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Failed jet breakout in the metal-poor broad-lined type Ic supernova 2026gzf
Authors:
Antonio Martin-Carrillo,
Christina C. Thöne,
James K. Leung,
Gregory Corcoran,
Antonio de Ugarte Postigo,
Peter G. Jonker,
Luca Izzo,
Andrew J. Levan,
Benjamin P. Gompertz,
Stéphane Basa,
Nikhil Sarin,
Jonathan Quirola-Vásquez,
Rob A. J. Eyles-Ferris,
Riccardo Brivio,
Alan M. Watson,
Laura Cotter,
Jennifer Alexandra Chacón,
Andrea Rossi,
Andrea Melandri,
Piramon Kumnurdmanee,
Nial R. Tanvir,
Anshika Gupta,
Franz E. Bauer,
Jean-Grégoire Ducoin,
Andrea Reguitti
, et al. (81 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A long-standing question in the death of massive stars is the role of relativistic jets. While many gamma-ray bursts and some fast X-ray transients seem to be associated with broad-lined type Ic supernovae, the opposite is not true. The lack of observable jet emission in those Ic-BL SNe can be explained by invoking off-axis jets, choked jets that inject all their energy into the stellar envelope,…
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A long-standing question in the death of massive stars is the role of relativistic jets. While many gamma-ray bursts and some fast X-ray transients seem to be associated with broad-lined type Ic supernovae, the opposite is not true. The lack of observable jet emission in those Ic-BL SNe can be explained by invoking off-axis jets, choked jets that inject all their energy into the stellar envelope, baryon-loaded jets for which the prompt high-energy emission is strongly suppressed, or non-jetted SNe. The lack of exact explosion time in the majority of SNe presents an obstacle to distinguish between these scenarios. Here we report the properties of SN 2026gzf associated with the X-ray thermal Einstein Probe shock-breakout EP260321a at z=0.0343. The absence of compelling shocked cocoon and radio emission up to 54 days, combined with initial expansion velocities of ~30,000 km/s and a circumstellar shell of ~0.07 M$_\odot$, favour a scenario for SN 2026gzf in which a jet was choked in the circumstellar shell. Our high-spatial resolution images of the SN environment show that the progenitor was located between two highly star-forming regions with a metallicity lower than any previously known Ic-BL SN. As the first case of a Ic-BL SN associated with high-energy prompt emission without the signature of a jet, SN 2026gzf provides a unique perspective to understand the successful launch of relativistic jets during the deaths of massive stars.
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Submitted 8 June, 2026;
originally announced June 2026.
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GRB 260310A / SN 2026fgk: A Multi-Wavelength Study of a Nearby Underluminous Long GRB and SN with a Complex Afterglow
Authors:
Ramandeep Gill,
Rosa L. Becerra,
Antonio de Ugarte Postigo,
Christina C. Thöne,
Alan M. Watson,
Noémie Globus,
Jean-Grégoire Ducoin,
Peter Veres,
Stanley E. Kurtz,
Asuka Kuwata,
Antonio Martín-Carrillo,
Luca Izzo,
Christophe Adami,
Enrique Moreno Méndez,
Nikos Mandarakas,
Camila Angulo-Valdez,
Stéphane Basa,
William H. Lee,
Edilberto Aguilar-Ruiz,
Dalya Akl,
Margo F. Aller,
Miguel Ángel Aloy,
Jie An,
Sarah Antier,
Jean-Luc Atteia
, et al. (32 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present a comprehensive multi-wavelength study of GRB 260310A / SN 2026fgk, a nearby ($z=0.153$), long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) with an exceptionally underluminous prompt $γ$-ray emission and a Comptonized spectrum. The burst occurred at the edge of a blue host galaxy at a projected distance of 15 kpc, which is one of the largest offsets reported for a long GRB. The bright optical aftergl…
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We present a comprehensive multi-wavelength study of GRB 260310A / SN 2026fgk, a nearby ($z=0.153$), long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) with an exceptionally underluminous prompt $γ$-ray emission and a Comptonized spectrum. The burst occurred at the edge of a blue host galaxy at a projected distance of 15 kpc, which is one of the largest offsets reported for a long GRB. The bright optical afterglow, with dense coverage from COLIBRÍ, likely peaked at a few to several hours post-burst, followed by a shallow decay not expected from canonical afterglow models. Both the optical and X-ray light curves show a brief chromatic plateau from $4-7$ days. We show that the subsequent rebrightening observed at $\sim20$ days is best explained by the combined contribution of the associated Type Ic-BL supernova, identified in GTC spectra, and a late-time refreshed shock. The broadband optical to X-ray spectral energy distribution is well described by synchrotron emission from the forward shock, while the radio observations demand an additional emission component. We model the afterglow using (a) an on-axis uniform jet from a dirty fireball with late-time energy injection and (b) a misaligned jet with power-law angular structure, both having material emitting along our line-of-sight (LOS) moving with an initial Lorentz factor of $Γ_0\sim20-35$. We conclude that at more typical GRB distances ($z\gtrsim0.5$) the prompt $γ$-ray emission from this source would likely have escaped detection, whereas its optical afterglow would have remained observable, making the event appear as an orphan afterglow or a gamma-ray quiet fast X-ray transient.
