-
Energy Correlators from Partons to Hadrons: Unveiling the Dynamics of the Strong Interactions with Archival ALEPH Data
Authors:
Hannah Bossi,
Yi Chen,
Yu-Chen Chen,
Max Jaarsma,
Yibei Li,
Jingyu Zhang,
Ian Moult,
Wouter Waalewijn,
Hua Xing Zhu,
Anthony Badea,
Austin Baty,
Christopher McGinn,
Gian Michele Innocenti,
Marcello Maggi,
Yen-Jie Lee
Abstract:
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is a remarkably rich theory exhibiting numerous emergent degrees of freedom, from flux tubes to hadrons. Their description in terms of the underlying quarks and gluons of the QCD Lagrangian remains a central challenge of modern physics. Colliders offer a unique opportunity to probe these phenomena experimentally: high energy partons produced from the QCD vacuum excite…
▽ More
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is a remarkably rich theory exhibiting numerous emergent degrees of freedom, from flux tubes to hadrons. Their description in terms of the underlying quarks and gluons of the QCD Lagrangian remains a central challenge of modern physics. Colliders offer a unique opportunity to probe these phenomena experimentally: high energy partons produced from the QCD vacuum excite these emergent degrees, imprinting their dynamics in correlations in asymptotic energy flux. Decoding these correlations requires measurements with exceptional angular resolution, beyond that achieved in previous measurements. Recent progress has enabled precision calculations of energy flux on charged particles alone, allowing data-theory comparisons for measurements using high resolution tracking detectors. In this Letter, we resurrect thirty-year-old data from the ALEPH tracker, and perform a high angular resolution measurement of the two-point correlation of energy flux, probing QCD over three orders of magnitude in scale in a single measurement. Our measurement unveils for the first time the full spectrum of the correlator, including light-ray quasi-particle states, flux-tube excitations, and their transitions into confined hadrons. We compare our measurement with record precision theoretical predictions, achieving percent level agreement, and revealing interesting new phenomena in the confinement transitions. More broadly, we highlight the immense potential of this newly unlocked archival data set, the so called "recycling frontier", and emphasize synergies with ongoing and future collider experiments.
△ Less
Submitted 31 October, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
-
Analysis note: measurement of thrust and track energy-energy correlator in $e^+e^-$ collisions at 91.2 GeV with DELPHI open data
Authors:
Jingyu Zhang,
Tzu-An Sheng,
Yu-Chen Chen,
Hannah Bossi,
Anthony Badea,
Austin Baty,
Chris McGinn,
Yen-Jie Lee,
Yi Chen
Abstract:
Recent theoretical developments, as well as experimental measurements at hadron collisions, have renewed interest in studying event shape variables in $e^+e^-$ collisions. We present a measurement of thrust and track-based energy-energy correlator in $e^+e^-$ collisions at center-of-mass energy of 91.2 GeV, using newly released open data from the DELPHI experiment. The event shapes, measured with…
▽ More
Recent theoretical developments, as well as experimental measurements at hadron collisions, have renewed interest in studying event shape variables in $e^+e^-$ collisions. We present a measurement of thrust and track-based energy-energy correlator in $e^+e^-$ collisions at center-of-mass energy of 91.2 GeV, using newly released open data from the DELPHI experiment. The event shapes, measured with unprecedented resolution and precision, are compared to various Monte Carlo and analytic predictions. Leveraging DELPHI's unique detector geometry and reconstruction capabilities, the track energy-energy correlator measurement provides data with the highest angular resolution, offering critical inputs for precision tests of QCD in both collinear and back-to-back limits. This note presents the first physics analysis using DELPHI open data and establishes benchmarks necessary for future studies exploiting this legacy dataset.
