Showing 1–16 of 16 results for author: Etzion, E

X-ray characterization of fully-depleted p-channel Skipper-CCDs for the DarkNESS mission

Authors: Phoenix Alpine, Ana M. Botti, Brenda A. Cervantes-Vergara, Claudio R. Chavez, Fernando Chierchie, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Michael Lembeck, Pilar López Maggi, Joseph Noonan, Brandon Roach, Nathan Saffold, Javier Tiffenberg

Abstract: The Dark matter Nanosatellite Equipped with Skipper Sensors (DarkNESS) mission is a 6U CubeSat designed to search for X-ray lines from decaying dark matter using Skipper-CCDs. Thick, fully-depleted p-channel Skipper-CCDs provide low readout noise and high quantum efficiency for 1-10 keV X-rays, but their X-ray performance has not yet been demonstrated in the space environment. DarkNESS will operat… ▽ More The Dark matter Nanosatellite Equipped with Skipper Sensors (DarkNESS) mission is a 6U CubeSat designed to search for X-ray lines from decaying dark matter using Skipper-CCDs. Thick, fully-depleted p-channel Skipper-CCDs provide low readout noise and high quantum efficiency for 1-10 keV X-rays, but their X-ray performance has not yet been demonstrated in the space environment. DarkNESS will operate in low-Earth orbit, where trapped protons induce displacement damage in the sensor that increases charge-transfer inefficiency and degrades the X-ray energy resolution. This work measures the X-ray line response of Skipper-CCDs before and after proton irradiation and quantifies the associated degradation. A sensor was exposed to 217 MeV protons at a fluence of 8.4 x 10^10 protons cm^-2, corresponding to a displacement-damage dose more than an order of magnitude above the three-year expectation for representative mid-inclination and Sun-synchronous low-Earth orbits. A 55Fe source was used to compare the energy resolution of the beam-exposed quadrant to adjacent unexposed quadrants and a non-irradiated reference sensor. These measurements provide a quantitative assessment of radiation-induced spectral degradation in Skipper-CCDs and enable an estimate of the end-of-life X-ray energy resolution expected for DarkNESS operation in low-Earth orbit. △ Less

Submitted 2 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Charge Trap Analysis in a SENSEI Skipper-CCD: Understanding Low-Energy Backgrounds in Rare-Event Searches

Authors: Agustin Brusco, Bruno Sivilotti, Ana M. Botti, Brenda Cervantes, Ansh Desai, Rouven Essig, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Guillermo Fernandez Moroni, Stephen E. Holland, Ian Lawson, Steffon Luoma, Santiago E. Perez, Dario Rodrigues, Javier Tiffenberg, Sho Uemura, Yikai Wu

Abstract: Skipper Charge-Coupled Devices (Skipper-CCDs) are ultra-low-threshold detectors capable of detecting energy deposits in silicon at the eV scale. Increasingly used in rare-event searches, one of the major challenges in these experiments is mitigating low-energy backgrounds. In this work, we present results on trap characterization in a silicon Skipper-CCD produced in the same fabrication run as the… ▽ More Skipper Charge-Coupled Devices (Skipper-CCDs) are ultra-low-threshold detectors capable of detecting energy deposits in silicon at the eV scale. Increasingly used in rare-event searches, one of the major challenges in these experiments is mitigating low-energy backgrounds. In this work, we present results on trap characterization in a silicon Skipper-CCD produced in the same fabrication run as the SENSEI experiment at SNOLAB. Lattice defects contribute to backgrounds in rare-event searches through single-electron charge trapping. To investigate this, we employ the charge-pumping technique at different temperatures to identify dipoles produced by traps in the CCD channel. We fully characterize a fraction of these traps and use this information to extrapolate their contribution to the single-electron background in SENSEI. We find that this subpopulation of traps does not contribute significantly but more work is needed to assess the impact of the traps that can not be characterized. △ Less

