolution echelle spectrograph MaHPS on the 2.1m telescope at Wendelstein Observatory, together with NEID at Kitt Peak National Observatory and TRES at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, we confirme… ▽ More We report the confirmation and characterization of four hot Jupiter-type exoplanets initially detected by TESS: TOI-1295 b, TOI-2580 b, TOI-6016 b, and TOI-6130 b. Using observations with the high-resolution echelle spectrograph MaHPS on the 2.1m telescope at Wendelstein Observatory, together with NEID at Kitt Peak National Observatory and TRES at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, we confirmed the planetary nature of these four planet candidates. We also performed precise mass measurements. All four planets are found to be hot Jupiters with orbital periods between 2.4 and 4.0 days. The sizes of these planets range from 1.29 to 1.64 Jupiter radii, while their masses range from 0.6 to 1.5 Jupiter masses. Additionally, we investigated whether there are signs of other planets in the systems but have found none. Lastly, we compared the radii of our four objects to the results of an empirical study of radius inflation and see that all four demonstrate a good fit with the current models. These four planets belong to the first array of planets confirmed with MaHPS data, supporting the ability of the spectrograph to detect planets around fainter stars as faint as V=12. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Journal ref: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 692, id.A220, 20 pp., December 2024

Basaltic quasi-mini-moon: Characterizing 2024 PT5 with the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias and the Two-meter Twin Telescope

Authors: R. de la Fuente Marcos, J. de Leon, M. Serra-Ricart, C. de la Fuente Marcos, M. R. Alarcon, J. Licandro, S. Geier, A. Tejero, A. Perez Romero, F. Perez-Toledo, A. Cabrera-Lavers

Abstract: Context. Small bodies in Earth-like orbits, the Arjunas, are good targets for scientific exploration, and space mining or in situ resource utilization (ISRU) trials as they enable low-cost missions. The subset of these objects that experience recurrent temporarily captured flyby or orbiter episodes are among the best ranked in terms of accessibility. Only a handful of objects are known to have eng… ▽ More Context. Small bodies in Earth-like orbits, the Arjunas, are good targets for scientific exploration, and space mining or in situ resource utilization (ISRU) trials as they enable low-cost missions. The subset of these objects that experience recurrent temporarily captured flyby or orbiter episodes are among the best ranked in terms of accessibility. Only a handful of objects are known to have engaged in such a dynamical behavior. Finding and characterizing more of them may help to expand scientific and commercial research activities in space over the next few decades. Asteroid 2024 PT5 is a recent finding that shows dynamical traits in common with this group. Aims. Here we investigate the orbital context of 2024 PT5 and its spectral and rotational properties. Methods. We studied the short-term orbital evolution of 2024 PT5 using direct N-body simulations. We identified its spectral class from the visible reflectance spectrum and used photometric observations to derive its rotational properties. Observational data were obtained with the OSIRIS camera spectrograph at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias and the Two-meter Twin Telescope. Results. Asteroid 2024 PT5 experiences recurrent co-orbital engagements and episodes in which it has negative geocentric orbital energy while inside a geocentric distance under three Hill radii, which we call quasi-mini-moon events. Its visible spectrum is consistent with that of lunar-like silicates. Photometric data suggest a rotation period under 1 h. Conclusions. The discovery of 2024 PT5 confirms that events resembling temporary captures are relatively frequent and involve objects larger than a few meters, suitable as accessible targets for scientific research activities and demonstrating ISRU technologies. △ Less

Submitted 22 January, 2025; v1 submitted 13 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 10 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables, 5 appendices, submitted to A&A Letters on 23 October 2024, accepted on 20 January 2025

Journal ref: A&A 694, L5 (2025)