△ Less
Submitted 21 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
-
Machine Learning-Assisted Measurement of Lepton-Jet Azimuthal Angular Asymmetries in Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA
Authors:
The H1 collaboration,
V. Andreev,
M. Arratia,
A. Baghdasaryan,
A. Baty,
K. Begzsuren,
A. Bolz,
V. Boudry,
G. Brandt,
D. Britzger,
A. Buniatyan,
L. Bystritskaya,
A. J. Campbell,
K. B. Cantun Avila,
K. Cerny,
V. Chekelian,
Z. Chen,
J. G. Contreras,
J. Cvach,
J. B. Dainton,
K. Daum,
A. Deshpande,
C. Diaconu,
A. Drees,
G. Eckerlin
, et al. (119 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In deep-inelastic positron-proton scattering, the lepton-jet azimuthal angular asymmetry is measured using data collected with the H1 detector at HERA. When the average transverse momentum of the lepton-jet system, $\lvert \vec{P}_\perp \rvert $, is much larger than the total transverse momentum of the system, $\lvert \vec{q}_\perp \rvert$, the asymmetry between parallel and antiparallel configura…
▽ More
In deep-inelastic positron-proton scattering, the lepton-jet azimuthal angular asymmetry is measured using data collected with the H1 detector at HERA. When the average transverse momentum of the lepton-jet system, $\lvert \vec{P}_\perp \rvert $, is much larger than the total transverse momentum of the system, $\lvert \vec{q}_\perp \rvert$, the asymmetry between parallel and antiparallel configurations, $\vec{P}_\perp$ and $\vec{q}_\perp$, is expected to be generated by initial and final state soft gluon radiation and can be predicted using perturbation theory. Quantifying the angular properties of the asymmetry therefore provides an additional test of the strong force. Studying the asymmetry is important for future measurements of intrinsic asymmetries generated by the proton's constituents through Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs), where this asymmetry constitutes a dominant background. Moments of the azimuthal asymmetries are measured using a machine learning method for unfolding that does not require binning.
△ Less
Submitted 21 December, 2024; v1 submitted 18 December, 2024;
originally announced December 2024.
-
Measurement of groomed event shape observables in deep-inelastic electron-proton scattering at HERA
Authors:
The H1 collaboration,
V. Andreev,
M. Arratia,
A. Baghdasaryan,
A. Baty,
K. Begzsuren,
A. Bolz,
V. Boudry,
G. Brandt,
D. Britzger,
A. Buniatyan,
L. Bystritskaya,
A. J. Campbell,
K. B. Cantun Avila,
K. Cerny,
V. Chekelian,
Z. Chen,
J. G. Contreras,
J. Cvach,
J. B. Dainton,
K. Daum,
A. Deshpande,
C. Diaconu,
A. Drees,
G. Eckerlin
, et al. (123 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The H1 Collaboration at HERA reports the first measurement of groomed event shape observables in deep inelastic electron-proton scattering (DIS) at $\sqrt{s}=319$ GeV, using data recorded between the years 2003 and 2007 with an integrated luminosity of $351$ pb$^{-1}$. Event shapes provide incisive probes of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD. Grooming techniques have been used for jet measurem…
▽ More
The H1 Collaboration at HERA reports the first measurement of groomed event shape observables in deep inelastic electron-proton scattering (DIS) at $\sqrt{s}=319$ GeV, using data recorded between the years 2003 and 2007 with an integrated luminosity of $351$ pb$^{-1}$. Event shapes provide incisive probes of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD. Grooming techniques have been used for jet measurements in hadronic collisions; this paper presents the first application of grooming to DIS data. The analysis is carried out in the Breit frame, utilizing the novel Centauro jet clustering algorithm that is designed for DIS event topologies. Events are required to have squared momentum-transfer $Q^2 > 150$ GeV$^2$ and inelasticity $ 0.2 < y < 0.7$. We report measurements of the production cross section of groomed event 1-jettiness and groomed invariant mass for several choices of grooming parameter. Monte Carlo model calculations and analytic calculations based on Soft Collinear Effective Theory are compared to the measurements.