Submitted 27 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-25-0780-PPD

SENSEI: A Search for Diurnal Modulation in sub-GeV Dark Matter Scattering

Authors: Itay M. Bloch, Ana M. Botti, Mariano Cababie, Gustavo Cancelo, Brenda A. Cervantes-Vergara, Miguel Daal, Ansh Desai, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Rouven Essig, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Guillermo Fernandez Moroni, Stephen E. Holland, Jonathan Kehat, Ian Lawson, Steffon Luoma, Aviv Orly, Santiago E. Perez, Dario Rodrigues, Nathan A. Saffold, Silvia Scorza, Miguel Sofo-Haro, Kelly Stifter, Javier Tiffenberg, Sho Uemura , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Dark matter particles with sufficiently large interactions with ordinary matter can scatter in the Earth's atmosphere and crust before reaching an underground detector. This Earth-shielding effect can induce a directional dependence in the dark matter flux, leading to a sidereal daily modulation in the signal rate. We perform a search for such a modulation using data from the SENSEI experiment, ta… ▽ More Dark matter particles with sufficiently large interactions with ordinary matter can scatter in the Earth's atmosphere and crust before reaching an underground detector. This Earth-shielding effect can induce a directional dependence in the dark matter flux, leading to a sidereal daily modulation in the signal rate. We perform a search for such a modulation using data from the SENSEI experiment, targeting MeV-scale dark matter. We achieve an order-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity over previous direct-detection bounds for dark-matter masses below 1 MeV, assuming the Standard Halo Model with a Maxwell--Boltzmann velocity distribution, and constrain the amplitude of a general daily modulation signal to be below 6.8 electrons per gram per day. △ Less

Submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 3, figures, + Supplemental Materials (4 pages, 4 figures) + References

A compact, low-power epithermal neutron counter for lunar water detection

Authors: Julian Cuevas-Zepeda, Phoenix Alpine, Brenda A. Cervantes-Vergara, Claudio Chavez, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Guillermo Fernandez-Moroni, Nathan Saffold, Miguel Sofo-Haro, Javier Tiffenberg

Abstract: The detection and characterization of lunar water are critical for enabling sustainable human and robotic exploration of the Moon. Orbital neutron spectrometers, such as instruments on Lunar Prospector and the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, have revealed hydrogen-rich regions near the poles but are limited by coarse spatial resolution and low counting efficiency. We present a compact, lightweight,… ▽ More The detection and characterization of lunar water are critical for enabling sustainable human and robotic exploration of the Moon. Orbital neutron spectrometers, such as instruments on Lunar Prospector and the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, have revealed hydrogen-rich regions near the poles but are limited by coarse spatial resolution and low counting efficiency. We present a compact, lightweight, and low-power epithermal neutron detector based on boron-coated silicon imagers, designed to probe subsurface hydrogen at decimeter scales from mobile platforms such as lunar rovers. This instrument leverages the high neutron capture cross-section of $^{10}$B to convert epithermal neutrons into detectable $α$ and $^{7}$Li ions in a fully-depleted silicon imager, providing a unique event topology to identify neutrons while suppressing backgrounds. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that a 3 $μ$m boron layer achieves optimal neutron detection efficiency, further enhanced with polyethylene moderation to improve sensitivity to the 0.4 eV-500 keV epithermal energy range. For a 10 cm$^2$ active area, the detector achieves sensitivity to H$_2$O weight fractions as low as 0.01 wt % in a 15 minute measurement. This scalable, portable, low-mass design is well-suited for integration into upcoming Artemis and commercial lunar rovers, providing a transformative capability for in-situ resource prospecting and ground-truth validation of orbital measurements. △ Less

Submitted 4 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-25-0634-PPD

DarkNESS: A skipper-CCD NanoSatellite for Dark Matter Searches

Authors: Phoenix Alpine, Samriddhi Bhatia, Ana M. Botti, Brenda A. Cervantes-Vergara, Claudio R. Chavez, Fernando Chierchie, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Rouven Essig, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Roni Harnik, Terry Kim, Michael Lembeck, Qi Lim, Bernard J. Rauscher, Nathan Saffold, Javier Tiffenberg, Sho Uemura, Hailin Xu

Abstract: The Dark matter Nanosatellite Equipped with Skipper Sensors (DarkNESS) deploys a recently developed skipper-CCD architecture with sub-electron readout noise in low Earth orbit (LEO) to investigate potential signatures of dark matter (DM). The mission addresses two interaction channels: electron recoils from strongly interacting sub-GeV DM and X-rays produced through decaying DM. Orbital observatio… ▽ More The Dark matter Nanosatellite Equipped with Skipper Sensors (DarkNESS) deploys a recently developed skipper-CCD architecture with sub-electron readout noise in low Earth orbit (LEO) to investigate potential signatures of dark matter (DM). The mission addresses two interaction channels: electron recoils from strongly interacting sub-GeV DM and X-rays produced through decaying DM. Orbital observations avoid attenuation that limits ground-based measurements, extending sensitivity reach for both channels. The mission proceeds toward launch following laboratory validation of the instrument. A launch opportunity has been secured through Firefly Aerospace's DREAM 2.0 program, awarded to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). This will constitute the first use of skipper-CCDs in space and evaluate their suitability for low-noise X-ray and single-photon detection in future space observatories. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: Submitted to Advances in Space Research. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2412.12084

