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Determination of the Muon Lifetime in $^{76}$Se with the MONUMENT experiment
Authors:
G. R. Araujo,
D. Bajpai,
L. Baudis,
V. Belov,
E. Bossio,
T. E. Cocolios,
H. Ejiri,
M. Fomina,
K. Gusev,
I. H. Hashim,
M. Heines,
S. Kazartsev,
A. Knecht,
E. Mondragón,
Z. W. Ng,
I. Ostrovskiy,
N. Rumyantseva,
S. Schönert,
M. Schwarz,
A. Shehada,
E. Shevchik,
M. Shirchenko,
Y. Shitov,
J. Suhonen,
S. M. Vogiatzi
, et al. (4 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Ordinary muon capture provides a benchmark for the nuclear physics models of neutrinoless double beta decay under comparable momentum transfer conditions. The total capture strength defines the lifetime of the muonic atom. The muon lifetime in $^{76}$Se, the daughter nucleus of $^{76}$Ge, was determined with improved accuracy by the MONUMENT collaboration, using an array of high-purity germanium d…
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Ordinary muon capture provides a benchmark for the nuclear physics models of neutrinoless double beta decay under comparable momentum transfer conditions. The total capture strength defines the lifetime of the muonic atom. The muon lifetime in $^{76}$Se, the daughter nucleus of $^{76}$Ge, was determined with improved accuracy by the MONUMENT collaboration, using an array of high-purity germanium detectors and a set of scintillator counters at the $π$E1 muon beam line of the Paul Scherrer Institute. The new value of (135.1 $\pm$ 0.5) ns agrees with phenomenological calculations based on the quasiparticle random phase approximation with unquenched axial-vector coupling.
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Submitted 21 April, 2026; v1 submitted 27 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Search for the in-situ production of $^{77}$Ge in the GERDA neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment
Authors:
M. Agostini,
A. Alexander,
G. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
S. Calgaro,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
P. -J. Chiu,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
N. Di Marco,
E. Doroshkevich
, et al. (86 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The beta decay of $^{77}$Ge and $^{77\mathrm{m}}$Ge, both produced by neutron capture on $^{76}$Ge, is a potential background for Germanium based neutrinoless double-beta decay search experiments such as GERDA or the LEGEND experiment. In this work we present a search for $^{77}$Ge decays in the full GERDA Phase II data set. A delayed coincidence method was employed to identify the decay of…
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The beta decay of $^{77}$Ge and $^{77\mathrm{m}}$Ge, both produced by neutron capture on $^{76}$Ge, is a potential background for Germanium based neutrinoless double-beta decay search experiments such as GERDA or the LEGEND experiment. In this work we present a search for $^{77}$Ge decays in the full GERDA Phase II data set. A delayed coincidence method was employed to identify the decay of $^{77}$Ge via the isomeric state of $^{77}$As (9/2$^+$, 475 keV, ${T_{1/2} = 114}\,μ$s, $^{77\mathrm{m}}$As). New digital signal processing methods were employed to select and analyze pile-up signals. No signal was observed, and an upper limit on the production rate of was set at $<0.216$ nuc/(kg$\cdot$yr) (90% CL). This corresponds to a total production rate of $^{77}$Ge and $^{77\mathrm{m}}$Ge of $<0.38$ nuc/(kg$\cdot$ yr) (90% CL), assuming equal production rates. A previous Monte Carlo study predicted a value for in-situ $^{77}$Ge and $^{77\mathrm{m}}$Ge production of (0.21$\pm$0.07) nuc/(kg$\cdot$yr), a prediction that is now further corroborated by our experimental limit. Moreover, tagging the isomeric state of $^{77\mathrm{m}}$As can be utilised to further suppress the $^{77}$Ge background. Considering the similar experimental configurations of LEGEND-1000 and GERDA, the cosmogenic background in LEGEND-1000 at LNGS is estimated to remain at a sub-dominant level.