△ Less
Submitted 1 August, 2024; v1 submitted 15 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
-
Measurement of the 1-jettiness event shape observable in deep-inelastic electron-proton scattering at HERA
Authors:
The H1 collaboration,
V. Andreev,
M. Arratia,
A. Baghdasaryan,
A. Baty,
K. Begzsuren,
A. Bolz,
V. Boudry,
G. Brandt,
D. Britzger,
A. Buniatyan,
L. Bystritskaya,
A. J. Campbell,
K. B. Cantun Avila,
K. Cerny,
V. Chekelian,
Z. Chen,
J. G. Contreras,
J. Cvach,
J. B. Dainton,
K. Daum,
A. Deshpande,
C. Diaconu,
A. Drees,
G. Eckerlin
, et al. (124 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The H1 Collaboration reports the first measurement of the 1-jettiness event shape observable $τ_1^b$ in neutral-current deep-inelastic electron-proton scattering (DIS). The observable $τ_1^b$ is equivalent to a thrust observable defined in the Breit frame. The data sample was collected at the HERA $ep$ collider in the years 2003-2007 with center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=319\,\text{GeV}$, corres…
▽ More
The H1 Collaboration reports the first measurement of the 1-jettiness event shape observable $τ_1^b$ in neutral-current deep-inelastic electron-proton scattering (DIS). The observable $τ_1^b$ is equivalent to a thrust observable defined in the Breit frame. The data sample was collected at the HERA $ep$ collider in the years 2003-2007 with center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=319\,\text{GeV}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $351.1\,\text{pb}^{-1}$. Triple differential cross sections are provided as a function of $τ_1^b$, event virtuality $Q^2$, and inelasticity $y$, in the kinematic region $Q^2>150\,\text{GeV}^{2}$. Single differential cross section are provided as a function of $τ_1^b$ in a limited kinematic range. Double differential cross sections are measured, in contrast, integrated over $τ_1^b$ and represent the inclusive neutral-current DIS cross section measured as a function of $Q^2$ and $y$. The data are compared to a variety of predictions and include classical and modern Monte Carlo event generators, predictions in fixed-order perturbative QCD where calculations up to $\mathcal{O}(α_s^3)$ are available for $τ_1^b$ or inclusive DIS, and resummed predictions at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy matched to fixed order predictions at $\mathcal{O}(α_s^2)$. These comparisons reveal sensitivity of the 1-jettiness observable to QCD parton shower and resummation effects, as well as the modeling of hadronization and fragmentation. Within their range of validity, the fixed-order predictions provide a good description of the data. Monte Carlo event generators are predictive over the full measured range and hence their underlying models and parameters can be constrained by comparing to the presented data.
△ Less
Submitted 15 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
-
Observation and differential cross section measurement of neutral current DIS events with an empty hemisphere in the Breit frame
Authors:
The H1 collaboration,
V. Andreev,
M. Arratia,
A. Baghdasaryan,
A. Baty,
K. Begzsuren,
A. Bolz,
V. Boudry,
G. Brandt,
D. Britzger,
A. Buniatyan,
L. Bystritskaya,
A. J. Campbell,
K. B. Cantun Avila,
K. Cerny,
V. Chekelian,
Z. Chen,
J. G. Contreras,
J. Cvach,
J. B. Dainton,
K. Daum,
A. Deshpande,
C. Diaconu,
A. Drees,
G. Eckerlin
, et al. (124 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Breit frame provides a natural frame to analyze lepton-proton scattering events. In this reference frame, the parton model hard interactions between a quark and an exchanged boson defines the coordinate system such that the struck quark is back-scattered along the virtual photon momentum direction. In Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), higher order perturbative or non-perturbative effects can chang…
▽ More
The Breit frame provides a natural frame to analyze lepton-proton scattering events. In this reference frame, the parton model hard interactions between a quark and an exchanged boson defines the coordinate system such that the struck quark is back-scattered along the virtual photon momentum direction. In Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), higher order perturbative or non-perturbative effects can change this picture drastically. As Bjorken-$x$ decreases below one half, a rather peculiar event signature is predicted with increasing probability, where no radiation is present in one of the two Breit-frame hemispheres and all emissions are to be found in the other hemisphere. At higher orders in $α_s$ or in the presence of soft QCD effects, predictions of the rate of these events are far from trivial, and that motivates measurements with real data. We report on the first observation of the empty current hemisphere events in electron-proton collisions at the HERA collider using data recorded with the H1 detector at a center-of-mass energy of 319 GeV. The fraction of inclusive neutral-current DIS events with an empty hemisphere is found to be $0.0112 \pm 3.9\,\%_\text{stat} \pm 4.5\,\%_\text{syst} \pm 1.6\,\%_\text{mod}$ in the selected kinematic region of $150< Q^2<1500$ GeV$^2$ and inelasticity $0.14< y<0.7$. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 351.1 pb$^{-1}$, sufficient to enable differential cross section measurements of these events. The results show an enhanced discriminating power at lower Bjorken-$x$ among different Monte Carlo event generator predictions.