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Submitted 18 August, 2026; v1 submitted 25 May, 2026;
originally announced May 2026.
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COLIBRI (SVOM/FM-GFT): Instrumentation and Performances on the SVOM Alerts
Authors:
S. Basa,
W. H. Lee,
A. M. Watson,
F. Dolon,
J. Floriot,
J. -L. Atteia,
D. Dornic,
E. E. Lugo-Ibarra,
L. Figueroa,
R. Langarica,
H. Valentin,
M. Ageron,
F. Agneray,
L. C. Alvarez Nunez,
C. Angulo-Valdez,
S. Antier,
T. Auphan,
M. Baumann,
L. Bautista,
R. L. Becerra,
S. Benahmed,
H. Benamar,
C. Blanpain,
O. Boulade,
Y. Bounab
, et al. (49 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
COLIBRI, the French Mexican Ground Followup Telescope (FM GFT) for SVOM, is a 1.3 meter rapid response optical facility specifically developed for prompt, multiband observations of GRB afterglows and for delivering subarcsecond localisations of optical counterparts for detailed followup studies. The telescope operates through a fully automated system that manages the entire workflow, from alert re…
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COLIBRI, the French Mexican Ground Followup Telescope (FM GFT) for SVOM, is a 1.3 meter rapid response optical facility specifically developed for prompt, multiband observations of GRB afterglows and for delivering subarcsecond localisations of optical counterparts for detailed followup studies. The telescope operates through a fully automated system that manages the entire workflow, from alert reception to counterpart identification. Commissioning results confirm that the telescope meets design specifications, and this paper presents a comprehensive performance assessment of the capabilities.
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Submitted 27 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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GRB 241030A: a bright afterglow challenging forward shock emission
Authors:
J. -G. Ducoin,
C. Pellouin,
V. Aivazyan,
D. Akl,
F. Alvarez,
C. Andrade,
C. Angulo,
S. Antier,
J. -L. Atteia,
S. Basa,
R. L. Becerra,
Z. Benkhaldoun,
E. Bissaldi,
A. Breeveld,
E. de. Bruin,
E. Burns,
N. R. Butler,
M. W. Coughlin,
F. Daigne,
T. Dietrich,
D. Dornic,
C. Douzet,
T. du Laz,
P. -A. Duverne,
H. B. Eggenstein
, et al. (75 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 241030A (z = 1.411) exhibited a bright afterglow (similar to GRB 221009A), detected across gamma-ray, X-ray, UV, and optical bands, providing a probe of GRB afterglow physics. We compiled multi-wavelength observations spanning from a minute to a week after the prompt emission, processing the data through a unified photometry pipeline. We analysed the observations both analytica…
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Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 241030A (z = 1.411) exhibited a bright afterglow (similar to GRB 221009A), detected across gamma-ray, X-ray, UV, and optical bands, providing a probe of GRB afterglow physics. We compiled multi-wavelength observations spanning from a minute to a week after the prompt emission, processing the data through a unified photometry pipeline. We analysed the observations both analytically and using Bayesian inference with two independent models. Our models assume that the afterglow emission arises from the strong forward shock of a laterally structured jet, with possible contributions from synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) scatterings. Our models reproduce X-ray to optical data, favouring a jet propagating into a constant-density interstellar medium, with a viewing angle within the jet core. However, both analyses require parameter values that are extreme compared to expectations from standard theory. In particular, our results imply extremely energetic jets despite regular prompt energy, leading to a very inefficient prompt emission. Furthermore, the jets are inefficient at accelerating particles, with low electron and magnetic energy fractions, leading to significant SSC emission. Our analyses indicate that the jets have large opening angles and propagate in high-density media. If the afterglow is indeed powered by radiation emitted behind a strong forward shock, our results place GRB 241030A within a sub-class of GRBs characterised by extreme kinetic energies, large jet opening angles, and very low prompt emission efficiencies, with strong SSC radiation. These predictions are difficult to reconcile with typical expectations from other GRBs. We therefore suggest that the afterglow of GRB 241030A is not solely powered by forward shock emission.