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Submitted 20 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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First Results on the Search for Lepton Number Violating Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay with the LEGEND-200 Experiment
Authors:
H. Acharya,
N. Ackermann,
M. Agostini,
A. Alexander,
C. Andreoiu,
G. R. Araujo,
F. T. Avignone III,
M. Babicz,
W. Bae,
A. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
A. S. Barabash,
P. S. Barbeau,
C. J. Barton,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
E. Bernieri,
L. Bezrukov,
K. H. Bhimani,
V. Biancacci,
E. Blalock,
S. J. Borden,
G. Borghi,
F. Borra,
B. Bos
, et al. (234 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The LEGEND collaboration is searching for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay by operating high-purity germanium detectors enriched in $^{76}$Ge in a low-background liquid argon environment. Building on key technological innovations from GERDA and the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, LEGEND-200 has performed a first $0νββ$ decay search based on 61.0 kg yr of data. Over half of this exposure comes from o…
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The LEGEND collaboration is searching for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay by operating high-purity germanium detectors enriched in $^{76}$Ge in a low-background liquid argon environment. Building on key technological innovations from GERDA and the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, LEGEND-200 has performed a first $0νββ$ decay search based on 61.0 kg yr of data. Over half of this exposure comes from our highest performing detectors, including newly developed inverted-coaxial detectors, and is characterized by an estimated background level of $0.5^{+0.3}_{-0.2}$ cts/(keV kg yr) in the $0νββ$ decay signal region. A combined analysis of data from GERDA, the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, and LEGEND-200, characterized by a 90% confidence level exclusion sensitivity of $2.8 \times 10^{26}$ yr on the half-life of $0νββ$ decay, reveals no evidence for a signal and sets a new observed lower limit at $T^{0ν}_{1/2} > 1.9 \times 10^{26}$ yr (90% confidence level). Assuming the decay is mediated by Majorana neutrinos, this corresponds to an upper limit on the effective Majorana mass in the range $m_{ββ} < 75-200$ meV, depending on the adopted nuclear matrix element.
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Submitted 30 September, 2025; v1 submitted 15 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Nuclear recoil detection with color centers in bulk lithium fluoride
Authors:
Gabriela A. Araujo,
Laura Baudis,
Nathaniel Bowden,
Jordan Chapman,
Anna Erickson,
Mariano Guerrero Perez,
Adam A. Hecht,
Samuel C. Hedges,
Patrick Huber,
Vsevolod Ivanov,
Igor Jovanovic,
Giti A. Khodaparast,
Brenden A. Magill,
Jose Maria Mateos,
Maverick Morrison,
Nicholas W. G. Smith,
Patrick Stengel,
Stuti Surani,
Nikita Vladimirov,
Keegan Walkup,
Christian Wittweg,
Xianyi Zhang
Abstract:
We present initial results on nuclear recoil detection based on the fluorescence of color centers created by nuclear recoils in lithium fluoride. We use gamma rays, fast and thermal neutrons, and study the difference in responses they induce, showing that this type of detector is rather insensitive to gamma rays. We use light-sheet fluorescence microscopy to image nuclear recoil tracks from fast a…
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We present initial results on nuclear recoil detection based on the fluorescence of color centers created by nuclear recoils in lithium fluoride. We use gamma rays, fast and thermal neutrons, and study the difference in responses they induce, showing that this type of detector is rather insensitive to gamma rays. We use light-sheet fluorescence microscopy to image nuclear recoil tracks from fast and thermal neutron interactions deep inside a cubic-centimeter sized crystal and demonstrate automated feature extraction in three dimensions using machine learning tools. The number, size, and topology of the events agree with expectations based on simulations with TRIM. These results constitute the first step towards 10-1000g scale detectors with single-event sensitivity for applications such as the detection of dark matter particles, reactor neutrinos, and neutrons.
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Submitted 26 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Demonstration of the light collection stability of a PEN-based wavelength shifting reflector in a tonne scale liquid argon detector
Authors:
V. Gupta,
G. R. Araujo,
M. Babicz,
L. Baudis,
P. -J. Chiu,
S. Choudhary,
M. Goldbrunner,
A. Hamer,
M. Kuźniak,
M. Kuźwa,
A. Leonhardt,
E. Montagna,
G. Nieradka,
H. B. Parkinson,
F. Pietropaolo,
T. R. Pollmann,
F. Resnati,
S. Schönert,
A. M. Szelc,
K. Thieme,
M. Walczak
Abstract:
Liquid argon detectors rely on wavelength shifters for efficient detection of scintillation light. The current standard is tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB), but it is challenging to instrument on a large scale. Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN), a polyester easily manufactured as thin sheets, could simplify the coverage of large surfaces with wavelength shifters. Previous measurements have shown tha…
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Liquid argon detectors rely on wavelength shifters for efficient detection of scintillation light. The current standard is tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB), but it is challenging to instrument on a large scale. Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN), a polyester easily manufactured as thin sheets, could simplify the coverage of large surfaces with wavelength shifters. Previous measurements have shown that commercial grades of PEN have approximately 50% light conversion efficiency relative to TPB. Encouraged by these results, we conducted a large-scale measurement using $4~m^2$ combined PEN and specular reflector foils in a two-tonne liquid argon dewar to assess its stability over approximately two weeks. This test is crucial for validating PEN as a viable substitute for TPB. The setup used for the measurement of the stability of PEN as a wavelength shifter is described, together with the first results, showing no evidence of performance deterioration over a period of 12 days.
