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Achromatic optics using nonlinear plasma lenses for beam-quality preservation between plasma-accelerator stages
Authors:
C. A. Lindstrøm,
E. Adli,
J. B. B. Chen,
P. Drobniak,
A. Huebl,
D. Kalvik,
C. E. Mitchell,
F. Peña,
K. N. Sjobak
Abstract:
Plasma acceleration promises to deliver high-energy particle beams by combining, or staging, several low- or medium-energy accelerator stages. However, chromatic aberrations from the combination of high divergence and energy spread make it nontrivial to transport beams between plasma-accelerator stages. This paper describes a compact and achromatic lattice optimized for staging, based on a new bea…
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Plasma acceleration promises to deliver high-energy particle beams by combining, or staging, several low- or medium-energy accelerator stages. However, chromatic aberrations from the combination of high divergence and energy spread make it nontrivial to transport beams between plasma-accelerator stages. This paper describes a compact and achromatic lattice optimized for staging, based on a new beam-optics element; a nonlinear plasma lens. The lattice preserves emittance for energy spreads up to several percent and has a tunable $R_{56}$ that enables bunch-length preservation or a longitudinal self-correction mechanism. The performance and limitations of the plasma-lens-based solution are modeled analytically and numerically, and compared to a more conventional yet novel solution based on quadrupole and sextupole magnets. While functional, the latter is double the length, has about twice the number of elements and a narrower energy bandwidth. Lastly, a solution for scaling to TeV energies is described, in which all lengths scale with the square root of the energy and the deleterious effects of coherent and incoherent synchrotron radiation are mitigated.
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Submitted 19 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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Driver-delay chicanes for a multistage plasma-based accelerator facility
Authors:
D. Kalvik,
E. Adli,
P. Drobniak,
F. Peña,
C. A. Lindstrøm
Abstract:
The SPARTA project aims to design a medium-sized accelerator facility that facilitates new experiments in strong-field quantum electrodynamics using plasma-based accelerators. For this, we need several plasma stages and, therefore, several drivers. Drivers can be either an ultra-relativistic charged particle beam or a high-intensity laser beam. In case we use particle beams, we need a method of di…
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The SPARTA project aims to design a medium-sized accelerator facility that facilitates new experiments in strong-field quantum electrodynamics using plasma-based accelerators. For this, we need several plasma stages and, therefore, several drivers. Drivers can be either an ultra-relativistic charged particle beam or a high-intensity laser beam. In case we use particle beams, we need a method of distributing these beams from a radio-frequency accelerator to the different plasma stages. A central part of this is a delay scheme that ensures temporal synchronization of the drivers. In this paper, we demonstrate how to achieve a 2 ns delay in $\sim$12 m, while keeping the first-order beam parameters periodic.
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Submitted 23 February, 2026;
originally announced February 2026.
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SHARP: A compact focusing system for medical applications using a diverging plasma lens
Authors:
Kyrre Ness Sjobak,
Elisabeth Rød-Lindberg,
Abélia Ellingsen,
Pierre Drobniak,
Vilde Flognfeldt Rieker,
Fardous Reaz,
Carl Andreas Lindstrøm,
Erik Adli
Abstract:
Cancer therapy for deep-seated tumors requires precise irradiation of a small target deep within the patient while minimizing radiation exposure to surrounding tissues. This can be accomplished with a round beam sharply converging towards a single spot, requiring a large beam size in both planes at the exit of the focusing system. Achieving this over a short distance using only quadrupole lenses i…
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Cancer therapy for deep-seated tumors requires precise irradiation of a small target deep within the patient while minimizing radiation exposure to surrounding tissues. This can be accomplished with a round beam sharply converging towards a single spot, requiring a large beam size in both planes at the exit of the focusing system. Achieving this over a short distance using only quadrupole lenses is challenging; but by using a linear active plasma lens (APL) in defocusing mode, the beam can be quickly and non-destructively enlarged before focusing using quadrupoles. The position of the irradiation spot can also be scanned in three dimensions by changing magnet settings. The SHARP project will develop and test this concept. Such a system can be used with very high energy electrons (hundreds of MeV), creating a Bragg-peak-like spot using novel accelerator technology. This could lead to more compact radiotherapy facilities, not requiring a bulky infrastructure typically associated with proton radiotherapy machines. If successful, SHARP will enable precision conformal radiotherapy, spatial fractionation, and potentially be useful for FLASH radiotherapy.