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Submitted 19 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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Multi-epoch afterglow rebrightenings in GRB 250129A: Evidence for successive shock interactions
Authors:
D. Akl,
S. Antier,
H. Koehn,
P. T. H. Pang,
J. J. Geng,
R. Gill,
E. Abdikamalov,
C. Adami,
V. Aivazyan,
L. Almeida,
S. Alshamsi,
C. Andrade,
Q. André,
C. Angulo-Valdez,
J. -L. Atteia,
K. Barkaoui,
S. Basa,
R. L. Becerra,
P. Bendjoya,
D. Berdikhan,
E. Bernaud,
S. Boissier,
S. Brunier,
A. Y. Burdanov,
N. R. Butler
, et al. (83 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Most long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) exhibit afterglows broadly consistent with external forward-shock emission, typically described by smooth broken power-law decays in the multiband light curve. However, a minority of well-sampled GRBs deviate from this behavior, including GRB 250129A. This object shows multiple late-time rebrightenings at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Rebrightenings are often att…
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Most long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) exhibit afterglows broadly consistent with external forward-shock emission, typically described by smooth broken power-law decays in the multiband light curve. However, a minority of well-sampled GRBs deviate from this behavior, including GRB 250129A. This object shows multiple late-time rebrightenings at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Rebrightenings are often attributed to energy injection from prolonged central engine activity, refreshed shocks from delayed shell collisions, density jumps in the ambient medium, or angular jet structure and viewing-angle effects. After analysing the prompt emission observed in gamma-rays and the near-infrared, we investigate the origin of X-ray and optical flaring episodes in GRB 250129A. Physical processes in the afterglow light curves were investigated using methods ranging from empirical fitting to Bayesian inference. The well-sampled flares and the connection between the prompt and afterglow emission allow us to test the consistency of the fireball model and alternative scenarios. Conducting the prompt and time-resolved analyses, we obtained an isotropic-equivalent energy of E_iso,gamma = (1.35 +/- 0.12) x 10^53 erg. By modeling the afterglow using an agnostic Bayesian framework (NMMA), we rule out both a single external-shock evolution and a one-time energy-injection scenario. Numerical calculations show that the rebrightening episodes are consistent with refreshed shocks from delayed collisions between relativistic shells. Based on the consistency between our analyses of the prompt and afterglow GRB 250129A data, we find that two statistically significant rebrightening episodes occur within 1.1 days post trigger and can be explained by a sequence of refreshed shocks. Temporally and spectrally rich GRB datasets such as the one presented in this work, provide a powerful means to test current modeling frameworks.
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Submitted 9 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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Optimizing the potential of KM3NeT in detecting core-collapse supernovae
Authors:
KM3NeT Collaboration,
O. Adriani,
A. Albert,
A. R. Alhebsi,
S. Alshalloudi,
M. Alshamsi,
S. Alves Garre,
F. Ameli,
M. Andre,
L. Aphecetche,
M. Ardid,
S. Ardid,
J. Aublin,
F. Badaracco,
L. Bailly-Salins,
B. Baret,
A. Bariego-Quintana,
Y. Becherini,
M. Bendahman,
F. Benfenati Gualandi,
M. Benhassi,
D. M. Benoit,
Z. Beňušová,
E. Berbee,
E. Berti
, et al. (263 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Core-collapse supernovae mark the end of life of massive stars. However, despite their importance in astrophysics, their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Neutrinos that emerge from the dense core of the star offer a promising way to study supernova dynamics. A strategy is presented to improve the potential of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope to detect core-collapse supernovae in our Galaxy or th…
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Core-collapse supernovae mark the end of life of massive stars. However, despite their importance in astrophysics, their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Neutrinos that emerge from the dense core of the star offer a promising way to study supernova dynamics. A strategy is presented to improve the potential of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope to detect core-collapse supernovae in our Galaxy or the Large Magellanic Cloud by further exploiting the properties of its optical modules equipped with multiple photomultipliers. A supernova burst is expected to produce a sudden hit rate increase in the KM3NeT detectors. New observables have been defined for individual optical modules that exploit the geometry and time distribution of the detected hits, enabling a better discrimination between signal and background signatures. In addition, a thorough investigation of the related systematic uncertainties is presented for the first time. When implemented, this new methodology allowed KM3NeT to probe 46% more Galactic core-collapse supernova candidates than with the previous trigger strategy, reaching the dense Galactic bulge. It is now expected that, once completed, KM3NeT will achieve full Galactic sensitivity to core-collapse supernovae.