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Submitted 26 November, 2024;
originally announced November 2024.
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Searches for new physics below twice the electron mass with GERDA
Authors:
GERDA Collaboration,
M. Agostini,
A. Alexander,
G. R. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
S. Calgaro,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
P. -J. Chiu,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
N. Di Marco
, et al. (86 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for full energy depositions from bosonic keV-scale dark matter candidates of masses between 65 keV and 1021 keV has been performed with data collected during Phase II of the GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment. Our analysis includes direct dark matter absorption as well as dark Compton scattering. With a total exposure of 105.5 kg yr, no evidence for a signal above the background…
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A search for full energy depositions from bosonic keV-scale dark matter candidates of masses between 65 keV and 1021 keV has been performed with data collected during Phase II of the GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment. Our analysis includes direct dark matter absorption as well as dark Compton scattering. With a total exposure of 105.5 kg yr, no evidence for a signal above the background has been observed. The resulting exclusion limits deduced with either Bayesian or Frequentist statistics are the most stringent direct constraints in the major part of the 140-1021 keV mass range. As an example, at a mass of 150 keV the dimensionless coupling of dark photons and axion-like particles to electrons has been constrained to $α$'/$α$ < 8.7x10$^{-24}$ and g$_{ae}$ < 3.3x10$^{-12}$ at 90% credible interval (CI), respectively. Additionally, a search for peak-like signals from beyond the Standard Model decays of nucleons and electrons is performed. We find for the inclusive decay of a single neutron in $^{76}$Ge a lower lifetime limit of $τ_n$ > 1.5x10$^{24}$ yr and for a proton $τ_p$ > 1.3x10$^{24}$ yr at 90% CI. For the electron decay e$^-\rightarrowν_eγ$ a lower limit of $τ_e$ > 5.4x10$^{25}$ yr at 90% CI has been determined.
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Submitted 24 May, 2024;
originally announced May 2024.
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The MONUMENT Experiment: Ordinary Muon Capture studies for 0$νββ$ decay
Authors:
Dhanurdhar Bajpai,
Laura Baudis,
Viacheslav Belov,
Elisabetta Bossio,
Thomas E. Cocolios,
Hiroyasu Ejiri,
Evgenii Sushenok,
Maria Fomina,
Izyan H. Hashim,
Michael Heines,
Konstantin Gusev,
Sergej Kazartsev,
Andreas Knecht,
Elizabeth Mondragon,
Ng Zheng Wei,
Faiznur Othman,
Igor Ostrovskiy,
Gabriela R. Araujo,
Nadyia Rumyantseva,
Mario Schwarz,
Stefan Schoenert,
Mark Shirchenko,
Egor Shevchik,
Yury Shitov,
Jouni Suhonen
, et al. (4 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The MONUMENT experiment measures ordinary muon capture (OMC) on isotopes relevant for neutrinoless double-beta (0$νββ$) decay and nuclear astrophysics. OMC is a particularly attractive tool for improving the theoretical description of 0$νββ$ decay. It involves similar momentum transfers and allows testing the virtual transitions involved in 0$νββ$ decay against experimental data. During the 2021 c…
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The MONUMENT experiment measures ordinary muon capture (OMC) on isotopes relevant for neutrinoless double-beta (0$νββ$) decay and nuclear astrophysics. OMC is a particularly attractive tool for improving the theoretical description of 0$νββ$ decay. It involves similar momentum transfers and allows testing the virtual transitions involved in 0$νββ$ decay against experimental data. During the 2021 campaign, MONUMENT measured OMC on $^{76}$Se and $^{136}$Ba, the isotopes relevant for next-generation 0$νββ$ decay searches, like LEGEND and nEXO. The experimental setup has been designed to accurately extract the total and partial muon capture rates, which requires precise reconstruction of energies and time-dependent intensities of the OMC-related $γ$ rays. The setup also includes a veto counter system to allow selecting a clean sample of OMC events. This work provides a detailed description of the MONUMENT setup operated during the 2021 campaign, its two DAQ systems, calibration and analysis approaches, and summarises the achieved detector performance. Future improvements are also discussed.