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Submitted 23 February, 2026;
originally announced February 2026.
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Ion-motion simulations of a plasma-wakefield experiment at FLASHForward
Authors:
D. Kalvik,
P. Drobniak,
F. Peña,
C. A. Lindstrøm,
J. Beinortaite,
L. Boulton,
P. Caminal,
J. Garland,
G. Loisch,
J. Björklund Svensson,
M. Thévenet,
S. Wesch,
J. Wood,
J. Osterhoff,
R. D'Arcy,
S. Diederichs
Abstract:
In plasma-based acceleration, an ultra-relativistic particle bunch$\unicode{x2014}$or an intense laser beam$\unicode{x2014}$is used to expel electrons from its propagation path, forming a wake that is devoid of electrons. The ions, being significantly more massive, are often assumed to be stationary. However, both theory and simulations suggest that any sufficiently dense electron bunch can trigge…
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In plasma-based acceleration, an ultra-relativistic particle bunch$\unicode{x2014}$or an intense laser beam$\unicode{x2014}$is used to expel electrons from its propagation path, forming a wake that is devoid of electrons. The ions, being significantly more massive, are often assumed to be stationary. However, both theory and simulations suggest that any sufficiently dense electron bunch can trigger ion motion, and its effect must be taken into account. We simulate beam-driven plasma wakefields to identify key features$\unicode{x2014}$such as longitudinally dependent emittance growth$\unicode{x2014}$that could be observed in an experiment using plasma and beam parameters from the FLASHForward facility at DESY.
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Submitted 2 June, 2025; v1 submitted 30 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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ABEL: The Adaptable Beginning-to-End Linac simulation framework
Authors:
J. B. B. Chen,
E. Adli,
P. Drobniak,
O. G. Finnerud,
E. Hørlyk,
D. Kalvik,
C. A. Lindstrøm,
F. Peña,
K. Sjobak
Abstract:
We introduce ABEL, the Adaptable Beginning-to-End Linac simulation framework developed for agile design studies of plasma-based accelerators and colliders. ABEL's modular architecture allows users to simulate particle acceleration across various beamline components. The framework supports specialised codes such as HiPACE++, Wake-T, ELEGANT, GUINEA-PIG, CLICopti and ImpactX, which facilitate precis…
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We introduce ABEL, the Adaptable Beginning-to-End Linac simulation framework developed for agile design studies of plasma-based accelerators and colliders. ABEL's modular architecture allows users to simulate particle acceleration across various beamline components. The framework supports specialised codes such as HiPACE++, Wake-T, ELEGANT, GUINEA-PIG, CLICopti and ImpactX, which facilitate precise modelling of complex machine components. Key features include simplified models for addressing transverse instabilities, radiation reactions, and ion motion, alongside comprehensive diagnostics and optimisation capabilities. Our simulation studies focus on the HALHF plasma linac, examining tolerances for drive beam jitter, including effects of self-correction mechanisms. Simulation results demonstrate ABEL's ability to model emittance growth due to transverse instability and ion motion, highlighting the framework's adaptability in balancing simulation fidelity with computational efficiency. The findings point towards ABEL's potential for advancing compact accelerator designs and contribute to the broader goals of enhancing control and precision in plasma-based acceleration.
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Submitted 3 June, 2025; v1 submitted 28 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Updated baseline design for HALHF: the hybrid, asymmetric, linear Higgs factory
Authors:
C. A. Lindstrøm,
E. Adli,
J. B. B. Chen,
P. Drobniak,
E. E. Hørlyk,
D. Kalvik,
K. N. Sjobak,
T. Barklow,
S. Gessner,
M. Hogan,
M. Berggren,
A. Laudrain,
B. List,
J. List,
V. Maslov,
K. Põder,
M. Thévenet,
N. Walker,
J. Wood,
S. Boogert,
P. N. Burrows,
V. Cilento,
R. D'Arcy,
B. Foster,
S. Farrington
, et al. (3 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Particle physicists aim to construct a electron-positron Higgs factory as the next major particle collider. However, the high associated costs motivate the development of more affordable collider designs. Plasma-wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to this end. HALHF is a proposal for a Higgs factory that utilizes beam-driven plasma-wakefield acceleration to accelerate electrons to hig…
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Particle physicists aim to construct a electron-positron Higgs factory as the next major particle collider. However, the high associated costs motivate the development of more affordable collider designs. Plasma-wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to this end. HALHF is a proposal for a Higgs factory that utilizes beam-driven plasma-wakefield acceleration to accelerate electrons to high energy with high gradient, while using radio-frequency acceleration to accelerate positrons to a lower energy. This asymmetry sidesteps a major difficulty in plasma acceleration: that of accelerating positrons with high efficiency and quality. Since publication, several challenges were identified in the original baseline design. We summarize the updated baseline design, which addresses these challenges, and describe the parameter- and cost-optimization process used to arrive at this design.