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Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 23 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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HOLISMOKES XIX: SN 2025wny at $z=2$, the first strongly lensed superluminous supernova
Authors:
Stefan Taubenberger,
Ana Acebron,
Raoul Cañameras,
Ting-Wan Chen,
Aymeric Galan,
Claudio Grillo,
Alejandra Melo,
Stefan Schuldt,
Allan G. Schweinfurth,
Sherry H. Suyu,
Greg Aldering,
Amar Aryan,
Yu-Hsing Lee,
Elias Mamuzic,
Martin Millon,
Thomas M. Reynolds,
Alexey V. Sergeyev,
Ildar M. Asfandiyarov,
Stéphane Basa,
Stéphane Blondin,
Otabek A. Burkhonov,
Lise Christensen,
Frederic Courbin,
Shuhrat A. Ehgamberdiev,
Tom L. Killestein
, et al. (23 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present imaging and spectroscopic observations of supernova SN 2025wny, associated with the lens candidate PS1 J0716+3821. Photometric monitoring from the Lulin and Maidanak observatories confirms multiple point-like images, consistent with SN 2025wny being strongly lensed by two foreground galaxies. Optical spectroscopy of the brightest image with the Nordic Optical Telescope and the Universit…
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We present imaging and spectroscopic observations of supernova SN 2025wny, associated with the lens candidate PS1 J0716+3821. Photometric monitoring from the Lulin and Maidanak observatories confirms multiple point-like images, consistent with SN 2025wny being strongly lensed by two foreground galaxies. Optical spectroscopy of the brightest image with the Nordic Optical Telescope and the University of Hawaii 88-inch Telescope allows us to determine the redshift to be z_s = 2.008 +- 0.001, based on narrow absorption lines originating in the interstellar medium of the supernova host galaxy. At this redshift, the spectra of SN 2025wny are consistent with those of superluminous supernovae of Type I. We find a high ejecta temperature and depressed spectral lines compared to other similar objects. We also measure, for the first time, the redshift of the fainter of the two lens galaxies (the "perturber") to be z_p = 0.375 +- 0.001, fully consistent with the DESI spectroscopic redshift of the main deflector at z_d = 0.3754. SN 2025wny thus represents the first confirmed galaxy-scale strongly lensed supernova with time delays likely in the range of days to weeks, as judged from the image separations. This makes SN 2025wny suitable for cosmography, offering a promising new system for independent measurements of the Hubble constant. Following a tradition in the field of strongly-lensed SNe, we give SN 2025wny the nickname SN Winny.
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Submitted 24 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Evidence of Energy Injection in the Short and Distant GRB 250221A in a High Density Environment
Authors:
Camila Angulo-Valdez,
Rosa L. Becerra,
Ramandeep Gill,
Noémie Globus,
William H. Lee,
Diego López-Cámara,
Cassidy Mihalenko,
Enrique Moreno-Méndez,
Roberto Ricci,
Karelle Siellez,
Alan M. Watson,
Muskan Yadav,
Yu-han Yang,
Dalya Akl,
Sarah Antier,
Jean-Luc Atteia,
Stéphane Basa,
Nathaniel R. Butler,
Simone Dichiara,
Damien Dornic,
Jean-Grégoire Ducoin,
Francis Fortin,
Leonardo García-García,
Kin Ocelotl López,
Francesco Magnani
, et al. (7 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the short-duration GRB 250221A ($T_{90}=1.80\pm0.32$ s), using a data set from the optical facilities COLIBRÍ, the Harlingten 50~cm Telescope, and the Very Large Telescope. We complement these observations with data from the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and the Einstein Probe, as well as radio observations from the Very Large Array. GRB 25…
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We present the photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the short-duration GRB 250221A ($T_{90}=1.80\pm0.32$ s), using a data set from the optical facilities COLIBRÍ, the Harlingten 50~cm Telescope, and the Very Large Telescope. We complement these observations with data from the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and the Einstein Probe, as well as radio observations from the Very Large Array. GRB 250221A is among the few short GRBs with direct afterglow spectroscopy, which gives a secure redshift determination of $z=0.768$ and allows the unambiguous identification of the host as a galaxy with a star-formation rate of $\sim3\,M_\odot\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$. The X-ray and optical light curves up to $T_0+3\times 10^4$ s (where $T_0$ refers to the GRB trigger time) are well described by forward-shock synchrotron emission in the slow-cooling regime within the standard fireball framework. However, at $T_0 \sim 5\times 10^4$ s, both the X-ray and optical bands exhibit an excess over the same interval, which we interpret as evidence of energy injection into a jet with a half-opening angle of $θ_j=11.5^{\circ}$ through a refreshed shock powered by late central engine activity or a radially stratified ejecta. The burst properties (duration, spectral hardness, peak energy, and location in the Amati plane) all favour a compact binary merger origin. However, our modelling of the afterglow suggests a dense circumburst medium ($n\sim80$ cm$^{-3}$), which is more typical of a collapsar environment.
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Submitted 23 January, 2026; v1 submitted 21 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Constraining gamma-ray burst parameters with the first ultra-high energy neutrino event KM3-230213A
Authors:
KM3NeT Collaboration,
O. Adriani,
A. Albert,
A. R. Alhebsi,
S. Alshalloudi,
M. Alshamsi,
S. Alves Garre,
A. Ambrosone,
F. Ameli,
M. Andre,
L. Aphecetche,
M. Ardid,
S. Ardid,
J. Aublin,
F. Badaracco,
L. Bailly-Salins,
B. Baret,
A. Bariego-Quintana,
Y. Becherini,
M. Bendahman,
F. Benfenati Gualandi,
M. Benhassi,
D. M. Benoit,
Beňušová,
E. Berbee
, et al. (256 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Context: The detection of the highest energy neutrino observed to date by KM3NeT, with an estimated energy of 220 PeV, opens up new possibilities for the study and identification of the astrophysical sources responsible for a diffuse flux of such ultra-high-energy neutrinos, among which gamma-ray bursts are longstanding candidates.