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Submitted 19 April, 2024;
originally announced April 2024.
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An improved limit on the neutrinoless double-electron capture of $^{36}$Ar with GERDA
Authors:
GERDA Collaboration,
M. Agostini,
A. Alexander,
G. R. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
V. Brudanin,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
N. Di Marco,
E. Doroshkevich
, et al. (88 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment operated enriched high-purity germanium detectors in a liquid argon cryostat, which contains 0.33% of $^{36}$Ar, a candidate isotope for the two-neutrino double-electron capture (2$ν$ECEC) and therefore for the neutrinoless double-electron capture (0$ν$ECEC). If detected, this process would give evidence of lepton number violation and the Majorana na…
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The GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment operated enriched high-purity germanium detectors in a liquid argon cryostat, which contains 0.33% of $^{36}$Ar, a candidate isotope for the two-neutrino double-electron capture (2$ν$ECEC) and therefore for the neutrinoless double-electron capture (0$ν$ECEC). If detected, this process would give evidence of lepton number violation and the Majorana nature of neutrinos. In the radiative 0$ν$ECEC of $^{36}$Ar, a monochromatic photon is emitted with an energy of 429.88 keV, which may be detected by the GERDA germanium detectors. We searched for the $^{36}$Ar 0$ν$ECEC with GERDA data, with a total live time of 4.34 yr (3.08 yr accumulated during GERDA Phase II and 1.26 yr during GERDA Phase I). No signal was found and a 90% C.L. lower limit on the half-life of this process was established T$_{1/2}$ > 1.5x10$^{22}$ yr
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Submitted 3 November, 2023;
originally announced November 2023.
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Final Results of GERDA on the Two-Neutrino Double-$β$ Decay Half-Life of $^{76}$Ge
Authors:
GERDA collaboration,
M. Agostini,
A. Alexander,
G. R. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
S. Calgaro,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
P. -J. Chiu,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
A. Di Giacinto
, et al. (94 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the measurement of the two-neutrino double-$β$ decay rate of $^{76}$Ge performed with the GERDA Phase II experiment. With a subset of the entire GERDA exposure, 11.8 kg$\cdot$yr, the half-life of the process has been determined: $T^{2ν}_{1/2} = (2.022 \pm 0.018_{stat} \pm 0.038_{sys})\times10^{21}$ yr. This is the most precise determination of the $^{76}$Ge two-neutrino double-$β$ decay…
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We present the measurement of the two-neutrino double-$β$ decay rate of $^{76}$Ge performed with the GERDA Phase II experiment. With a subset of the entire GERDA exposure, 11.8 kg$\cdot$yr, the half-life of the process has been determined: $T^{2ν}_{1/2} = (2.022 \pm 0.018_{stat} \pm 0.038_{sys})\times10^{21}$ yr. This is the most precise determination of the $^{76}$Ge two-neutrino double-$β$ decay half-life and one of the most precise measurements of a double-$β$ decay process. The relevant nuclear matrix element can be extracted: $M^{2ν}_{\text{eff}} = (0.101\pm0.001).$
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Submitted 18 August, 2023;
originally announced August 2023.