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-25-0354-PPD

DarkNESS: developing a skipper-CCD instrument to search for Dark Matter from Low Earth Orbit

Authors: Phoenix Alpine, Samriddhi Bhatia, Fernando Chierchie, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Rouven Essig, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Roni Harnik, Michael Lembeck, Nathan Saffold, Sho Uemura

Abstract: The DarkNESS (Dark Matter Nano-satellite Equipped with Skipper Sensors) mission aims to deploy a skipper-CCD CubeSat Observatory to search for dark matter (DM) from Low Earth Orbit. This mission will employ novel skipper-CCDs to investigate O(keV) X-rays from decaying DM, as well as electron recoils from strongly-interacting sub-GeV DM. The DarkNESS mission will be the first space deployment of sk… ▽ More The DarkNESS (Dark Matter Nano-satellite Equipped with Skipper Sensors) mission aims to deploy a skipper-CCD CubeSat Observatory to search for dark matter (DM) from Low Earth Orbit. This mission will employ novel skipper-CCDs to investigate O(keV) X-rays from decaying DM, as well as electron recoils from strongly-interacting sub-GeV DM. The DarkNESS mission will be the first space deployment of skipper-CCDs, and the DarkNESS team is developing a skipper-CCD instrument that is compatible with the CubeSat platform. DarkNESS has recently progressed from laboratory validation to a Critical Design Review (CDR) phase, with a launch opportunity anticipated in late 2025. The implementation of the DarkNESS skipper-CCD payload on the CubeSat platform will pave the way for future demonstrators of space-based imagers for X-ray and single-electron counting applications. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Report number: FERMILAB-FN-1265-PPD

SENSEI at SNOLAB: Single-Electron Event Rate and Implications for Dark Matter

Authors: Itay M. Bloch, Ana M. Botti, Mariano Cababie, Gustavo Cancelo, Brenda A. Cervantes-Vergara, Miguel Daal, Ansh Desai, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Rouven Essig, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Guillermo Fernandez Moroni, Stephen E. Holland, Jonathan Kehat, Ian Lawson, Steffon Luoma, Aviv Orly, Santiago E. Perez, Dario Rodrigues, Nathan A. Saffold, Silvia Scorza, Miguel Sofo-Haro, Kelly Stifter, Javier Tiffenberg, Sho Uemura , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from data acquired by the SENSEI experiment at SNOLAB after a major upgrade in May 2023, which includes deploying 16 new sensors and replacing the copper trays that house the CCDs with a new light-tight design. We observe a single-electron event rate of $(1.39 \pm 0.11) \times 10^{-5}$ e$^-$/pix/day, corresponding to $(39.8 \pm 3.1)$ e$^-$/gram/day. This is an order-of-magnitude… ▽ More We present results from data acquired by the SENSEI experiment at SNOLAB after a major upgrade in May 2023, which includes deploying 16 new sensors and replacing the copper trays that house the CCDs with a new light-tight design. We observe a single-electron event rate of $(1.39 \pm 0.11) \times 10^{-5}$ e$^-$/pix/day, corresponding to $(39.8 \pm 3.1)$ e$^-$/gram/day. This is an order-of-magnitude improvement compared to the previous lowest single-electron rate in a silicon detector and the lowest for any photon detector in the near-infrared-ultraviolet range. We use these data to obtain a 90% confidence level upper bound of $1.53 \times 10^{-5}$ e$^-$/pix/day and to set constraints on sub-GeV dark matter candidates that produce single-electron events. We hypothesize that the data taken at SNOLAB in the previous run, with an older tray design for the sensors, contained a larger rate of single-electron events due to light leaks. We test this hypothesis using data from the SENSEI detector located in the MINOS cavern at Fermilab. △ Less

Submitted 24 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0767-PPD, YITP-SB-2024-25