Aims: Based on the event KM3-230213A, we derive constraints on t…
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Context: The detection of the highest energy neutrino observed to date by KM3NeT, with an estimated energy of 220 PeV, opens up new possibilities for the study and identification of the astrophysical sources responsible for a diffuse flux of such ultra-high-energy neutrinos, among which gamma-ray bursts are longstanding candidates.
Aims: Based on the event KM3-230213A, we derive constraints on the baryon loading and density of the surrounding environment in models of blastwaves in long-duration gamma-ray bursts.
Methods: We compute the diffuse flux from gamma-ray burst blastwaves, either expanding in a constant density interstellar medium or developing in a radially decreasing density of a wind-like environment surrounding the gamma-ray burst progenitor star, by taking into account the expected neutrino spectra and luminosity function. We use a Poisson likelihood method to constrain the blastwave model parameters by calculating the expected number of neutrino events within the 90% confidence level energy range of KM3-230213A and by using the joint exposure of KM3NeT/ARCA, IceCube and Pierre Auger.
Results: We constrain the baryon loading to be $\leq \{392, 131, 39, 13\}$ at 90% confidence level, which is inversely proportional to a varying interstellar medium particle density of $\{1, 3, 10, 30\}$ cm$^{-3}$. In the wind-like environment case, the baryon loading is $\leq \{20, 50, 100\}$ at 90% confidence level, which is proportional to the sixth power of a varying density parameter of $\{0.05, 0.06, 0.07\}$.
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Submitted 19 May, 2026; v1 submitted 18 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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The Online Data Filter for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescopes
Authors:
O. Adriani,
S. Aiello,
A. Albert,
A. R. Alhebsi,
M. Alshamsi,
S. Alves Garre,
A. Ambrosone,
F. Ameli,
M. Andre,
L. Aphecetche,
M. Ardid,
S. Ardid,
J. Aublin,
F. Badaracco,
L. Bailly-Salins,
Z. Bardacova,
B. Baret,
A. Bariego-Quintana,
Y. Becherini,
M. Bendahman,
F. Benfenati Gualandi,
M. Benhassi,
M. Bennani,
D. M. Benoit,
E. Berbee
, et al. (257 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The KM3NeT research infrastructure comprises two neutrino telescopes located in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea, namely ORCA and ARCA. KM3NeT/ORCA is designed for the measurement of neutrino properties and KM3NeT/ARCA for the detection of high-energy neutrinos from the cosmos. Neutrinos are indirectly detected using three-dimensional arrays of photo-sensors which detect the Cherenkov ligh…
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The KM3NeT research infrastructure comprises two neutrino telescopes located in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea, namely ORCA and ARCA. KM3NeT/ORCA is designed for the measurement of neutrino properties and KM3NeT/ARCA for the detection of high-energy neutrinos from the cosmos. Neutrinos are indirectly detected using three-dimensional arrays of photo-sensors which detect the Cherenkov light that is produced when relativistic charged particles emerge from a neutrino interaction. The analogue pulses from the photo-sensors are digitised offshore and all digital data are sent to a station on shore where they are processed in real time using a farm of commodity servers and custom software. In this paper, the design and performance of the software that is used to filter the data are presented. The performance of the data filter is evaluated in terms of its efficiency, purity and capacity. The efficiency is measured by the effective volumes of the sensor arrays as a function of the energy of the neutrino. The purity is measured by a comparison of the event rate caused by muons produced by cosmic ray interactions in the Earth's atmosphere with the event rate caused by the background from decays of radioactive elements in the sea water and bioluminescence. The capacity is measured by the minimal number of servers that is needed to sustain the rate of incoming data. The results of these evaluations comply with all specifications. The count rates of all photo-sensors are measured with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. These data are input to the simulations of the detector response and will also be made available for interdisciplinary research.