△ Less
Submitted 1 August, 2024; v1 submitted 13 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
-
Hot QCD White Paper
Authors:
M. Arslandok,
S. A. Bass,
A. A. Baty,
I. Bautista,
C. Beattie,
F. Becattini,
R. Bellwied,
Y. Berdnikov,
A. Berdnikov,
J. Bielcik,
J. T. Blair,
F. Bock,
B. Boimska,
H. Bossi,
H. Caines,
Y. Chen,
Y. -T. Chien,
M. Chiu,
M. E. Connors,
M. Csanád,
C. L. da Silva,
A. P. Dash,
G. David,
K. Dehmelt,
V. Dexheimer
, et al. (149 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Hot QCD physics studies the nuclear strong force under extreme temperature and densities. Experimentally these conditions are achieved via high-energy collisions of heavy ions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In the past decade, a unique and substantial suite of data was collected at RHIC and the LHC, probing hydrodynamics at the nucleon scale, the…
▽ More
Hot QCD physics studies the nuclear strong force under extreme temperature and densities. Experimentally these conditions are achieved via high-energy collisions of heavy ions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In the past decade, a unique and substantial suite of data was collected at RHIC and the LHC, probing hydrodynamics at the nucleon scale, the temperature dependence of the transport properties of quark-gluon plasma, the phase diagram of nuclear matter, the interaction of quarks and gluons at different scales and much more. This document, as part of the 2023 nuclear science long range planning process, was written to review the progress in hot QCD since the 2015 Long Range Plan for Nuclear Science, as well as highlight the realization of previous recommendations, and present opportunities for the next decade, building on the accomplishments and investments made in theoretical developments and the construction of new detectors. Furthermore, this document provides additional context to support the recommendations voted on at the Joint Hot and Cold QCD Town Hall Meeting, which are reported in a separate document.
△ Less
Submitted 30 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
-
The Present and Future of QCD
Authors:
P. Achenbach,
D. Adhikari,
A. Afanasev,
F. Afzal,
C. A. Aidala,
A. Al-bataineh,
D. K. Almaalol,
M. Amaryan,
D. Androić,
W. R. Armstrong,
M. Arratia,
J. Arrington,
A. Asaturyan,
E. C. Aschenauer,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
T. Averett,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
X. Bai,
K. N. Barish,
N. Barnea,
G. Basar,
M. Battaglieri,
A. A. Baty,
I. Bautista
, et al. (378 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This White Paper presents the community inputs and scientific conclusions from the Hot and Cold QCD Town Meeting that took place September 23-25, 2022 at MIT, as part of the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) 2023 Long Range Planning process. A total of 424 physicists registered for the meeting. The meeting highlighted progress in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) nuclear physics since the 2015…
▽ More
This White Paper presents the community inputs and scientific conclusions from the Hot and Cold QCD Town Meeting that took place September 23-25, 2022 at MIT, as part of the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) 2023 Long Range Planning process. A total of 424 physicists registered for the meeting. The meeting highlighted progress in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) nuclear physics since the 2015 LRP (LRP15) and identified key questions and plausible paths to obtaining answers to those questions, defining priorities for our research over the coming decade. In defining the priority of outstanding physics opportunities for the future, both prospects for the short (~ 5 years) and longer term (5-10 years and beyond) are identified together with the facilities, personnel and other resources needed to maximize the discovery potential and maintain United States leadership in QCD physics worldwide. This White Paper is organized as follows: In the Executive Summary, we detail the Recommendations and Initiatives that were presented and discussed at the Town Meeting, and their supporting rationales. Section 2 highlights major progress and accomplishments of the past seven years. It is followed, in Section 3, by an overview of the physics opportunities for the immediate future, and in relation with the next QCD frontier: the EIC. Section 4 provides an overview of the physics motivations and goals associated with the EIC. Section 5 is devoted to the workforce development and support of diversity, equity and inclusion. This is followed by a dedicated section on computing in Section 6. Section 7 describes the national need for nuclear data science and the relevance to QCD research.