SENSEI: First Direct-Detection Results on sub-GeV Dark Matter from SENSEI at SNOLAB

Authors: SENSEI Collaboration, Prakruth Adari, Itay M. Bloch, Ana M. Botti, Mariano Cababie, Gustavo Cancelo, Brenda A. Cervantes-Vergara, Michael Crisler, Miguel Daal, Ansh Desai, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Rouven Essig, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Guillermo Fernandez Moroni, Stephen E. Holland, Jonathan Kehat, Yaron Korn, Ian Lawson, Steffon Luoma, Aviv Orly, Santiago E. Perez, Dario Rodrigues, Nathan A. Saffold, Silvia Scorza , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first results from a dark matter search using six Skipper-CCDs in the SENSEI detector operating at SNOLAB. We employ a bias-mitigation technique of hiding approximately 46% of our total data and aggressively mask images to remove backgrounds. Given a total exposure after masking of 100.72 gram-days from well-performing sensors, we observe 55 two-electron events, 4 three-electron eve… ▽ More We present the first results from a dark matter search using six Skipper-CCDs in the SENSEI detector operating at SNOLAB. We employ a bias-mitigation technique of hiding approximately 46% of our total data and aggressively mask images to remove backgrounds. Given a total exposure after masking of 100.72 gram-days from well-performing sensors, we observe 55 two-electron events, 4 three-electron events, and no events containing 4 to 10 electrons. The two-electron events are consistent with pileup from one-electron events. Among the 4 three-electron events, 2 appear in pixels that are likely impacted by detector defects, although not strongly enough to trigger our "hot-pixel" mask. We use these data to set world-leading constraints on sub-GeV dark matter interacting with electrons and nuclei. △ Less

Submitted 23 January, 2025; v1 submitted 20 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures, + Supplemental Materials (5 pages, 6 figures) + References. v2: Minor clarifications, matches version published in PRL

Report number: YITP-SB-2023-30, FERMILAB-PUB-23-0824-CSAID-PPD

Confirmation of the spectral excess in DAMIC at SNOLAB with skipper CCDs

Authors: A. Aguilar-Arevalo, I. Arnquist, N. Avalos, L. Barak, D. Baxter, X. Bertou, I. M. Bloch, A. M. Botti, M. Cababie, G. Cancelo, N. Castelló-Mor, B. A. Cervantes-Vergara, A. E. Chavarria, J. Cortabitarte-Gutiérrez, M. Crisler, J. Cuevas-Zepeda, A. Dastgheibi-Fard, C. De Dominicis, O. Deligny, A. Drlica-Wagner, J. Duarte-Campderros, J. C. D'Olivo, R. Essig, E. Estrada, J. Estrada , et al. (47 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from a 3.25 kg-day target exposure of two silicon charge-coupled devices (CCDs), each with 24 megapixels and skipper readout, deployed in the DAMIC setup at SNOLAB. With a reduction in pixel readout noise of a factor of 10 relative to the previous detector, we investigate the excess population of low-energy events in the CCD bulk previously observed above expected backgrounds. W… ▽ More We present results from a 3.25 kg-day target exposure of two silicon charge-coupled devices (CCDs), each with 24 megapixels and skipper readout, deployed in the DAMIC setup at SNOLAB. With a reduction in pixel readout noise of a factor of 10 relative to the previous detector, we investigate the excess population of low-energy events in the CCD bulk previously observed above expected backgrounds. We address the dominant systematic uncertainty of the previous analysis through a depth fiducialization designed to reject surface backgrounds on the CCDs. The measured bulk ionization spectrum confirms the presence of an excess population of low-energy events in the CCD target with characteristic rate of ${\sim}7$ events per kg-day and electron-equivalent energies of ${\sim}80~$eV, whose origin remains unknown. △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2024; v1 submitted 2 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-23-256-PPD

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 109, 062007 (2024)

Snowmass2021 Cosmic Frontier: The landscape of low-threshold dark matter direct detection in the next decade