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Submitted 15 October, 2025; v1 submitted 6 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Limits on the Ejecta Mass During the Search for Kilonovae Associated with Neutron Star-Black Hole Mergers: A case study of S230518h, GW230529, S230627c and the Low-Significance Candidate S240422ed
Authors:
M. Pillas,
S. Antier,
K. Ackley,
T. Ahumada,
D. Akl,
L. de Almeida,
S. Anand,
C. Andrade,
I. Andreoni,
K. A. Bostroem,
M. Bulla,
E. Burns,
T. Cabrera,
S. Chang,
H. Choi,
B. O'Connor,
M. W. Coughlin,
W. Corradi,
A. R. Gibbs,
T. Dietrich,
D. Dornic,
J. -G. Ducoin,
P. -A. Duverne,
M. Dyer,
H. -B. Eggenstein
, et al. (56 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Neutron star-black hole (NSBH) mergers, detectable via their gravitational-wave (GW) emission, are expected to produce kilonovae (KNe). Four NSBH candidates have been identified and followed-up by more than fifty instruments since the start of the fourth GW Observing Run (O4), in May 2023, up to July 2024; however, no confirmed associated KN has been detected. This study evaluates ejecta propertie…
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Neutron star-black hole (NSBH) mergers, detectable via their gravitational-wave (GW) emission, are expected to produce kilonovae (KNe). Four NSBH candidates have been identified and followed-up by more than fifty instruments since the start of the fourth GW Observing Run (O4), in May 2023, up to July 2024; however, no confirmed associated KN has been detected. This study evaluates ejecta properties from multi-messenger observations to understand the absence of detectable KN: we use GW public information and joint observations taken from 05.2023 to 07.2024 (LVK, ATLAS, DECam, GECKO, GOTO, GRANDMA, SAGUARO, TESS, WINTER, ZTF). First, our analysis on follow-up observation strategies shows that, on average, more than 50% of the simulated KNe associated with NSBH mergers reach their peak luminosity around one day after merger in the $g,r,i$- bands, which is not necessarily covered for each NSBH GW candidate. We also analyze the trade-off between observation efficiency and the intrinsic properties of the KN emission, to understand the impact on how these constraints affect our ability to detect the KN, and underlying ejecta properties for each GW candidate. In particular, we can only confirm the kilonova was not missed for 1% of the GW230529 and S230627c sky localization region, given the large sky localization error of GW230529 and the large distance for S230627c and, their respective KN faint luminosities. More constraining, for S230518h, we infer the dynamical ejecta and post-merger disk wind ejecta $m_{dyn}, m_{wind}$ $<$ $0.03$ $M_\odot$ and the viewing angle $θ>25^\circ$. Similarly, the non-astrophysical origin of S240422ed is likely further confirmed by the fact that we would have detected even a faint KN at the time and presumed distance of the S240422ed event candidate, within a minimum 45% credible region of the sky area, that can be larger depending on the KN scenario.
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Submitted 19 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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KM3NeT Constraint on Lorentz-Violating Superluminal Neutrino Velocity
Authors:
KM3NeT Collaboration,
O. Adriani,
S. Aiello,
A. Albert,
A. R. Alhebsi,
M. Alshamsi,
S. Alves Garre,
A. Ambrosone,
F. Ameli,
M. Andre,
L. Aphecetche,
M. Ardid,
S. Ardid,
C. Argüelles,
J. Aublin,
F. Badaracco,
L. Bailly-Salins,
Z. Bardačová,
A. Bariego-Quintana,
Y. Becherini,
M. Bendahman,
F. Benfenati Gualandi,
M. Benhassi,
M. Bennani,
D. M. Benoit
, et al. (268 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Lorentz invariance is a fundamental symmetry of spacetime and foundational to modern physics. One of its most important consequences is the constancy of the speed of light. This invariance, together with the geometry of spacetime, implies that no particle can move faster than the speed of light. In this article, we present the most stringent neutrino-based test of this prediction, using the highes…
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Lorentz invariance is a fundamental symmetry of spacetime and foundational to modern physics. One of its most important consequences is the constancy of the speed of light. This invariance, together with the geometry of spacetime, implies that no particle can move faster than the speed of light. In this article, we present the most stringent neutrino-based test of this prediction, using the highest energy neutrino ever detected to date, KM3-230213A. The arrival of this event, with an energy of $220^{+570}_{-110}\,\text{PeV}$, sets a constraint on $δ\equiv c_ν^2-1 < 4\times10^{-22}$.
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Submitted 24 February, 2025; v1 submitted 17 February, 2025;
originally announced February 2025.
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On the Potential Galactic Origin of the Ultra-High-Energy Event KM3-230213A
Authors:
O. Adriani,
S. Aiello,
A. Albert,
A. R. Alhebsi,
M. Alshamsi,
S. Alves Garre,
A. Ambrosone,
F. Ameli,
M. Andre,
L. Aphecetche,
M. Ardid,
S. Ardid,
J. Aublin,
F. Badaracco,
L. Bailly-Salins,
Z. Bardačová,
B. Baret,
A. Bariego-Quintana,
Y. Becherini,
M. Bendahman,
F. Benfenati Gualandi,
M. Benhassi,
M. Bennani,
D. M. Benoit,
E. Berbee
, et al. (264 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The KM3NeT observatory detected the most energetic neutrino candidate ever observed, with an energy between 72 PeV and 2.6 EeV at the 90% confidence level. The observed neutrino is likely of cosmic origin. In this article, it is investigated if the neutrino could have been produced within the Milky Way. Considering the low fluxes of the Galactic diffuse emission at these energies, the lack of a ne…
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The KM3NeT observatory detected the most energetic neutrino candidate ever observed, with an energy between 72 PeV and 2.6 EeV at the 90% confidence level. The observed neutrino is likely of cosmic origin. In this article, it is investigated if the neutrino could have been produced within the Milky Way. Considering the low fluxes of the Galactic diffuse emission at these energies, the lack of a nearby potential Galactic particle accelerator in the direction of the event and the difficulty to accelerate particles to such high energies in Galactic systems, we conclude that if the event is indeed cosmic, it is most likely of extragalactic origin.
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Submitted 14 February, 2025; v1 submitted 12 February, 2025;
originally announced February 2025.
