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LDMX -- The Light Dark Matter eXperiment
Authors:
Torsten Akesson,
Layan Alsaraya,
Stephen Appert,
Charles Bell,
Elizabeth Berzin,
Nikita Blinov,
Léo Borrel,
Cameron Bravo,
Liam Brennan,
Lene Kristian Bryngemark,
Pierfrancesco Butti,
Riccardo Catena,
Anthony Chavez,
Owen Colegrove,
Giulia Collura,
Patill Daghlian,
Filippo Delzanno,
E. Craig Dukes,
Valentina Dutta,
Bertrand Echenard,
Ralf Ehrlich,
Thomas Eichlersmith,
Jonathan Eisch,
Einar Elén,
Eric Fernandez
, et al. (94 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX) is an electron fixed-target experiment optimized to search for sub-GeV dark matter production through the missing momentum signature. LDMX is designed to operate in End Station A at SLAC, using an 8 GeV electron beam accelerated alongside the LCLS-II drive beam. The design of the apparatus is strongly motivated by the performance requirements of a high-rate…
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The Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX) is an electron fixed-target experiment optimized to search for sub-GeV dark matter production through the missing momentum signature. LDMX is designed to operate in End Station A at SLAC, using an 8 GeV electron beam accelerated alongside the LCLS-II drive beam. The design of the apparatus is strongly motivated by the performance requirements of a high-rate missing momentum search and leverages detector technologies and designs from other experiments along with existing facilities at SLAC. LDMX will improve on previous results by up to three orders of magnitude, enabling broad sensitivity to dark sector scenarios including the dark matter interaction strengths motivated by freeze-out of MeV-GeV mass dark matter to the observed relic abundance. With hermetic forward coverage, LDMX also has sensitivity to visible signatures of dark sectors and provides a unique probe of electron-nuclear interactions important to interpreting data from accelerator-based neutrino experiments. This report encompasses the technical design of the LDMX Detector, its simulated performance, and the physics capabilities of the experiment.
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Submitted 2 October, 2025; v1 submitted 15 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 2, Accelerators, Technical Infrastructure and Safety
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
A. Abada
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory;…
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In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase.
FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold - delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes remains flexible.
FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV - nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC - and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes.
This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 3, Civil Engineering, Implementation and Sustainability
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
P. Azzi
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. I…
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Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. It outlines a technically feasible and economically viable civil engineering configuration that serves as the baseline for detailed subsurface investigations, construction design, cost estimation, and project implementation planning. Additionally, the report highlights ongoing subsurface investigations in key areas to support the development of an improved 3D subsurface model of the region.
The report describes development of the project scenario based on the 'avoid-reduce-compensate' iterative optimisation approach. The reference scenario balances optimal physics performance with territorial compatibility, implementation risks, and costs. Environmental field investigations covering almost 600 hectares of terrain - including numerous urban, economic, social, and technical aspects - confirmed the project's technical feasibility and contributed to the preparation of essential input documents for the formal project authorisation phase. The summary also highlights the initiation of public dialogue as part of the authorisation process. The results of a comprehensive socio-economic impact assessment, which included significant environmental effects, are presented. Even under the most conservative and stringent conditions, a positive benefit-cost ratio for the FCC-ee is obtained. Finally, the report provides a concise summary of the studies conducted to document the current state of the environment.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 1, Physics, Experiments, Detectors
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
P. Azzi
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model.…
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Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model. The report reviews the experimental opportunities offered by the staged implementation of FCC, beginning with an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), operating at several centre-of-mass energies, followed by a hadron collider (FCC-hh). Benchmark examples are given of the expected physics performance, in terms of precision and sensitivity to new phenomena, of each collider stage. Detector requirements and conceptual designs for FCC-ee experiments are discussed, as are the specific demands that the physics programme imposes on the accelerator in the domains of the calibration of the collision energy, and the interface region between the accelerator and the detector. The report also highlights advances in detector, software and computing technologies, as well as the theoretical tools /reconstruction techniques that will enable the precision measurements and discovery potential of the FCC experimental programme. This volume reflects the outcome of a global collaborative effort involving hundreds of scientists and institutions, aided by a dedicated community-building coordination, and provides a targeted assessment of the scientific opportunities and experimental foundations of the FCC programme.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Simulation of Dark Bremsstrahlung in GEANT4
Authors:
Tom Eichlersmith,
Jeremiah Mans,
Omar Moreno,
Joseph Muse,
Michael Revering,
Natalia Toro
Abstract:
A technique for the simulation of dark bremsstrahlung for electrons and muons in GEANT4 is presented. The total cross section is calculated using the Weizsäcker-Williams approximation and the outgoing kinematics are produced by scaling events produced in MadGraph/MadEvent to lower incident lepton energies, allowing the simulation to account for thick targets and lepton sources without fixed energi…
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A technique for the simulation of dark bremsstrahlung for electrons and muons in GEANT4 is presented. The total cross section is calculated using the Weizsäcker-Williams approximation and the outgoing kinematics are produced by scaling events produced in MadGraph/MadEvent to lower incident lepton energies, allowing the simulation to account for thick targets and lepton sources without fixed energies. Compared with dedicated samples produced at an arbitrary particle energy, typical precision of better than 5% is achieved.