Authors: Rouven Essig, Graham K. Giovanetti, Noah Kurinsky, Dan McKinsey, Karthik Ramanathan, Kelly Stifter, Tien-Tien Yu, A. Aboubrahim, D. Adams, D. S. M. Alves, T. Aralis, H. M. Araújo, D. Baxter, K. V. Berghaus, A. Berlin, C. Blanco, I. M. Bloch, W. M. Bonivento, R. Bunker, S. Burdin, A. Caminata, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, L. Chaplinsky, T. Y. Chen, S. E. Derenzo , et al. (68 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The search for particle-like dark matter with meV-to-GeV masses has developed rapidly in the past few years. We summarize the science case for these searches, the recent progress, and the exciting upcoming opportunities. Funding for Research and Development and a portfolio of small dark matter projects will allow the community to capitalize on the substantial recent advances in theory and experime… ▽ More The search for particle-like dark matter with meV-to-GeV masses has developed rapidly in the past few years. We summarize the science case for these searches, the recent progress, and the exciting upcoming opportunities. Funding for Research and Development and a portfolio of small dark matter projects will allow the community to capitalize on the substantial recent advances in theory and experiment and probe vast regions of unexplored dark-matter parameter space in the coming decade. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2023; v1 submitted 15 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Contribution to Snowmass 2021. v2: includes endorsers and minor changes

The Oscura Experiment

Authors: Alexis Aguilar-Arevalo, Fabricio Alcalde Bessia, Nicolas Avalos, Daniel Baxter, Xavier Bertou, Carla Bonifazi, Ana Botti, Mariano Cababie, Gustavo Cancelo, Brenda Aurea Cervantes-Vergara, Nuria Castello-Mor, Alvaro Chavarria, Claudio R. Chavez, Fernando Chierchie, Juan Manuel De Egea, Juan Carlos D`Olivo, Cyrus E. Dreyer, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Rouven Essig, Juan Estrada, Ezequiel Estrada, Erez Etzion, Guillermo Fernandez-Moroni, Marivi Fernandez-Serra, Steve Holland , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Oscura experiment will lead the search for low-mass dark matter particles using a very large array of novel silicon Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) with a threshold of two electrons and with a total exposure of 30 kg-yr. The R&D effort, which began in FY20, is currently entering the design phase with the goal of being ready to start construction in late 2024. Oscura will have unprecedented sensi… ▽ More The Oscura experiment will lead the search for low-mass dark matter particles using a very large array of novel silicon Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) with a threshold of two electrons and with a total exposure of 30 kg-yr. The R&D effort, which began in FY20, is currently entering the design phase with the goal of being ready to start construction in late 2024. Oscura will have unprecedented sensitivity to sub-GeV dark matter particles that interact with electrons, probing dark matter-electron scattering for masses down to 500 keV and dark matter being absorbed by electrons for masses down to 1 eV. The Oscura R&D effort has made some significant progress on the main technical challenges of the experiment, of which the most significant are engaging new foundries for the fabrication of the CCD sensors, developing a cold readout solution, and understanding the experimental backgrounds. △ Less

Submitted 23 February, 2022; v1 submitted 21 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

EXCESS workshop: Descriptions of rising low-energy spectra

Authors: P. Adari, A. Aguilar-Arevalo, D. Amidei, G. Angloher, E. Armengaud, C. Augier, L. Balogh, S. Banik, D. Baxter, C. Beaufort, G. Beaulieu, V. Belov, Y. Ben Gal, G. Benato, A. Benoît, A. Bento, L. Bergé, A. Bertolini, R. Bhattacharyya, J. Billard, I. M. Bloch, A. Botti, R. Breier, G. Bres, J-. L. Bret , et al. (281 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Many low-threshold experiments observe sharply rising event rates of yet unknown origins below a few hundred eV, and larger than expected from known backgrounds. Due to the significant impact of this excess on the dark matter or neutrino sensitivity of these experiments, a collective effort has been started to share the knowledge about the individual observations. For this, the EXCESS Workshop was… ▽ More Many low-threshold experiments observe sharply rising event rates of yet unknown origins below a few hundred eV, and larger than expected from known backgrounds. Due to the significant impact of this excess on the dark matter or neutrino sensitivity of these experiments, a collective effort has been started to share the knowledge about the individual observations. For this, the EXCESS Workshop was initiated. In its first iteration in June 2021, ten rare event search collaborations contributed to this initiative via talks and discussions. The contributing collaborations were CONNIE, CRESST, DAMIC, EDELWEISS, MINER, NEWS-G, NUCLEUS, RICOCHET, SENSEI and SuperCDMS. They presented data about their observed energy spectra and known backgrounds together with details about the respective measurements. In this paper, we summarize the presented information and give a comprehensive overview of the similarities and differences between the distinct measurements. The provided data is furthermore publicly available on the workshop's data repository together with a plotting tool for visualization. △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2022; v1 submitted 10 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 44 pages, 20 figures; Editors: A. Fuss, M. Kaznacheeva, F. Reindl, F. Wagner; updated copyright statements and funding information