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Submitted 27 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Preliminary results from the CLEAR nonlinear plasma lens experiment
Authors:
P. Drobniak,
E. Adli,
H. B. Anderson,
K. N. Sjobak,
C. A. Lindstrøm,
A. Dyson,
S. M. Mewes,
M. Thévenet
Abstract:
Plasma lensing provides compact focusing of electron beams, since they offer strong focusing fields (kT/m) in both planes simultaneously. This becomes particularly important for highly diverging beams with a large energy spread such as those typically originating from plasma accelerators. The lens presented here is a nonlinear active plasma lens, with a controlled focusing-strength variation purpo…
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Plasma lensing provides compact focusing of electron beams, since they offer strong focusing fields (kT/m) in both planes simultaneously. This becomes particularly important for highly diverging beams with a large energy spread such as those typically originating from plasma accelerators. The lens presented here is a nonlinear active plasma lens, with a controlled focusing-strength variation purposely introduced in one transverse direction. This lens is a key element of a larger transport lattice, core of the ERC project SPARTA, which aims to provide a solution for achromatic transport between plasma-accelerator stages. We report on preliminary experimental results from the CLEAR facility at CERN, which aims to probe the magnetic field structure of the lens using an electron beam, in search of the desired nonlinearity, together with 2D plasma simulation results.
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Submitted 27 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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The SPARTA project: toward a demonstrator facility for multistage plasma acceleration
Authors:
C. A. Lindstrøm,
E. Adli,
H. B. Anderson,
P. Drobniak,
D. Kalvik,
F. Peña,
K. N. Sjobak
Abstract:
Plasma accelerators promise greatly reduced size and cost for future particle-accelerator facilities. However, several challenges remain to be solved; in particular that of coupling beams between plasma stages (i.e., staging) without beam-quality degradation, and that of ensuring a stable acceleration process. In order to mature the technology, it is also key to identify an application that requir…
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Plasma accelerators promise greatly reduced size and cost for future particle-accelerator facilities. However, several challenges remain to be solved; in particular that of coupling beams between plasma stages (i.e., staging) without beam-quality degradation, and that of ensuring a stable acceleration process. In order to mature the technology, it is also key to identify an application that requires staging and high stability but is not overly challenging in other parameters such as energy efficiency, beam quality and repetition rate. The goal of the ERC-funded project SPARTA is to solve the staging and stability problems of plasma acceleration, and to combine the solutions into a medium-scale multistage plasma-accelerator facility for such an application: experiments in strong-field quantum electrodynamics. Here, we discuss the three main objectives of the SPARTA project: developing a nonlinear plasma lens for staging, developing self-stabilization mechanisms, and providing a conceptual design for a multistage demonstrator facility.
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Submitted 20 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Development of an achromatic spectrometer for a laser-wakefield-accelerator experiment
Authors:
F. Peña,
E. Adli,
P. Drobniak,
D. Kalvik,
K. N. Sjobak,
C. A. Lindstrøm
Abstract:
The large gradients of plasma-wakefield accelerators promise to shorten accelerators and reduce their financial and environmental costs. For such accelerators, a key challenge is the transport of beams with high divergence and energy spread. Achromatic optics is a potential solution that would allow staging of plasma accelerators without beam-quality degradation. For this, a nonlinear plasma lens…
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The large gradients of plasma-wakefield accelerators promise to shorten accelerators and reduce their financial and environmental costs. For such accelerators, a key challenge is the transport of beams with high divergence and energy spread. Achromatic optics is a potential solution that would allow staging of plasma accelerators without beam-quality degradation. For this, a nonlinear plasma lens is being developed within the SPARTA project. As a first application of this lens, we aim to implement an achromatic spectrometer for electron bunches produced by a laser-wakefield accelerator. This will greatly improve the resolution across the typically one to tens of percent energy spread bunches and therefore help diagnosis and optimization of the plasma interaction. We report on progress in designing such an experiment.