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The ultra-high-energy event KM3-230213A within the global neutrino landscape
Authors:
KM3NeT Collaboration,
O. Adriani,
S. Aiello,
A. Albert,
A. R. Alhebsi,
M. Alshamsi,
S. Alves Garre,
A. Ambrosone,
F. Ameli,
M. Andre,
L. Aphecetche,
M. Ardid,
S. Ardid,
C. Argüelles,
J. Aublin,
F. Badaracco,
L. Bailly-Salins,
Z. Bardačová,
B. Baret,
A. Bariego-Quintana,
Y. Becherini,
M. Bendahman,
F. Benfenati Gualandi,
M. Benhassi,
M. Bennani
, et al. (268 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
On February 13th, 2023, the KM3NeT/ARCA telescope detected a neutrino candidate with an estimated energy in the hundreds of PeVs. In this article, the observation of this ultra-high-energy neutrino is discussed in light of null observations above tens of PeV from the IceCube and Pierre Auger observatories. Performing a joint fit of all experiments under the assumption of an isotropic $E^{-2}$ flux…
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On February 13th, 2023, the KM3NeT/ARCA telescope detected a neutrino candidate with an estimated energy in the hundreds of PeVs. In this article, the observation of this ultra-high-energy neutrino is discussed in light of null observations above tens of PeV from the IceCube and Pierre Auger observatories. Performing a joint fit of all experiments under the assumption of an isotropic $E^{-2}$ flux, the best-fit single-flavour flux normalisation is $E^2 Φ^{\rm 1f}_{ν+ \bar ν} = 7.5 \times 10^{-10}~{\rm GeV cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1}}$ in the 90% energy range of the KM3NeT event. Furthermore, the ultra-high-energy data are then fit together with the IceCube measurements at lower energies, either with a single power law or with a broken power law, allowing for the presence of a new component in the spectrum. The joint fit including non-observations by other experiments in the ultra-high-energy region shows a slight preference for a break in the PeV regime if the ``High-Energy Starting Events'' sample is included, and no such preference for the other two IceCube samples investigated. A stronger preference for a break appears if only the KM3NeT data is considered in the ultra-high-energy region, though the flux resulting from such a fit would be inconsistent with null observations from IceCube and Pierre Auger. In all cases, the observed tension between KM3NeT and other datasets is of the order of $2.5σ-3σ$, and increased statistics are required to resolve this apparent tension and better characterise the neutrino landscape at ultra-high energies.
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Submitted 12 February, 2025;
originally announced February 2025.
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First Searches for Dark Matter with the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescopes
Authors:
KM3NeT Collaboration,
S. Aiello,
A. Albert,
A. R. Alhebsi,
M. Alshamsi,
S. Alves Garre,
A. Ambrosone,
F. Ameli,
M. Andre,
L. Aphecetche,
M. Ardid,
S. Ardid,
J. Aublin,
F. Badaracco,
L. Bailly-Salins,
Z. Bardačová,
B. Baret,
A. Bariego-Quintana,
Y. Becherini,
M. Bendahman,
F. Benfenati,
M. Benhassi,
M. Bennani,
D. M. Benoit,
E. Berbee
, et al. (240 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Indirect dark matter detection methods are used to observe the products of dark matter annihilations or decays originating from astrophysical objects where large amounts of dark matter are thought to accumulate. With neutrino telescopes, an excess of neutrinos is searched for in nearby dark matter reservoirs, such as the Sun and the Galactic Centre, which could potentially produce a sizeable flux…
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Indirect dark matter detection methods are used to observe the products of dark matter annihilations or decays originating from astrophysical objects where large amounts of dark matter are thought to accumulate. With neutrino telescopes, an excess of neutrinos is searched for in nearby dark matter reservoirs, such as the Sun and the Galactic Centre, which could potentially produce a sizeable flux of Standard Model particles.
The KM3NeT infrastructure, currently under construction, comprises the ARCA and ORCA undersea Čerenkov neutrino detectors located at two different sites in the Mediterranean Sea, offshore of Italy and France, respectively. The two detector configurations are optimised for the detection of neutrinos of different energies, enabling the search for dark matter particles with masses ranging from a few GeV/c$^2$ to hundreds of TeV/c$^2$. In this work, searches for dark matter annihilations in the Galactic Centre and the Sun with data samples taken with the first configurations of both detectors are presented. No significant excess over the expected background was found in either of the two analyses. Limits on the velocity-averaged self-annihilation cross section of dark matter particles are computed for five different primary annihilation channels in the Galactic Centre. For the Sun, limits on the spin-dependent and spin-independent scattering cross sections of dark matter with nucleons are given for three annihilation channels.
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Submitted 17 February, 2025; v1 submitted 15 November, 2024;
originally announced November 2024.