A Fourth Planet in the Kepler-51 System Revealed by Transit Timing Variations

Authors: Kento Masuda, Jessica E. Libby-Roberts, John H. Livingston, Kevin B. Stevenson, Peter Gao, Shreyas Vissapragada, Guangwei Fu, Te Han, Michael Greklek-McKeon, Suvrath Mahadevan, Eric Agol, Aaron Bello-Arufe, Zachory Berta-Thompson, Caleb I. Canas, Yayaati Chachan, Leslie Hebb, Renyu Hu, Yui Kawashima, Heather A. Knutson, Caroline V. Morley, Catriona A. Murray, Kazumasa Ohno, Armen Tokadjian, Xi Zhang, Luis Welbanks , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Kepler-51 is a $\lesssim 1\,\mathrm{Gyr}$-old Sun-like star hosting three transiting planets with radii $\approx 6$-$9\,R_\oplus$ and orbital periods $\approx 45$-$130\,\mathrm{days}$. Transit timing variations (TTVs) measured with past Kepler and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations have been successfully modeled by considering gravitational interactions between the three transiting planets,… ▽ More Kepler-51 is a $\lesssim 1\,\mathrm{Gyr}$-old Sun-like star hosting three transiting planets with radii $\approx 6$-$9\,R_\oplus$ and orbital periods $\approx 45$-$130\,\mathrm{days}$. Transit timing variations (TTVs) measured with past Kepler and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations have been successfully modeled by considering gravitational interactions between the three transiting planets, yielding low masses and low mean densities ($\lesssim 0.1\,\mathrm{g/cm^3}$) for all three planets. However, the transit time of the outermost transiting planet Kepler-51d recently measured by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) 10 years after the Kepler observations is significantly discrepant from the prediction made by the three-planet TTV model, which we confirmed with ground-based and follow-up HST observations. We show that the departure from the three-planet model is explained by including a fourth outer planet, Kepler-51e, in the TTV model. A wide range of masses ($\lesssim M_\mathrm{Jup}$) and orbital periods ($\lesssim 10\,\mathrm{yr}$) are possible for Kepler-51e. Nevertheless, all the coplanar solutions found from our brute-force search imply masses $\lesssim 10\,M_\oplus$ for the inner transiting planets. Thus their densities remain low, though with larger uncertainties than previously estimated. Unlike other possible solutions, the one in which Kepler-51e is around the $2:1$ mean motion resonance with Kepler-51d implies low orbital eccentricities ($\lesssim 0.05$) and comparable masses ($\sim 5\,M_\oplus$) for all four planets, as is seen in other compact multi-planet systems. This work demonstrates the importance of long-term follow-up of TTV systems for probing longer period planets in a system. △ Less

Submitted 4 October, 2024; v1 submitted 2 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 48 pages, 26 figures, accepted for publication in AJ

Tidally Heated Sub-Neptunes, Refined Planetary Compositions, and Confirmation of a Third Planet in the TOI-1266 System

Authors: Michael Greklek-McKeon, Shreyas Vissapragada, Heather A. Knutson, Akihiko Fukui, Morgan Saidel, Jonathan Gomez Barrientos, W. Garrett Levine, Aida Behmard, Konstantin Batygin, Yayaati Chachan, Gautam Vasisht, Renyu Hu, Ryan Cloutier, David Latham, Mercedes López-Morales, Andrew Vanderburg, Carolyn Heffner, Paul Nied, Jennifer Milburn, Isaac Wilson, Diana Roderick, Kathleen Koviak, Tom Barlow, John F. Stone, Rocio Kiman , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: TOI-1266 is a benchmark system of two temperate ($<$ 450 K) sub-Neptune-sized planets orbiting a nearby M dwarf exhibiting a rare inverted architecture with a larger interior planet. In this study, we characterize transit timing variations (TTVs) in the TOI-1266 system using high-precision ground-based follow-up and new TESS data. We confirm the presence of a third exterior non-transiting planet,… ▽ More TOI-1266 is a benchmark system of two temperate ($<$ 450 K) sub-Neptune-sized planets orbiting a nearby M dwarf exhibiting a rare inverted architecture with a larger interior planet. In this study, we characterize transit timing variations (TTVs) in the TOI-1266 system using high-precision ground-based follow-up and new TESS data. We confirm the presence of a third exterior non-transiting planet, TOI-1266 d (P = 32.5 d, $M_d$ = 3.68$^{+1.05}_{-1.11} M_{\oplus}$), and combine the TTVs with archival radial velocity (RV) measurements to improve our knowledge of the planetary masses and radii. We find that, consistent with previous studies, TOI-1266 b ($R_b$ = 2.52 $\pm$ 0.08 $R_{\oplus}$, $M_b$ = 4.46 $\pm$ 0.69 $M_{\oplus}$) has a low bulk density requiring the presence of a hydrogen-rich envelope, while TOI-1266 c ($R_c$ = 1.98 $\pm$ 0.10 $R_{\oplus}$, $M_c$ = 3.17 $\pm$ 0.76 $M_{\oplus}$) has a higher bulk density that can be matched by either a hydrogen-rich or water-rich envelope. Our new dynamical model reveals that this system is arranged in a rare configuration with the inner and outer planets located near the 3:1 period ratio with a non-resonant planet in between them. Our dynamical fits indicate that the inner and outer planet have significantly nonzero eccentricities ($e_b + e_d = 0.076^{+0.029}_{-0.019}$), suggesting that TOI-1266 b may have an inflated envelope due to tidal heating. Finally, we explore the corresponding implications for the formation and long-term evolution of the system, which contains two of the most favorable cool ($<$ 500 K) sub-Neptunes for atmospheric characterization with JWST. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2025; v1 submitted 24 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 37 pages, 19 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

Journal ref: AJ, 169, 292 (2025)

Validation of up to seven TESS planet candidates through multi-colour transit photometry using MuSCAT2 data