△ Less
Submitted 4 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
-
First measurement of anti-k$_\mathrm{T}$ jet spectra and jet substructure using the archived ALEPH $e^+e^-$ data at 91.2 GeV
Authors:
Yi Chen,
Austin Baty,
Dennis Perepelitsa,
Christopher McGinn,
Jesse Thaler,
Marcello Maggi,
Paoti Chang,
Tzu-An Sheng,
Yang-Ting Chien,
Yen-Jie Lee
Abstract:
We present the first anti-k$_{T}$ jet spectrum and substructure measurements using the archived ALEPH $e^+e^-$ data taken in 1994 at a center of mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 91.2$ GeV. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-k$_{T}$ algorithm with a resolution parameter of 0.4. It is the cleanest test of jets and QCD without the complication of hadronic initial states. The fixed center-of-mass energy a…
▽ More
We present the first anti-k$_{T}$ jet spectrum and substructure measurements using the archived ALEPH $e^+e^-$ data taken in 1994 at a center of mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 91.2$ GeV. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-k$_{T}$ algorithm with a resolution parameter of 0.4. It is the cleanest test of jets and QCD without the complication of hadronic initial states. The fixed center-of-mass energy also allows the first direct test of pQCD calculation. We present both the inclusive jet energy spectrum and the leading dijet energy spectra, together with a number of substructure observables. They are compared to predictions from PYTHIA6, PYTHIA8, Sherpa, HERWIG, VINCIA, and PYQUEN. None of the models fully reproduce the data. The data are also compared to two perturbative QCD calculations at NLO and with NLL'+R resummation. The results can also serve as reference measurements to compare to results from hadronic colliders. Future directions, including testing jet clustering algorithms designed for future electron-ion collider experiments, will also be discussed.
△ Less
Submitted 24 November, 2022;
originally announced November 2022.
-
Impact of jet-production data on the next-to-next-to-leading-order determination of HERAPDF2.0 parton distributions
Authors:
H1,
ZEUS Collaborations,
:,
I. Abt,
R. Aggarwal,
V. Andreev,
M. Arratia,
V. Aushev,
A. Baghdasaryan,
A. Baty,
K. Begzsuren,
O. Behnke,
A. Belousov,
A. Bertolin,
I. Bloch,
V. Boudry,
G. Brandt,
I. Brock,
N. H. Brook,
R. Brugnera,
A. Bruni,
A. Buniatyan,
P. J. Bussey,
L. Bystritskaya,
A. Caldwell
, et al. (212 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The HERAPDF2.0 ensemble of parton distribution functions (PDFs) was introduced in 2015. The final stage is presented, a next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) analysis of the HERA data on inclusive deep inelastic $ep$ scattering together with jet data as published by the H1 and ZEUS collaborations. A perturbative QCD fit, simultaneously of $α_s(M_Z^2)$ and and the PDFs, was performed with the result…
▽ More
The HERAPDF2.0 ensemble of parton distribution functions (PDFs) was introduced in 2015. The final stage is presented, a next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) analysis of the HERA data on inclusive deep inelastic $ep$ scattering together with jet data as published by the H1 and ZEUS collaborations. A perturbative QCD fit, simultaneously of $α_s(M_Z^2)$ and and the PDFs, was performed with the result $α_s(M_Z^2) = 0.1156 \pm 0.0011~{\rm (exp)}~ ^{+0.0001}_{-0.0002}~ {\rm (model}$ ${\rm +~parameterisation)}~ \pm 0.0029~{\rm (scale)}$. The PDF sets of HERAPDF2.0Jets NNLO were determined with separate fits using two fixed values of $α_s(M_Z^2)$, $α_s(M_Z^2)=0.1155$ and $0.118$, since the latter value was already chosen for the published HERAPDF2.0 NNLO analysis based on HERA inclusive DIS data only. The different sets of PDFs are presented, evaluated and compared. The consistency of the PDFs determined with and without the jet data demonstrates the consistency of HERA inclusive and jet-production cross-section data. The inclusion of the jet data reduced the uncertainty on the gluon PDF. Predictions based on the PDFs of HERAPDF2.0Jets NNLO give an excellent description of the jet-production data used as input.