Journal ref: SciPost Phys. Proc. 9, 001 (2022)

Constraints on the electron-hole pair creation energy and Fano factor below 150 eV from Compton scattering in a Skipper-CCD

Authors: A. M. Botti, S. Uemura, G. Fernandez Moroni, L. Barak, M. Cababie, R. Essig, E. Etzion, D. Rodrigues, N. Saffold, M. Sofo Haro, J. Tiffenberg, T. Volansky

Abstract: Fully-depleted thick silicon Skipper-charge-coupled devices (Skipper-CCDs) are an important technology to probe neutrino and light-dark-matter interactions due to their sub-electron read-out noise. However, the successful search for rare neutrino or dark-matter events requires the signal and all backgrounds to be fully characterized. In particular, a measurement of the electron-hole pair creation… ▽ More Fully-depleted thick silicon Skipper-charge-coupled devices (Skipper-CCDs) are an important technology to probe neutrino and light-dark-matter interactions due to their sub-electron read-out noise. However, the successful search for rare neutrino or dark-matter events requires the signal and all backgrounds to be fully characterized. In particular, a measurement of the electron-hole pair creation energy below 150 eV and the Fano factor are necessary for characterizing the dark matter and neutrino signals. Moreover, photons from background radiation may Compton scatter in the silicon bulk, producing events that can mimic a dark matter or neutrino signal. We present a measurement of the Compton spectrum using a Skipper-CCD and a $^{241}$Am source. With these data, we estimate the electron-hole pair-creation energy to be $\left(3.71 \pm 0.08\right)$ eV at 130 K in the energy range between 99.3 eV and 150 eV. By measuring the widths of the steps at 99.3 eV and 150 eV in the Compton spectrum, we introduce a novel technique to measure the Fano factor, setting an upper limit of 0.31 at 90% C.L. These results prove the potential of Skipper-CCDs to characterize the Compton spectrum and to measure precisely the Fano factor and electron-hole pair creation energy below 150 eV. △ Less

Submitted 4 October, 2022; v1 submitted 8 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-22-064-PPD-SCD

SENSEI: Characterization of Single-Electron Events Using a Skipper-CCD

Authors: Liron Barak, Itay M. Bloch, Ana Botti, Mariano Cababie, Gustavo Cancelo, Luke Chaplinsky, Fernando Chierchie, Michael Crisler, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Rouven Essig, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Guillermo Fernandez Moroni, Daniel Gift, Stephen E. Holland, Sravan Munagavalasa, Aviv Orly, Dario Rodrigues, Aman Singal, Miguel Sofo Haro, Leandro Stefanazzi, Javier Tiffenberg, Sho Uemura, Tomer Volansky, Tien-Tien Yu

Abstract: We use a science-grade Skipper Charge Coupled Device (Skipper-CCD) operating in a low-radiation background environment to develop a semi-empirical model that characterizes the origin of single-electron events in CCDs. We identify, separate, and quantify three independent contributions to the single-electron events, which were previously bundled together and classified as "dark counts": dark curren… ▽ More We use a science-grade Skipper Charge Coupled Device (Skipper-CCD) operating in a low-radiation background environment to develop a semi-empirical model that characterizes the origin of single-electron events in CCDs. We identify, separate, and quantify three independent contributions to the single-electron events, which were previously bundled together and classified as "dark counts": dark current, amplifier light, and spurious charge. We measure a dark current, which depends on exposure, of (5.89+-0.77)x10^-4 e-/pix/day, and an unprecedentedly low spurious charge contribution of (1.52+-0.07)x10^-4 e-/pix, which is exposure-independent. In addition, we provide a technique to study events produced by light emitted from the amplifier, which allows the detector's operation to be optimized to minimize this effect to a level below the dark-current contribution. Our accurate characterization of the single-electron events allows one to greatly extend the sensitivity of experiments searching for dark matter or coherent neutrino scattering. Moreover, an accurate understanding of the origin of single-electron events is critical to further progress in ongoing R&D efforts of Skipper and conventional CCDs. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2022; v1 submitted 15 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Applied 17, 014022 (2022)