Authors: A. Peláez-Torres, E. Esparza-Borges, E. Pallé, H. Parviainen, F. Murgas, G. Morello, M. R. Zapatero-Osorio, J. Korth, N. Narita, A. Fukui, I. Carleo, R. Luque, N. Abreu García, K. Barkaoui, A. Boyle, V. J. S. Béjar, Y. Calatayud-Borras, D. V. Cheryasov, J. L. Christiansen, D. R. Ciardi, G. Enoc, Z. Essack, I. Fukuda, G. Furesz, D. Galán , et al. (40 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The TESS mission searches for transiting exoplanets by monitoring the brightness of hundreds of thousands of stars across the entire sky. M-type planet hosts are ideal targets for this mission due to their smaller size and cooler temperatures, which makes it easier to detect smaller planets near or within their habitable zones. Additionally, M~dwarfs have a smaller contrast ratio between the plane… ▽ More The TESS mission searches for transiting exoplanets by monitoring the brightness of hundreds of thousands of stars across the entire sky. M-type planet hosts are ideal targets for this mission due to their smaller size and cooler temperatures, which makes it easier to detect smaller planets near or within their habitable zones. Additionally, M~dwarfs have a smaller contrast ratio between the planet and the star, making it easier to measure the planet's properties accurately. Here, we report the validation analysis of 13 TESS exoplanet candidates orbiting around M dwarfs. We studied the nature of these candidates through a multi-colour transit photometry transit analysis using several ground-based instruments (MuSCAT2, MuSCAT3, and LCO-SINISTRO), high-spatial resolution observations, and TESS light curves. We present the validation of five new planetary systems: TOI-1883b, TOI-2274b, TOI2768b, TOI-4438b, and TOI-5319b, along with compelling evidence of a planetary nature for TOIs 2781b and 5486b. We also present an empirical definition for the Neptune desert boundaries. The remaining six systems could not be validated due to large true radius values overlapping with the brown dwarf regime or, alternatively, the presence of chromaticity in the MuSCAT2 light curves. △ Less

Submitted 11 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Low abundances of TiO and VO on the Dayside of KELT-9 b: Insights from Ground-Based Photometric Observations

Authors: Yuya Hayashi, Norio Narita, Akihiko Fukui, Quentin Changeat, Kiyoe Kawauchi, Kai Ikuta, Enric Palle, Felipe Murgas, Hannu Parviainen, Emma Esparza-Borges, Alberto Peláez-Torres, Pedro Pablo Meni Gallardo, Giuseppe Morello, Gareb Fernández-Rodríguez, Néstor Abreu García, Sara Muñoz Torres, Yéssica Calatayud Borrás, Pilar Montañés Rodríguez, John H. Livingston, Noriharu Watanabe, Jerome P. de Leon, Yugo Kawai, Keisuke Isogai, Mayuko Mori

Abstract: We present ground-based photometric observations of secondary eclipses of the hottest known planet KELT-9b using MuSCAT2 and Sinistro. We detect secondary eclipse signals in $i$ and $z_{\rm s}$ with eclipse depths of $373^{+74}_{-75}$ ppm and $638^{+199}_{-178}$, respectively. We perform an atmospheric retrieval on the emission spectrum combined with the data from HST/WFC3, Spitzer, TESS, and CHEO… ▽ More We present ground-based photometric observations of secondary eclipses of the hottest known planet KELT-9b using MuSCAT2 and Sinistro. We detect secondary eclipse signals in $i$ and $z_{\rm s}$ with eclipse depths of $373^{+74}_{-75}$ ppm and $638^{+199}_{-178}$, respectively. We perform an atmospheric retrieval on the emission spectrum combined with the data from HST/WFC3, Spitzer, TESS, and CHEOPS to obtain the temperature profile and chemical abundances, including TiO and VO, which have been thought to produce temperature inversion structures in the dayside of ultra-hot Jupiters. While we confirm a strong temperature inversion structure, we find low abundances of TiO and VO with mixing ratios of $\rm{log(TiO)}=-7.80^{+0.15}_{-0.30}$ and $\rm{log(VO)}=-9.60^{+0.64}_{-0.57}$, respectively. The low abundances of TiO and VO are consistent with theoretical predictions for such an ultra-hot atmosphere. In such low abundances, TiO and VO have little effect on the temperature structure of the atmosphere. The abundance of ${\rm e}^{-}$, which serves as a proxy for ${\rm H}^{-}$ ions in this study, is found to be high, with $\rm{log(e^-)}=-4.89\pm{0.06}$. These results indicate that the temperature inversion in KELT-9 b's dayside atmosphere is likely not caused by TiO/VO, but rather by the significant abundance of ${\rm H}^{-}$ ions. The best-fit model cannot fully explain the observed spectrum, and chemical species not included in the retrieval may introduce modeling biases. Future observations with broader wavelength coverage and higher spectral resolution are expected to provide more accurate diagnostics on the presence and abundances of TiO/VO. These advanced observations will overcome the limitations of current data from HST and photometric facilities, which are constrained by narrow wavelength coverage and instrumental systematics. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2024; v1 submitted 28 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 16 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables, Accepted for publication in PASJ