△ Less
Submitted 2 December, 2021;
originally announced December 2021.
-
Measurement of lepton-jet correlation in deep-inelastic scattering with the H1 detector using machine learning for unfolding
Authors:
H1 Collaboration,
V. Andreev,
M. Arratia,
A. Baghdasaryan,
A. Baty,
K. Begzsuren,
A. Belousov,
A. Bolz,
V. Boudry,
G. Brandt,
D. Britzger,
A. Buniatyan,
L. Bystritskaya,
A. J. Campbell,
K. B. Cantun Avila,
K. Cerny,
V. Chekelian,
Z. Chen,
J. G. Contreras,
L. Cunqueiro Mendez,
J. Cvach,
J. B. Dainton,
K. Daum,
A. Deshpande,
C. Diaconu
, et al. (120 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The first measurement of lepton-jet momentum imbalance and azimuthal correlation in lepton-proton scattering at high momentum transfer is presented. These data, taken with the H1 detector at HERA, are corrected for detector effects using an unbinned machine learning algorithm OmniFold, which considers eight observables simultaneously in this first application. The unfolded cross sections are compa…
▽ More
The first measurement of lepton-jet momentum imbalance and azimuthal correlation in lepton-proton scattering at high momentum transfer is presented. These data, taken with the H1 detector at HERA, are corrected for detector effects using an unbinned machine learning algorithm OmniFold, which considers eight observables simultaneously in this first application. The unfolded cross sections are compared to calculations performed within the context of collinear or transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) factorization in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) as well as Monte Carlo event generators. The measurement probes a wide range of QCD phenomena, including TMD parton distribution functions and their evolution with energy in so far unexplored kinematic regions.
△ Less
Submitted 1 April, 2022; v1 submitted 27 August, 2021;
originally announced August 2021.
-
Novel observables for exploring QCD collective evolution and quantum entanglement within individual jets
Authors:
Austin Baty,
Parker Gardner,
Wei Li
Abstract:
We postulate that non-perturbative QCD effects occurring during parton fragmentation can result in collective effects of a multi-parton system, reminiscent of those observed in high-energy hadronic or nuclear interactions with large final-state particle multiplicity. Proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider showed surprising signatures of a strongly interacting, thermalized quark-gluo…
▽ More
We postulate that non-perturbative QCD effects occurring during parton fragmentation can result in collective effects of a multi-parton system, reminiscent of those observed in high-energy hadronic or nuclear interactions with large final-state particle multiplicity. Proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider showed surprising signatures of a strongly interacting, thermalized quark-gluon plasma, which was thought only to form in collisions of large nuclear systems. Another puzzle observed earlier in $e^{+}e^{-}$ collisions is that production yields of various hadron species appear to follow a thermal-like distribution with a common temperature. We propose searches for thermal and collective properties resulting from parton fragmentation processes using high multiplicity jets in high-energy elementary collisions. Several novel observables are studied using the PYTHIA 8 Monte Carlo event generator. Experimental observation of such collectivity will offer a new view of non-perturbative QCD dynamics of multi-parton systems at the smallest scales. Absence of any collective effects may offer new insights into the role of quantum entanglement in the observed thermal behavior of particle production in high energy collisions.
△ Less
Submitted 23 June, 2023; v1 submitted 23 April, 2021;
originally announced April 2021.