SENSEI: Direct-Detection Results on sub-GeV Dark Matter from a New Skipper-CCD

Authors: Liron Barak, Itay M. Bloch, Mariano Cababie, Gustavo Cancelo, Luke Chaplinsky, Fernando Chierchie, Michael Crisler, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Rouven Essig, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Guillermo Fernandez Moroni, Daniel Gift, Sravan Munagavalasa, Aviv Orly, Dario Rodrigues, Aman Singal, Miguel Sofo Haro, Leandro Stefanazzi, Javier Tiffenberg, Sho Uemura, Tomer Volansky, Tien-Tien Yu

Abstract: We present the first direct-detection search for eV-to-GeV dark matter using a new ~2-gram high-resistivity Skipper-CCD from a dedicated fabrication batch that was optimized for dark-matter searches. Using 24 days of data acquired in the MINOS cavern at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, we measure the lowest rates in silicon detectors of events containing one, two, three, or four electron… ▽ More We present the first direct-detection search for eV-to-GeV dark matter using a new ~2-gram high-resistivity Skipper-CCD from a dedicated fabrication batch that was optimized for dark-matter searches. Using 24 days of data acquired in the MINOS cavern at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, we measure the lowest rates in silicon detectors of events containing one, two, three, or four electrons, and achieve world-leading sensitivity for a large range of sub-GeV dark matter masses. Data taken with different thicknesses of the detector shield suggest a correlation between the rate of high-energy tracks and the rate of single-electron events previously classified as "dark current." We detail key characteristics of the new Skipper-CCDs, which augur well for the planned construction of the ~100-gram SENSEI experiment at SNOLAB. △ Less

Submitted 2 November, 2020; v1 submitted 23 April, 2020; originally announced April 2020.

Comments: 5 pages, 4 figures, 1 table + Supplemental Materials (5 pages, 8 figures) + References. v3: matches version published in PRL

Report number: YITP-SB-2020-6, FERMILAB-PUB-20-158-AE-E

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 171802 (2020)

SENSEI: Direct-Detection Constraints on Sub-GeV Dark Matter from a Shallow Underground Run Using a Prototype Skipper-CCD

Authors: Orr Abramoff, Liron Barak, Itay M. Bloch, Luke Chaplinsky, Michael Crisler, Dawa, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Rouven Essig, Juan Estrada, Erez Etzion, Guillermo Fernandez, Daniel Gift, Joseph Taenzer, Javier Tiffenberg, Miguel Sofo Haro, Tomer Volansky, Tien-Tien Yu

Abstract: We present new direct-detection constraints on eV-to-GeV dark matter interacting with electrons using a prototype detector of the Sub-Electron-Noise Skipper-CCD Experimental Instrument. The results are based on data taken in the MINOS cavern at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. We focus on data obtained with two distinct readout strategies. For the first strategy, we read out the Skipper-… ▽ More We present new direct-detection constraints on eV-to-GeV dark matter interacting with electrons using a prototype detector of the Sub-Electron-Noise Skipper-CCD Experimental Instrument. The results are based on data taken in the MINOS cavern at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. We focus on data obtained with two distinct readout strategies. For the first strategy, we read out the Skipper-CCD continuously, accumulating an exposure of 0.177 gram-days. While we observe no events containing three or more electrons, we find a large one- and two-electron background event rate, which we attribute to spurious events induced by the amplifier in the Skipper-CCD readout stage. For the second strategy, we take five sets of data in which we switch off all amplifiers while exposing the Skipper-CCD for 120k seconds, and then read out the data through the best prototype amplifier. We find a one-electron event rate of (3.51 +- 0.10) x 10^(-3) events/pixel/day, which is almost two orders of magnitude lower than the one-electron event rate observed in the continuous-readout data, and a two-electron event rate of (3.18 +0.86 -0.55) x 10^(-5) events/pixel/day. We again observe no events containing three or more electrons, for an exposure of 0.069 gram-days. We use these data to derive world-leading constraints on dark matter-electron scattering for masses between 500 keV to 5 MeV, and on dark-photon dark matter being absorbed by electrons for a range of masses below 12.4 eV. △ Less

Submitted 29 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019.

Comments: 5 pages, submitted to PRL

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 161801 (2019)