TESS discovery of two super-Earths orbiting the M-dwarf stars TOI-6002 and TOI-5713 near the radius valley

Authors: M. Ghachoui, B. V. Rackham, M. Dévora-Pajares, J. Chouqar, M. Timmermans, L. Kaltenegger, D. Sebastian, F. J. Pozuelos, J. D. Eastman, A. J. Burgasser, F. Murgas, K. G. Stassun, M. Gillon, Z. Benkhaldoun, E. Palle, L. Delrez, J. M. Jenkins, K. Barkaoui, N. Narita, J. P. de Leon, M. Mori, A. Shporer, P. Rowden, V. Kostov, G. Fűrész , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the validation of two TESS super-Earth candidates transiting the mid-M dwarfs TOI-6002 and TOI-5713 every 10.90 and 10.44 days, respectively. The first star (TOI-6002) is located $32.038\pm0.019$ pc away, with a radius of $0.2409^{+0.0066}_{-0.0065}$ \rsun, a mass of $0.2105^{+0.0049}_{-0.0048}$ \msun, and an effective temperature of $3229^{+77}_{-57}$ K. The second star (TOI-5713) is l… ▽ More We present the validation of two TESS super-Earth candidates transiting the mid-M dwarfs TOI-6002 and TOI-5713 every 10.90 and 10.44 days, respectively. The first star (TOI-6002) is located $32.038\pm0.019$ pc away, with a radius of $0.2409^{+0.0066}_{-0.0065}$ \rsun, a mass of $0.2105^{+0.0049}_{-0.0048}$ \msun, and an effective temperature of $3229^{+77}_{-57}$ K. The second star (TOI-5713) is located $40.946\pm0.032$ pc away, with a radius of $0.2985^{+0.0073}_{-0.0072}$ \rsun, a mass of $0.2653\pm0.0061$ \msun, and an effective temperature of $3225^{+41}_{-40}$ K. We validated the planets using TESS data, ground-based multi-wavelength photometry from many ground-based facilities, as well as high-resolution AO observations from Keck/NIRC2. TOI-6002 b has a radius of $1.65^{+0.22}_{-0.19}$ \re\ and receives $1.77^{+0.16}_{-0.11} S_\oplus$. TOI-5713 b has a radius of $1.77_{-0.11}^{+0.13} \re$ and receives $2.42\pm{0.11} S_\oplus$. Both planets are located near the radius valley and near the inner edge of the habitable zone of their host stars, which makes them intriguing targets for future studies to understand the formation and evolution of small planets around M-dwarf stars. △ Less

Submitted 15 September, 2024; v1 submitted 1 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Journal ref: A&A 690, A263 (2024)

Climate Change in Hell: Long-Term Variation in Transits of the Evaporating Planet K2-22b

Authors: E. Gaidos, H. Parviainen, E. Esparza-Borges, A. Fukui, K. Isogai, K. Kawauchi, J. de Leon, M. Mori, F. Murgas, N. Narita, E. Palle, N. Watanabe

Abstract: Context: Rocky planets on ultra-short period orbits can have surface magma oceans and rock-vapour atmospheres in which dust can condense. Observations of that dust can inform about the composition surface conditions on these objects. Aims: We constrain the properties and long-term (decade) behaviour of the transiting dust cloud from the "evaporating" planet K2-22b. Methods: We observed K2-22b arou… ▽ More Context: Rocky planets on ultra-short period orbits can have surface magma oceans and rock-vapour atmospheres in which dust can condense. Observations of that dust can inform about the composition surface conditions on these objects. Aims: We constrain the properties and long-term (decade) behaviour of the transiting dust cloud from the "evaporating" planet K2-22b. Methods: We observed K2-22b around 40 predicted transits with MuSCAT ground-based multi-optical channel imagers, and complemented these data with long-term monitoring by the ground-based ATLAS (2018-2024) and space-based TESS (2021-2023) surveys. Results: We detected signals during 7 transits, none of which showed significant wavelength dependence. The expected number of MuSCAT-detected transits is >=22, indicating a decline in mean transit depth since the K2 discovery observations in 2014. Conclusions: Lack of significant wavelength dependence indicates that dust grains are large or the cloud is optically thick. Long-term trends of depth could be due to a magnetic cycle on the host star or overturn of the planet's dayside surface magma ocean. The possibility that K2-22b is disappearing altogether is ruled out by the stability of the transit ephemeris against non-gravitational forces, which constrains the mass to be at least comparable to Ceres. △ Less

Submitted 24 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: accepted to Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters

Journal ref: A&A 688, L34 (2024)

Comparison of optical spectra between asteroids Ryugu and Bennu: II. High-precision analysis for space weathering trends