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Submitted 31 January, 2023; v1 submitted 7 November, 2022;
originally announced November 2022.
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A High Efficiency Photon Veto for the Light Dark Matter eXperiment
Authors:
Torsten Åkesson,
Nikita Blinov,
Lene Bryngemark,
Owen Colegrove,
Giulia Collura,
Craig Dukes. Valentina Dutta,
Bertrand Echenard,
Thomas Eichlersmith,
Craig Group,
Joshua Hiltbrand,
David G. Hitlin,
Joseph Incandela,
Gordan Krnjaic,
Juan Lazaro,
Amina Li,
Jeremiah Mans,
Phillip Masterson,
Jeremy McCormick,
Omar Moreno,
Geoffrey Mullier,
Akshay Nagar,
Timothy Nelson,
Gavin Niendorf,
James Oyang,
Reese Petersen
, et al. (6 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Fixed-target experiments using primary electron beams can be powerful discovery tools for light dark matter in the sub-GeV mass range. The Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX) is designed to measure missing momentum in high-rate electron fixed-target reactions with beam energies of 4 GeV to 16 GeV. A prerequisite for achieving several important sensitivity milestones is the capability to efficientl…
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Fixed-target experiments using primary electron beams can be powerful discovery tools for light dark matter in the sub-GeV mass range. The Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX) is designed to measure missing momentum in high-rate electron fixed-target reactions with beam energies of 4 GeV to 16 GeV. A prerequisite for achieving several important sensitivity milestones is the capability to efficiently reject backgrounds associated with few-GeV bremsstrahlung, by twelve orders of magnitude, while maintaining high efficiency for signal. The primary challenge arises from events with photo-nuclear reactions faking the missing-momentum property of a dark matter signal. We present a methodology developed for the LDMX detector concept that is capable of the required rejection. By employing a detailed GEANT4-based model of the detector response, we demonstrate that the sampling calorimetry proposed for LDMX can achieve better than $10^{-13}$ rejection of few-GeV photons. This suggests that the luminosity-limited sensitivity of LDMX can be realized at 4 GeV and higher beam energies.
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Submitted 11 December, 2019;
originally announced December 2019.
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Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX)
Authors:
Torsten Åkesson,
Asher Berlin,
Nikita Blinov,
Owen Colegrove,
Giulia Collura,
Valentina Dutta,
Bertrand Echenard,
Joshua Hiltbrand,
David G. Hitlin,
Joseph Incandela,
John Jaros,
Robert Johnson,
Gordan Krnjaic,
Jeremiah Mans,
Takashi Maruyama,
Jeremy McCormick,
Omar Moreno,
Timothy Nelson,
Gavin Niendorf,
Reese Petersen,
Ruth Pöttgen,
Philip Schuster,
Natalia Toro,
Nhan Tran,
Andrew Whitbeck
Abstract:
We present an initial design study for LDMX, the Light Dark Matter Experiment, a small-scale accelerator experiment having broad sensitivity to both direct dark matter and mediator particle production in the sub-GeV mass region. LDMX employs missing momentum and energy techniques in multi-GeV electro-nuclear fixed-target collisions to explore couplings to electrons in uncharted regions that extend…
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We present an initial design study for LDMX, the Light Dark Matter Experiment, a small-scale accelerator experiment having broad sensitivity to both direct dark matter and mediator particle production in the sub-GeV mass region. LDMX employs missing momentum and energy techniques in multi-GeV electro-nuclear fixed-target collisions to explore couplings to electrons in uncharted regions that extend down to and below levels that are motivated by direct thermal freeze-out mechanisms. LDMX would also be sensitive to a wide range of visibly and invisibly decaying dark sector particles, thereby addressing many of the science drivers highlighted in the 2017 US Cosmic Visions New Ideas in Dark Matter Community Report. LDMX would achieve the required sensitivity by leveraging existing and developing detector technologies from the CMS, HPS and Mu2e experiments. In this paper, we present our initial design concept, detailed GEANT-based studies of detector performance, signal and background processes, and a preliminary analysis approach. We demonstrate how a first phase of LDMX could expand sensitivity to a variety of light dark matter, mediator, and millicharge particles by several orders of magnitude in coupling over the broad sub-GeV mass range.
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Submitted 15 August, 2018;
originally announced August 2018.