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Search for tri-nucleon decays of $^{76}$Ge in GERDA
Authors:
GERDA collaboration,
M. Agostini,
A. Alexander,
G. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
S. Calgaro,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
P. -J. Chiu,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
A. Di Giacinto
, et al. (89 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We search for tri-nucleon decays of $^{76}$Ge in the dataset from the GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment. Decays that populate excited levels of the daughter nucleus above the threshold for particle emission lead to disintegration and are not considered. The ppp-, ppn-, and pnn-decays lead to $^{73}$Cu, $^{73}$Zn, and $^{73}$Ga nuclei, respectively. These nuclei are unstable and eventuall…
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We search for tri-nucleon decays of $^{76}$Ge in the dataset from the GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment. Decays that populate excited levels of the daughter nucleus above the threshold for particle emission lead to disintegration and are not considered. The ppp-, ppn-, and pnn-decays lead to $^{73}$Cu, $^{73}$Zn, and $^{73}$Ga nuclei, respectively. These nuclei are unstable and eventually proceed by the beta decay of $^{73}$Ga to $^{73}$Ge (stable). We search for the $^{73}$Ga decay exploiting the fact that it dominantly populates the 66.7 keV $^{73m}$Ga state with half-life of 0.5 s. The nnn-decays of $^{76}$Ge that proceed via $^{73m}$Ge are also included in our analysis. We find no signal candidate and place a limit on the sum of the decay widths of the inclusive tri-nucleon decays that corresponds to a lower lifetime limit of 1.2x10$^{26}$ yr (90% credible interval). This result improves previous limits for tri-nucleon decays by one to three orders of magnitude.
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Submitted 31 July, 2023;
originally announced July 2023.
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Liquid argon light collection and veto modeling in GERDA Phase II
Authors:
GERDA collaboration,
M. Agostini,
A. Alexander,
G. R. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
S. Calgaro,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
P-J. Chiu,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
A. Di Giacinto
, et al. (94 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ability to detect liquid argon scintillation light from within a densely packed high-purity germanium detector array allowed the GERDA experiment to reach an exceptionally low background rate in the search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{76}$Ge. Proper modeling of the light propagation throughout the experimental setup, from any origin in the liquid argon volume to its eventual detect…
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The ability to detect liquid argon scintillation light from within a densely packed high-purity germanium detector array allowed the GERDA experiment to reach an exceptionally low background rate in the search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{76}$Ge. Proper modeling of the light propagation throughout the experimental setup, from any origin in the liquid argon volume to its eventual detection by the novel light read-out system, provides insight into the rejection capability and is a necessary ingredient to obtain robust background predictions. In this paper, we present a model of the GERDA liquid argon veto, as obtained by Monte Carlo simulations and constrained by calibration data, and highlight its application for background decomposition.
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Submitted 6 December, 2022;
originally announced December 2022.
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Search for exotic physics in double-$β$ decays with GERDA Phase II
Authors:
The GERDA collaboration,
M. Agostini,
A. Alexander,
G. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
A. Di Giacinto,
N. Di Marco,
E. Doroshkevich
, et al. (89 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for Beyond the Standard Model double-$β$ decay modes of $^{76}$Ge has been performed with data collected during the Phase II of the GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment, located at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso of INFN (Italy). Improved limits on the decays involving Majorons have been obtained, compared to previous experiments with $^{76}$Ge, with half-life values on the ord…
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A search for Beyond the Standard Model double-$β$ decay modes of $^{76}$Ge has been performed with data collected during the Phase II of the GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment, located at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso of INFN (Italy). Improved limits on the decays involving Majorons have been obtained, compared to previous experiments with $^{76}$Ge, with half-life values on the order of 10$^{23}$ yr. For the first time with $^{76}$Ge, limits on Lorentz invariance violation effects in double-$β$ decay have been obtained. The isotropic coefficient $\mathring{a}_\text{of}^{(3)}$, which embeds Lorentz violation in double-$β$ decay, has been constrained at the order of $10^{-6}$ GeV. We also set the first experimental limits on the search for light exotic fermions in double-$β$ decay, including sterile neutrinos.