Authors: K. Yumoto, E. Tatsumi, T. Kouyama, D. R. Golish, Y. Cho, T. Morota, S. Kameda, H. Sato, B. Rizk, D. N. DellaGiustina, Y. Yokota, H. Suzuki, J. de León, H. Campins, J. Licandro, M. Popescu, J. L. Rizos, R. Honda, M. Yamada, N. Sakatani, C. Honda, M. Matsuoka, M. Hayakawa, H. Sawada, K. Ogawa , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The influence of space weathering on the observed spectra of C-complex asteroids remains uncertain. This has long hindered our understanding of their composition through telescope observations. Multi-band imaging of Ryugu by ONC-T on Hayabusa2 and that of Bennu by MapCam on OSIRIS-REx found opposite spectral trends of space weathering; Ryugu darkened/reddened while Bennu brightened/blued. How the… ▽ More The influence of space weathering on the observed spectra of C-complex asteroids remains uncertain. This has long hindered our understanding of their composition through telescope observations. Multi-band imaging of Ryugu by ONC-T on Hayabusa2 and that of Bennu by MapCam on OSIRIS-REx found opposite spectral trends of space weathering; Ryugu darkened/reddened while Bennu brightened/blued. How the spectra of Ryugu and Bennu evolved relative to each other would place a constraint for understanding their origins and evolutions. In this study, we compared the space weathering trends on Ryugu and Bennu by applying the results of cross calibration between ONC-T and MapCam. We show that the average Bennu surface is brighter by 18.0 $\pm$ 1.5% at 550 nm and bluer by 0.18 $\pm$ 0.03 $μ$m$^{-1}$ (480-850 nm slope) than Ryugu. The spectral slopes of surface materials are more uniform on Bennu than on Ryugu at spatial scales $\gtrsim$1 m, but Bennu is more heterogeneous at $\lesssim$1 m. This suggests that lateral mixing due to resurfacing may have been more efficient on Bennu. The reflectance-spectral slope distributions of craters on Ryugu and Bennu appeared to follow two trend lines with an offset before cross calibration, but they converged to a single straight trend without a bend after cross calibration. We show that the spectra of the freshest craters on Ryugu and Bennu are indistinguishable within the uncertainty of cross calibration. These results suggest that Ryugu and Bennu initially had similar spectra before space weathering and that they evolved in completely opposite directions along the same trend line, subsequently evolving into asteroids with different disk-averaged spectra. These findings further suggest that space weathering likely expanded the spectral slope variation of C-complex asteroids, implying that they may have formed from materials with more uniform spectral slopes. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Journal ref: Icarus, 116204 (2024)

Detection of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the nearby ultracool dwarf star SPECULOOS-3

Authors: Michaël Gillon, Peter P. Pedersen, Benjamin V. Rackham, Georgina Dransfield, Elsa Ducrot, Khalid Barkaoui, Artem Y. Burdanov, Urs Schroffenegger, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Susan M. Lederer, Roi Alonso, Adam J. Burgasser, Steve B. Howell, Norio Narita, Julien de Wit, Brice-Olivier Demory, Didier Queloz, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Laetitia Delrez, Emmanuël Jehin, Matthew J. Hooton, Lionel J. Garcia, Clàudia Jano Muñoz, Catriona A. Murray, Francisco J. Pozuelos , et al. (59 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Located at the bottom of the main sequence, ultracool dwarf stars are widespread in the solar neighbourhood. Nevertheless, their extremely low luminosity has left their planetary population largely unexplored, and only one of them, TRAPPIST-1, has so far been found to host a transiting planetary system. In this context, we present the SPECULOOS project's detection of an Earth-sized planet in a 17… ▽ More Located at the bottom of the main sequence, ultracool dwarf stars are widespread in the solar neighbourhood. Nevertheless, their extremely low luminosity has left their planetary population largely unexplored, and only one of them, TRAPPIST-1, has so far been found to host a transiting planetary system. In this context, we present the SPECULOOS project's detection of an Earth-sized planet in a 17 h orbit around an ultracool dwarf of M6.5 spectral type located 16.8 pc away. The planet's high irradiation (16 times that of Earth) combined with the infrared luminosity and Jupiter-like size of its host star make it one of the most promising rocky exoplanet targets for detailed emission spectroscopy characterization with JWST. Indeed, our sensitivity study shows that just ten secondary eclipse observations with the Mid-InfraRed Instrument/Low-Resolution Spectrometer on board JWST should provide strong constraints on its atmospheric composition and/or surface mineralogy. △ Less

Submitted 2 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Gliese 12 b: A temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 pc ideal for atmospheric transmission spectroscopy