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US Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter 2017: Community Report
Authors:
Marco Battaglieri,
Alberto Belloni,
Aaron Chou,
Priscilla Cushman,
Bertrand Echenard,
Rouven Essig,
Juan Estrada,
Jonathan L. Feng,
Brenna Flaugher,
Patrick J. Fox,
Peter Graham,
Carter Hall,
Roni Harnik,
JoAnne Hewett,
Joseph Incandela,
Eder Izaguirre,
Daniel McKinsey,
Matthew Pyle,
Natalie Roe,
Gray Rybka,
Pierre Sikivie,
Tim M. P. Tait,
Natalia Toro,
Richard Van De Water,
Neal Weiner
, et al. (226 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This white paper summarizes the workshop "U.S. Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter" held at University of Maryland on March 23-25, 2017.
This white paper summarizes the workshop "U.S. Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter" held at University of Maryland on March 23-25, 2017.
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Submitted 14 July, 2017;
originally announced July 2017.
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Dark Sectors 2016 Workshop: Community Report
Authors:
Jim Alexander,
Marco Battaglieri,
Bertrand Echenard,
Rouven Essig,
Matthew Graham,
Eder Izaguirre,
John Jaros,
Gordan Krnjaic,
Jeremy Mardon,
David Morrissey,
Tim Nelson,
Maxim Perelstein,
Matt Pyle,
Adam Ritz,
Philip Schuster,
Brian Shuve,
Natalia Toro,
Richard G Van De Water,
Daniel Akerib,
Haipeng An,
Konrad Aniol,
Isaac J. Arnquist,
David M. Asner,
Henning O. Back,
Keith Baker
, et al. (179 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This report, based on the Dark Sectors workshop at SLAC in April 2016, summarizes the scientific importance of searches for dark sector dark matter and forces at masses beneath the weak-scale, the status of this broad international field, the important milestones motivating future exploration, and promising experimental opportunities to reach these milestones over the next 5-10 years.
This report, based on the Dark Sectors workshop at SLAC in April 2016, summarizes the scientific importance of searches for dark sector dark matter and forces at masses beneath the weak-scale, the status of this broad international field, the important milestones motivating future exploration, and promising experimental opportunities to reach these milestones over the next 5-10 years.
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Submitted 30 August, 2016;
originally announced August 2016.
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Observation of the rare $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ decay from the combined analysis of CMS and LHCb data
Authors:
The CMS,
LHCb Collaborations,
:,
V. Khachatryan,
A. M. Sirunyan,
A. Tumasyan,
W. Adam,
T. Bergauer,
M. Dragicevic,
J. Erö,
M. Friedl,
R. Frühwirth,
V. M. Ghete,
C. Hartl,
N. Hörmann,
J. Hrubec,
M. Jeitler,
W. Kiesenhofer,
V. Knünz,
M. Krammer,
I. Krätschmer,
D. Liko,
I. Mikulec,
D. Rabady,
B. Rahbaran
, et al. (2807 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A joint measurement is presented of the branching fractions $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ in proton-proton collisions at the LHC by the CMS and LHCb experiments. The data samples were collected in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, and in 2012 at 8 TeV. The combined analysis produces the first observation of the $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ decay, with a statistical significance exceeding six sta…
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A joint measurement is presented of the branching fractions $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ in proton-proton collisions at the LHC by the CMS and LHCb experiments. The data samples were collected in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, and in 2012 at 8 TeV. The combined analysis produces the first observation of the $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ decay, with a statistical significance exceeding six standard deviations, and the best measurement of its branching fraction so far. Furthermore, evidence for the $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ decay is obtained with a statistical significance of three standard deviations. The branching fraction measurements are statistically compatible with SM predictions and impose stringent constraints on several theories beyond the SM.
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Submitted 17 August, 2015; v1 submitted 17 November, 2014;
originally announced November 2014.
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Planning the Future of U.S. Particle Physics (Snowmass 2013): Chapter 8: Instrumentation Frontier
Authors:
M. Demarteau,
R. Lipton,
H. Nicholson,
I. Shipsey,
D. Akerib,
A. Albayrak-Yetkin,
J. Alexander,
J. Anderson,
M. Artuso,
D. Asner,
R. Ball,
M. Battaglia,
C. Bebek,
J. Beene,
Y. Benhammou,
E. Bentefour,
M. Bergevin,
A. Bernstein,
B. Bilki,
E. Blucher,
G. Bolla,
D. Bortoletto,
N. Bowden,
G. Brooijmans,
K. Byrum
, et al. (189 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
These reports present the results of the 2013 Community Summer Study of the APS Division of Particles and Fields ("Snowmass 2013") on the future program of particle physics in the U.S. Chapter 8, on the Instrumentation Frontier, discusses the instrumentation needs of future experiments in the Energy, Intensity, and Cosmic Frontiers, promising new technologies for particle physics research, and iss…
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These reports present the results of the 2013 Community Summer Study of the APS Division of Particles and Fields ("Snowmass 2013") on the future program of particle physics in the U.S. Chapter 8, on the Instrumentation Frontier, discusses the instrumentation needs of future experiments in the Energy, Intensity, and Cosmic Frontiers, promising new technologies for particle physics research, and issues of gathering resources for long-term research in this area.
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Submitted 23 January, 2014;
originally announced January 2014.