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Submitted 4 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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Pulse shape analysis in GERDA Phase II
Authors:
The GERDA collaboration,
M. Agostini,
G. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
E. Bellotti,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
V. Brudanin,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
N. Di Marco,
E. Doroshkevich
, et al. (91 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) collaboration searched for neutrinoless double-$β$ decay in $^{76}$Ge using isotopically enriched high purity germanium detectors at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso of INFN. After Phase I (2011-2013), the experiment benefited from several upgrades, including an additional active veto based on LAr instrumentation and a significant increase of mass by poi…
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The GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) collaboration searched for neutrinoless double-$β$ decay in $^{76}$Ge using isotopically enriched high purity germanium detectors at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso of INFN. After Phase I (2011-2013), the experiment benefited from several upgrades, including an additional active veto based on LAr instrumentation and a significant increase of mass by point-contact germanium detectors that improved the half-life sensitivity of Phase II (2015-2019) by an order of magnitude. At the core of the background mitigation strategy, the analysis of the time profile of individual pulses provides a powerful topological discrimination of signal-like and background-like events. Data from regular $^{228}$Th calibrations and physics data were both considered in the evaluation of the pulse shape discrimination performance. In this work, we describe the various methods applied to the data collected in GERDA Phase II corresponding to an exposure of 103.7 kg$\cdot$yr. These methods suppress the background by a factor of about 5 in the region of interest around Q$_{ββ}$ = 2039 keV, while preserving (81$\pm$3)% of the signal. In addition, an exhaustive list of parameters is provided which were used in the final data analysis.
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Submitted 27 February, 2022;
originally announced February 2022.
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LEGEND-1000 Preconceptual Design Report
Authors:
LEGEND Collaboration,
N. Abgrall,
I. Abt,
M. Agostini,
A. Alexander,
C. Andreoiu,
G. R. Araujo,
F. T. Avignone III,
W. Bae,
A. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
M. Bantel,
I. Barabanov,
A. S. Barabash,
P. S. Barbeau,
C. J. Barton,
P. J. Barton,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
E. Bernieri,
L. Bezrukov,
K. H. Bhimani,
V. Biancacci,
E. Blalock,
A. Bolozdynya
, et al. (239 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We propose the construction of LEGEND-1000, the ton-scale Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless $ββ$ Decay. This international experiment is designed to answer one of the highest priority questions in fundamental physics. It consists of 1000 kg of Ge detectors enriched to more than 90% in the $^{76}$Ge isotope operated in a liquid argon active shield at a deep underground laboratory…
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We propose the construction of LEGEND-1000, the ton-scale Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless $ββ$ Decay. This international experiment is designed to answer one of the highest priority questions in fundamental physics. It consists of 1000 kg of Ge detectors enriched to more than 90% in the $^{76}$Ge isotope operated in a liquid argon active shield at a deep underground laboratory. By combining the lowest background levels with the best energy resolution in the field, LEGEND-1000 will perform a quasi-background-free search and can make an unambiguous discovery of neutrinoless double-beta decay with just a handful of counts at the decay $Q$ value. The experiment is designed to probe this decay with a 99.7%-CL discovery sensitivity in the $^{76}$Ge half-life of $1.3\times10^{28}$ years, corresponding to an effective Majorana mass upper limit in the range of 9-21 meV, to cover the inverted-ordering neutrino mass scale with 10 yr of live time.
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Submitted 23 July, 2021;
originally announced July 2021.
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Characterization of inverted coaxial $^{76}$Ge detectors in GERDA for future double-$β$ decay experiments
Authors:
GERDA collaboration,
M. Agostini,
G. R. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
E. Bellotti,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
V. Brudanin,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
N. Di Marco,
E. Doroshkevich
, et al. (86 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Neutrinoless double-$β$ decay of $^{76}$Ge is searched for with germanium detectors where source and detector of the decay are identical. For the success of future experiments it is important to increase the mass of the detectors. We report here on the characterization and testing of five prototype detectors manufactured in inverted coaxial (IC) geometry from material enriched to 88% in $^{76}$Ge.…
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Neutrinoless double-$β$ decay of $^{76}$Ge is searched for with germanium detectors where source and detector of the decay are identical. For the success of future experiments it is important to increase the mass of the detectors. We report here on the characterization and testing of five prototype detectors manufactured in inverted coaxial (IC) geometry from material enriched to 88% in $^{76}$Ge. IC detectors combine the large mass of the traditional semi-coaxial Ge detectors with the superior resolution and pulse shape discrimination power of point contact detectors which exhibited so far much lower mass. Their performance has been found to be satisfactory both when operated in vacuum cryostat and bare in liquid argon within the GERDA setup. The measured resolutions at the Q-value for double-$β$ decay of $^{76}$Ge (Q$_{ββ}$ = 2039 keV) are about 2.1 keV full width at half maximum in vacuum cryostat. After 18 months of operation within the ultra-low background environment of the GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment and an accumulated exposure of 8.5 kg$\cdot$yr, the background index after analysis cuts is measured to be $4.9^{+7.3}_{-3.4}\times 10^{-4}$ counts /(keV$\cdot$kg$\cdot$yr) around Q$_{ββ}$. This work confirms the feasibility of IC detectors for the next-generation experiment LEGEND.