Authors: M. Kuzuhara, A. Fukui, J. H. Livingston, J. A. Caballero, J. P. de Leon, T. Hirano, Y. Kasagi, F. Murgas, N. Narita, M. Omiya, Jaume Orell-Miquel, E. Palle, Q. Changeat, E. Esparza-Borges, H. Harakawa, C. Hellier, Yasunori Hori, Kai Ikuta, H. T. Ishikawa, T. Kodama, T. Kotani, T. Kudo, J. C. Morales, M. Mori, E. Nagel , et al. (81 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We repor… ▽ More Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period ($P_{\rm{orb}}$) of 12.76 days. The planet, Gliese 12b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous $P_{\rm{orb}}$ from TESS data. We confirmed the transit signal and $P_{\rm{orb}}$ using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of $\log L_{\rm X}/L_{\rm bol} \approx -5.7$. Joint analysis of the light curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12b has a radius of 0.96 $\pm$ 0.05 $R_\oplus$, a 3$σ$ mass upper limit of 3.9 $M_\oplus$, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 $\pm$ 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric (TSM) value of Gliese 12b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12b to the small list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST. △ Less

Submitted 23 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 29 pages (20 pages in main body), 13 figures (10 figures in main body). Equal contributions from M. K. and A. F.. Accepted for Publication in ApJL at 2024 March 21

Journal ref: Published on 2024 May 23 by Astrophysical Journal Letters (ApJL) 967 L21

The Discovery and Follow-up of Four Transiting Short-period Sub-Neptunes Orbiting M dwarfs

Authors: Y. Hori, A. Fukui, T. Hirano, N. Narita, J. P. de Leon, H. T. Ishikawa, J. D. Hartman, G. Morello, N. Abreu García, L. Álvarez Hernández, V. J. S. Béjar, Y. Calatayud-Borras, I. Carleo, G. Enoc, E. Esparza-Borges, I. Fukuda, D. Galán, S. Geraldía-González, Y. Hayashi, M. Ikoma, K. Ikuta, K. Isogai, T. Kagetani, Y. Kawai, K. Kawauchi , et al. (78 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Sub-Neptunes with $2-3R_\oplus$ are intermediate in size between rocky planets and Neptune-sized planets. The orbital properties and bulk compositions of transiting sub-Neptunes provide clues to the formation and evolution of close-in small planets. In this paper, we present the discovery and follow-up of four sub-Neptunes orbiting M dwarfs (TOI-782, TOI-1448, TOI-2120, and TOI-2406), three of whi… ▽ More Sub-Neptunes with $2-3R_\oplus$ are intermediate in size between rocky planets and Neptune-sized planets. The orbital properties and bulk compositions of transiting sub-Neptunes provide clues to the formation and evolution of close-in small planets. In this paper, we present the discovery and follow-up of four sub-Neptunes orbiting M dwarfs (TOI-782, TOI-1448, TOI-2120, and TOI-2406), three of which were newly validated by ground-based follow-up observations and statistical analyses. TOI-782 b, TOI-1448 b, TOI-2120 b, and TOI-2406 b have radii of $R_\mathrm{p} = 2.740^{+0.082}_{-0.079}\,R_\oplus$, $2.769^{+0.073}_{-0.068}\,R_\oplus$, $2.120\pm0.067\,R_\oplus$, and $2.830^{+0.068}_{-0.066}\,R_\oplus$ and orbital periods of $P = 8.02$, $8.11$, $5.80$, and $3.08$\,days, respectively. Doppler monitoring with Subaru/InfraRed Doppler instrument led to 2$σ$ upper limits on the masses of $<19.1\ M_\oplus$, $<19.5\ M_\oplus$, $<6.8\ M_\oplus$, and $<15.6\ M_\oplus$ for TOI-782 b, TOI-1448 b, TOI-2120 b, and TOI-2406 b, respectively. The mass-radius relationship of these four sub-Neptunes testifies to the existence of volatile material in their interiors. These four sub-Neptunes, which are located above the so-called ``radius valley'', are likely to retain a significant atmosphere and/or an icy mantle on the core, such as a water world. We find that at least three of the four sub-Neptunes (TOI-782 b, TOI-2120 b, and TOI-2406 b) orbiting M dwarfs older than 1 Gyr, are likely to have eccentricities of $e \sim 0.2-0.3$. The fact that tidal circularization of their orbits is not achieved over 1 Gyr suggests inefficient tidal dissipation in their interiors. △ Less

Submitted 21 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in AJ, 32 pages, 17 figures, 6 tables

Three short-period Earth-sized planets around M dwarfs discovered by TESS: TOI-5720b, TOI-6008b and TOI-6086b