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gSeaGen code by KM3NeT: an efficient tool to propagate muons simulated with CORSIKA
Authors:
S. Aiello,
A. Albert,
A. R. Alhebsi,
M. Alshamsi,
S. Alves Garre,
A. Ambrosone,
F. Ameli,
M. Andre,
L. Aphecetche,
M. Ardid,
S. Ardid,
H. Atmani,
J. Aublin,
F. Badaracco,
L. Bailly-Salins,
Z. Bardačová,
B. Baret,
A. Bariego-Quintana,
Y. Becherini,
M. Bendahman,
F. Benfenati,
M. Benhassi,
M. Bennani,
D. M. Benoit,
E. Berbee
, et al. (238 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The KM3NeT Collaboration has tackled a common challenge faced by the astroparticle physics community, namely adapting the experiment-specific simulation software to work with the CORSIKA air shower simulation output. The proposed solution is an extension of the open source code gSeaGen, which allows the transport of muons generated by CORSIKA to a detector of any size at an arbitrary depth. The gS…
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The KM3NeT Collaboration has tackled a common challenge faced by the astroparticle physics community, namely adapting the experiment-specific simulation software to work with the CORSIKA air shower simulation output. The proposed solution is an extension of the open source code gSeaGen, which allows the transport of muons generated by CORSIKA to a detector of any size at an arbitrary depth. The gSeaGen code was not only extended in terms of functionality but also underwent a thorough redesign of the muon propagation routine, resulting in a more accurate and efficient simulation. This paper presents the capabilities of the new gSeaGen code as well as prospects for further developments.
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Submitted 29 April, 2025; v1 submitted 31 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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Search for Neutrino Emission from GRB 221009A using the KM3NeT ARCA and ORCA detectors
Authors:
S. Aiello,
A. Albert,
M. Alshamsi,
S. Alves Garre,
A. Ambrosone,
F. Ameli,
M. Andre,
E. Androutsou,
M. Anguita,
L. Aphecetche,
M. Ardid,
S. Ardid,
H. Atmani,
J. Aublin,
F. Badaracco,
L. Bailly-Salins,
Z. Bardačová,
B. Baret,
A. Bariego-Quintana,
S. Basegmez du Pree,
Y. Becherini,
M. Bendahman,
F. Benfenati,
M. Benhassi,
D. M. Benoit
, et al. (251 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Gamma-ray bursts are promising candidate sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. The recent GRB 221009A event, identified as the brightest gamma-ray burst ever detected, provides a unique opportunity to investigate hadronic emissions involving neutrinos. The KM3NeT undersea neutrino detectors participated in the worldwide follow-up effort triggered by the event, searching for neutrino even…
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Gamma-ray bursts are promising candidate sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. The recent GRB 221009A event, identified as the brightest gamma-ray burst ever detected, provides a unique opportunity to investigate hadronic emissions involving neutrinos. The KM3NeT undersea neutrino detectors participated in the worldwide follow-up effort triggered by the event, searching for neutrino events. In this letter, we summarize subsequent searches, in a wide energy range from MeV up to a few PeVs. No neutrino events are found in any of the searches performed. Upper limits on the neutrino emission associated with GRB 221009A are computed.
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Submitted 30 April, 2024; v1 submitted 8 April, 2024;
originally announced April 2024.
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Astronomy potential of KM3NeT/ARCA
Authors:
S. Aiello,
A. Albert,
M. Alshamsi,
S. Alves Garre,
Z. Aly,
A. Ambrosone,
F. Ameli,
M. Andre,
E. Androutsou,
M. Anguita,
L. Aphecetche,
M. Ardid,
S. Ardid,
H. Atmani,
J. Aublin,
F. Badaracco,
L. Bailly-Salins,
Z. Bardacová,
B. Baret,
A. Bariego-Quintana,
A. Baruzzi,
S. Basegmez du Pree,
Y. Becherini,
M. Bendahman,
F. Benfenati
, et al. (253 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The KM3NeT/ARCA neutrino detector is currently under construction at 3500 m depth offshore Capo Passero, Sicily, in the Mediterranean Sea. The main science objectives are the detection of high-energy cosmic neutrinos and the discovery of their sources. Simulations were conducted for the full KM3NeT/ARCA detector, instrumenting a volume of 1 km$^3$, to estimate the sensitivity and discovery potenti…
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The KM3NeT/ARCA neutrino detector is currently under construction at 3500 m depth offshore Capo Passero, Sicily, in the Mediterranean Sea. The main science objectives are the detection of high-energy cosmic neutrinos and the discovery of their sources. Simulations were conducted for the full KM3NeT/ARCA detector, instrumenting a volume of 1 km$^3$, to estimate the sensitivity and discovery potential to point-like neutrino sources and an all-sky diffuse neutrino flux. This paper covers the reconstruction of track- and shower-like signatures, as well as the criteria employed for neutrino event selection. By leveraging both the track and shower observation channels, the KM3NeT/ARCA detector demonstrates the capability to detect the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux within half a year of operation, achieving a 5$σ$ statistical significance. With an angular resolution below 0.1$^\circ$ for tracks and under 2$^\circ$ for showers, the sensitivity to point-like neutrino sources surpasses existing observed limits across the entire sky.
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Submitted 17 October, 2024; v1 submitted 13 February, 2024;
originally announced February 2024.