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Submitted 28 March, 2021;
originally announced March 2021.
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Calibration of the GERDA experiment
Authors:
GERDA collaboration,
M. Agostini,
G. R. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
E. Bellotti,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
V. Brudanin,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
N. Di Marco,
E. Doroshkevich
, et al. (87 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) collaboration searched for neutrinoless double-$β$ decay in $^{76}$Ge with an array of about 40 high-purity isotopically-enriched germanium detectors. The experimental signature of the decay is a monoenergetic signal at Q$_{ββ}$ = 2039.061(7)keV in the measured summed energy spectrum of the two emitted electrons. Both the energy reconstruction and resolution of…
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The GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) collaboration searched for neutrinoless double-$β$ decay in $^{76}$Ge with an array of about 40 high-purity isotopically-enriched germanium detectors. The experimental signature of the decay is a monoenergetic signal at Q$_{ββ}$ = 2039.061(7)keV in the measured summed energy spectrum of the two emitted electrons. Both the energy reconstruction and resolution of the germanium detectors are crucial to separate a potential signal from various backgrounds, such as neutrino-accompanied double-$β$ decays allowed by the Standard Model. The energy resolution and stability were determined and monitored as a function of time using data from regular $^{228}$Th calibrations. In this work, we describe the calibration process and associated data analysis of the full GERDA dataset, tailored to preserve the excellent resolution of the individual germanium detectors when combining data over several years.
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Submitted 25 March, 2021;
originally announced March 2021.
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Final Results of GERDA on the Search for Neutrinoless Double-$β$ Decay
Authors:
GERDA collaboration,
M. Agostini,
G. R. Araujo,
A. M. Bakalyarov,
M. Balata,
I. Barabanov,
L. Baudis,
C. Bauer,
E. Bellotti,
S. Belogurov,
A. Bettini,
L. Bezrukov,
V. Biancacci,
D. Borowicz,
E. Bossio,
V. Bothe,
V. Brudanin,
R. Brugnera,
A. Caldwell,
C. Cattadori,
A. Chernogorov,
T. Comellato,
V. D'Andrea,
E. V. Demidova,
N. Di Marco
, et al. (90 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment searched for the lepton-number-violating neutrinoless double-$β$ ($0νββ$) decay of $^{76}$Ge, whose discovery would have far-reaching implications in cosmology and particle physics. By operating bare germanium diodes, enriched in $^{76}$Ge, in an active liquid argon shield, GERDA achieved an unprecedently low background index of $5.2\times10^{-4}$ co…
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The GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment searched for the lepton-number-violating neutrinoless double-$β$ ($0νββ$) decay of $^{76}$Ge, whose discovery would have far-reaching implications in cosmology and particle physics. By operating bare germanium diodes, enriched in $^{76}$Ge, in an active liquid argon shield, GERDA achieved an unprecedently low background index of $5.2\times10^{-4}$ counts/(keV$\cdot$kg$\cdot$yr) in the signal region and met the design goal to collect an exposure of 100 kg$\cdot$yr in a background-free regime. When combined with the result of Phase I, no signal is observed after 127.2 kg$\cdot$yr of total exposure. A limit on the half-life of $0νββ$ decay in $^{76}$Ge is set at $T_{1/2}>1.8\times10^{26}$ yr at 90% C.L., which coincides with the sensitivity assuming no signal.
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Submitted 13 September, 2020;
originally announced September 2020.