Authors: K. Barkaoui, R. P. Schwarz, N. Narita, P. Mistry, C. Magliano, T. Hirano, M. Maity, A. J. Burgasser, B. V. Rackham, F. Murgas, F. J. Pozuelos, K. G. Stassun, M. E. Everett, D. R. Ciardi, C. Lamman, E. K. Pass, A. Bieryla, C. Aganze, E. Esparza-Borges, K. A. Collins, G. Covone, J. de Leon, M. D'evora-Pajares, J. de Wit, Izuru Fukuda , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: One of the main goals of the NASA's TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) mission is the discovery of Earth-like planets around nearby M-dwarf stars. Here, we present the discovery and validation of three new short-period Earth-sized planets orbiting nearby M-dwarfs: TOI- 5720b, TOI-6008b and TOI-6086b. We combined TESS data, ground-based multi-color light curves, ground-based optical and n… ▽ More One of the main goals of the NASA's TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) mission is the discovery of Earth-like planets around nearby M-dwarf stars. Here, we present the discovery and validation of three new short-period Earth-sized planets orbiting nearby M-dwarfs: TOI- 5720b, TOI-6008b and TOI-6086b. We combined TESS data, ground-based multi-color light curves, ground-based optical and near-infrared spectroscopy, and Subaru/IRD RVs data to validate the planetary candidates and constrain the physical parameters of the systems. In addition, we used archival images, high-resolution imaging, and statistical validation techniques to support the planetary validation. TOI-5720b is a planet with a radius of Rp=1.09 Re orbiting a nearby (23 pc) M2.5 host, with an orbital period of P=1.43 days. It has an equilibrium temperature of Teq=708 K and an incident flux of Sp=41.7 Se. TOI-6008b has a period of P=0.86 day, a radius of Rp=1.03 Re, an equilibrium temperature of Teq=707 K and an incident flux of Sp=41.5 Se. The host star (TOI-6008) is a nearby (36 pc) M5 with an effective temperature of Teff=3075 K. Based on the RV measurements collected with Subaru/IRD, we set a 3-sigma upper limit of Mp<4 M_Earth, thus ruling out a star or brown dwarf as the transiting companion. TOI-6086b orbits its nearby (31 pc) M3 host star (Teff=3200 K) every 1.39 days, and has a radius of Rp=1.18 Re, an equilibrium temperature of Teq=634 K and an incident flux of Sp=26.8 Se. Additional high precision radial velocity measurements are needed to derive the planetary masses and bulk densities, and to search for additional planets in the systems. Moreover, short-period earth-sized planets orbiting around nearby M-dwarfs are suitable targets for atmospheric characterization with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) through transmission and emission spectroscopy, and phase curve photometry. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2024; v1 submitted 10 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The MOPYS project: A survey of 70 planets in search of extended He I and H atmospheres. No evidence of enhanced evaporation in young planets

Authors: J. Orell-Miquel, F. Murgas, E. Pallé, M. Mallorquín, M. López-Puertas, M. Lampón, J. Sanz-Forcada, L. Nortmann, S. Czesla, E. Nagel, I. Ribas, M. Stangret, J. Livingston, E. Knudstrup, S. H. Albrecht, I. Carleo, J. Caballero, F. Dai, E. Esparza-Borges, A. Fukui, K. Heng, Th. Henning, T. Kagetani, F. Lesjak, J. P. de Leon , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: During the first Gyr of their life, exoplanet atmospheres suffer from different atmospheric escape phenomena that can strongly affect the shape and morphology of the exoplanet itself. These processes can be studied with Ly$α$, H$α$ and/or He I triplet observations. We present high-resolution spectroscopy observations from CARMENES and GIARPS checking for He I and H$α$ signals in 20 exoplanetary at… ▽ More During the first Gyr of their life, exoplanet atmospheres suffer from different atmospheric escape phenomena that can strongly affect the shape and morphology of the exoplanet itself. These processes can be studied with Ly$α$, H$α$ and/or He I triplet observations. We present high-resolution spectroscopy observations from CARMENES and GIARPS checking for He I and H$α$ signals in 20 exoplanetary atmospheres: V1298Tau c, K2-100b, HD63433b, HD63433c, HD73583b, HD73583c, K2-77b, TOI-2076b, TOI-2048b, HD235088b, TOI-1807b, TOI-1136d, TOI-1268b, TOI-1683b, TOI-2018b, MASCARA-2b, WASP-189b, TOI-2046b, TOI-1431b, and HAT-P-57b. We report two new high-resolution spectroscopy He I detections for TOI-1268b and TOI-2018b, and an H$α$ detection for TOI-1136d. The MOPYS (Measuring Out-flows in Planets orbiting Young Stars) project aims to understand the evaporating phenomena and test their predictions from the current observations. We compiled a list of 70 exoplanets with He I and/or H$α$ observations, from this work and the literature, and we considered the He I and H$α$ results as proxy for atmospheric escape. Our principal results are that 0.1-1Gyr-old planets do not exhibit more He I or H$α$ detections than older planets, and evaporation signals are more frequent for planets orbiting $\sim$1-3Gyr-old stars. We provide new constrains to the cosmic shoreline, the empirical division between rocky planets and planets with atmosphere, by using the evaporation detections and explore the capabilities of a new dimensionless parameter, $R_{\rm He}/R_{\rm Hill}$, to explain the He I triplet detections. Furthermore, we present a statistically significant upper boundary for the He I triplet detections in the $T_{\rm eq}$ vs $ρ_{\rm p}$ parameter space. Planets located above that boundary are unlikely to show He I absorption signals. △ Less

Submitted 22 July, 2024; v1 submitted 25 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: Accepted in A&A. 64 pages, many figures. Supplementary material in Zenodo

Journal ref: A&A 689, A179 (2024)

Characterization of starspots on a young M-dwarf K2-25: multi-band observations of stellar photometric variability and planetary transits

Authors: Mayuko Mori, Kai Ikuta, Akihiko Fukui, Norio Narita, Jerome P. de Leon, John H. Livingston, Masahiro Ikoma, Yugo Kawai, Kiyoe Kawauchi, Felipe Murgas, Enric Palle, Hannu Parviainen, Gareb Fernández Rodríguez, Yuka Terada, Noriharu Watanabe, Motohide Tamura

Abstract: Detailed atmospheric characterization of exoplanets by transmission spectroscopy requires careful consideration of stellar surface inhomogeneities induced by starspots. This effect is particularly problematic for planetary systems around M-dwarfs, and their spot properties are not fully understood. We investigated the stellar activity of the young M-dwarf K2-25 and its effect on transit observatio… ▽ More Detailed atmospheric characterization of exoplanets by transmission spectroscopy requires careful consideration of stellar surface inhomogeneities induced by starspots. This effect is particularly problematic for planetary systems around M-dwarfs, and their spot properties are not fully understood. We investigated the stellar activity of the young M-dwarf K2-25 and its effect on transit observations of the sub-Neptune K2-25b. From multi-band monitoring observations of stellar brightness variability using ground-based telescopes and TESS, we found that the temperature difference between the spots and photosphere is <190 K and the spot covering fraction is <61% (2$σ$). We also investigated the effect of starspot activity using multi-epoch, multi-band transit observations. We rule out cases with extremely low spot temperatures and large spot covering fractions. The results suggest that spots could distort the transmission spectrum of K2-25b by as much as $\sim$100 ppm amplitude, corresponding to the precision of JWST/NIRSPEC of the target. Our study demonstrates that simultaneous multi-band observations with current instruments can constrain the spot properties of M-dwarfs with good enough precision to support atmospheric studies of young M-dwarf planets via transmission spectroscopy. △ Less

Submitted 20 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 24 pages, 24 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Asteroid reflectance spectra from Gaia DR3: Near-UV in primitive asteroids

Authors: F. Tinaut-Ruano, J. de León, E. Tatsumi, D. Morate, M. Mahlke, P. Tanga, J. Licandro

Abstract: In the context of charge-coupled devices (CCDs), the ultraviolet (UV) region has mostly remained unexplored after the 1990s. Gaia DR3 offers the community a unique opportunity to explore tens of thousands of asteroids in the near-UV as a proxy of the UV absorption. This absorption has been proposed in previous works as a diagnostic of hydration, organics, and space weathering. Aims. In this work,… ▽ More In the context of charge-coupled devices (CCDs), the ultraviolet (UV) region has mostly remained unexplored after the 1990s. Gaia DR3 offers the community a unique opportunity to explore tens of thousands of asteroids in the near-UV as a proxy of the UV absorption. This absorption has been proposed in previous works as a diagnostic of hydration, organics, and space weathering. Aims. In this work, we aim to explore the potential of the NUV as a diagnostic region for primitive asteroids using Gaia DR3. We used a corrective factor over the blue part of Gaia spectra to erase the solar analog selection effect. We identified an artificial relation between the band noise and slope and applied a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) threshold for Gaia bands. Meeting the quality standards, we employed a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to compute the albedo threshold, maximizing primitive asteroid inclusion. Utilizing one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) projections, along with dimensionality-reduction methods (such as PCA and UMAP), we identified primitive asteroid populations. We uncovered: (a) the first observational evidence linking UV absorption to the 0.7 μm band, tied to hydrated iron-rich phyllosilicates; and (b) a 2D space revealing a split in C-type asteroids based on spectral features, including UV absorption. The computed average depth (3.5 +- 1.0 %) and center (0.70 +- 0.03 μm) of the 0.7 μm absorption band for primitive asteroids observed with Gaia is in agreement with the literature values. In this paper, we shed light on the importance of the UV absorption feature to discriminate among different mineralogies (i.e., iron-rich phyllosilicates vs. iron-poor) or to identify taxonomies that are conflated in the visible (i.e., F-types vs. B-types). We have shown that this is a promising region for diagnostic studies of the composition of primitive asteroids. △ Less

Submitted 15 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 14 pages 13 figures, accepted for publication in A&A