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Electromagnetic Backgrounds and Potassium-42 Activity in the DEAP-3600 Dark Matter Detector
Authors:
R. Ajaj,
G. R. Araujo,
M. Batygov,
B. Beltran,
C. E. Bina,
M. G. Boulay,
B. Broerman,
J. F. Bueno,
P. M. Burghardt,
A. Butcher,
M. Cárdenas-Montes,
S. Cavuoti,
M. Chen,
Y. Chen,
B. T. Cleveland,
K. Dering,
F. A. Duncan,
M. Dunford,
A. Erlandson,
N. Fatemighomi,
G. Fiorillo,
A. Flower,
R. J. Ford,
D. Gallacher,
P. García Abia
, et al. (66 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The DEAP-3600 experiment is searching for WIMP dark matter with a 3.3 tonne single phase liquid argon (LAr) target, located 2.1 km underground at SNOLAB. The experimental signature of dark matter interactions is keV-scale $^{40}$Ar nuclear recoils (NR) producing 128 nm LAr scintillation photons observed by PMTs. The largest backgrounds in DEAP-3600 are electronic recoils (ER) induced by $β$ and…
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The DEAP-3600 experiment is searching for WIMP dark matter with a 3.3 tonne single phase liquid argon (LAr) target, located 2.1 km underground at SNOLAB. The experimental signature of dark matter interactions is keV-scale $^{40}$Ar nuclear recoils (NR) producing 128 nm LAr scintillation photons observed by PMTs. The largest backgrounds in DEAP-3600 are electronic recoils (ER) induced by $β$ and $γ$-rays originating from internal and external radioactivity in the detector material. A background model of the ER interactions in DEAP-3600 was developed and is described in this work. The model is based on several components which are expected from radioisotopes in the LAr, from ex-situ material assay measurements, and from dedicated independent in-situ analyses. This prior information is used in a Bayesian fit of the ER components to a 247.2 d dataset to model the radioactivity in the surrounding detector materials. While excellent discrimination between ERs and NRs is reached with pulse shape discrimination, utilizing the large difference between fast and slow components of LAr scintillation light, detailed knowledge of the ER background and activity of detector components, sets valuable constraints on other key types of backgrounds in the detector: neutrons and alphas. In addition, the activity of $^{42}$Ar in LAr in DEAP-3600 is determined by measuring the daughter decay of $^{42}$K. This cosmogenically activated trace isotope is a relevant background at higher energies for other rare event searches using atmospheric argon e.g. DarkSide-20k, GERDA or LEGEND. The specific activity of $^{42}$Ar in the atmosphere is found to be $40.4 \pm 5.9$ $μ$Bq/kg of argon.
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Submitted 14 May, 2019;
originally announced May 2019.
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Search for dark matter with a 231-day exposure of liquid argon using DEAP-3600 at SNOLAB
Authors:
R. Ajaj,
P. -A. Amaudruz,
G. R. Araujo,
M. Baldwin,
M. Batygov,
B. Beltran,
C. E. Bina,
J. Bonatt,
M. G. Boulay,
B. Broerman,
J. F. Bueno,
P. M. Burghardt,
A. Butcher,
B. Cai,
S. Cavuoti,
M. Chen,
Y. Chen,
B. T. Cleveland,
D. Cranshaw,
K. Dering,
J. DiGioseffo,
L. Doria,
F. A. Duncan,
M. Dunford,
A. Erlandson
, et al. (77 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
DEAP-3600 is a single-phase liquid argon (LAr) direct-detection dark matter experiment, operating 2 km underground at SNOLAB (Sudbury, Canada). The detector consists of 3279 kg of LAr contained in a spherical acrylic vessel. This paper reports on the analysis of a 758 tonne\cdot day exposure taken over a period of 231 live-days during the first year of operation. No candidate signal events are obs…
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DEAP-3600 is a single-phase liquid argon (LAr) direct-detection dark matter experiment, operating 2 km underground at SNOLAB (Sudbury, Canada). The detector consists of 3279 kg of LAr contained in a spherical acrylic vessel. This paper reports on the analysis of a 758 tonne\cdot day exposure taken over a period of 231 live-days during the first year of operation. No candidate signal events are observed in the WIMP-search region of interest, which results in the leading limit on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section on a LAr target of $3.9\times10^{-45}$ cm$^{2}$ ($1.5\times10^{-44}$ cm$^{2}$) for a 100 GeV/c$^{2}$ (1 TeV/c$^{2}$) WIMP mass at 90\% C. L. In addition to a detailed background model, this analysis demonstrates the best pulse-shape discrimination in LAr at threshold, employs a Bayesian photoelectron-counting technique to improve the energy resolution and discrimination efficiency, and utilizes two position reconstruction algorithms based on PMT charge and photon arrival times.
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Submitted 4 July, 2019; v1 submitted 11 February, 2019;
originally announced February 2019.