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Submitted 16 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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The Linear Collider Facility (LCF) at CERN
Authors:
H. Abramowicz,
E. Adli,
F. Alharthi,
M. Almanza-Soto,
M. M. Altakach,
S. Ampudia Castelazo,
D. Angal-Kalinin,
J. A. Anguiano,
R. B. Appleby,
O. Apsimon,
A. Arbey,
O. Arquero,
D. Attié,
J. L. Avila-Jimenez,
H. Baer,
Y. Bai,
C. Balazs,
P. Bambade,
T. Barklow,
J. Baudot,
P. Bechtle,
T. Behnke,
A. B. Bellerive,
S. Belomestnykh,
Y. Benhammou
, et al. (386 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In this paper we outline a proposal for a Linear Collider Facility as the next flagship project for CERN. It offers the opportunity for a timely, cost-effective and staged construction of a new collider that will be able to comprehensively map the Higgs boson's properties, including the Higgs field potential, thanks to a large span in centre-of-mass energies and polarised beams. A comprehensive pr…
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In this paper we outline a proposal for a Linear Collider Facility as the next flagship project for CERN. It offers the opportunity for a timely, cost-effective and staged construction of a new collider that will be able to comprehensively map the Higgs boson's properties, including the Higgs field potential, thanks to a large span in centre-of-mass energies and polarised beams. A comprehensive programme to study the Higgs boson and its closest relatives with high precision requires data at centre-of-mass energies from the Z pole to at least 1 TeV. It should include measurements of the Higgs boson in both major production mechanisms, ee -> ZH and ee -> vvH, precision measurements of gauge boson interactions as well as of the W boson, Higgs boson and top-quark masses, measurement of the top-quark Yukawa coupling through ee ->ttH, measurement of the Higgs boson self-coupling through HH production, and precision measurements of the electroweak couplings of the top quark. In addition, ee collisions offer discovery potential for new particles complementary to HL-LHC.
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Submitted 19 June, 2025; v1 submitted 31 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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HALHF: a hybrid, asymmetric, linear Higgs factory using plasma- and RF-based acceleration. Backup Document
Authors:
Erik Adli,
Joshua Appleby,
Timothy L. Barklow,
Marica Biagini,
Jonas Björklund Svensson,
Mikael Berggren,
Simone Bettoni,
Stewart Boogert,
Philip Burrows,
Allen Caldwell,
Jian Bin Ben Chen,
Vera Cilento,
Laura Corner,
Richard D'Arcy,
Steffen Doebert,
Wang Dou,
Pierre Drobniak,
Calvin Dyson,
Sinead Farrington,
John Farmer,
Angeles Faus-Golfe,
Manuel Formela,
Arianne Formenti,
Louis Forrester,
Brian Foster
, et al. (37 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This document expands on the Comprehensive Summary submitted to the EPPSU 2026. It contains details on aspects of the HALHF project that could not be fitted into the Summary. Some sections contain work that is still preliminary and/or status reports on current progress.
This document expands on the Comprehensive Summary submitted to the EPPSU 2026. It contains details on aspects of the HALHF project that could not be fitted into the Summary. Some sections contain work that is still preliminary and/or status reports on current progress.
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Submitted 30 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Design Initiative for a 10 TeV pCM Wakefield Collider
Authors:
Spencer Gessner,
Jens Osterhoff,
Carl A. Lindstrøm,
Kevin Cassou,
Simone Pagan Griso,
Jenny List,
Erik Adli,
Brian Foster,
John Palastro,
Elena Donegani,
Moses Chung,
Mikhail Polyanskiy,
Lindsey Gray,
Igor Pogorelsky,
Gongxiaohui Chen,
Gianluca Sarri,
Brian Beaudoin,
Ferdinand Willeke,
David Bruhwiler,
Joseph Grames,
Yuan Shi,
Robert Szafron,
Angira Rastogi,
Alexander Knetsch,
Xueying Lu
, et al. (176 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This document outlines a community-driven Design Study for a 10 TeV pCM Wakefield Accelerator Collider. The 2020 ESPP Report emphasized the need for Advanced Accelerator R\&D, and the 2023 P5 Report calls for the ``delivery of an end-to-end design concept, including cost scales, with self-consistent parameters throughout." This Design Study leverages recent experimental and theoretical progress re…
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This document outlines a community-driven Design Study for a 10 TeV pCM Wakefield Accelerator Collider. The 2020 ESPP Report emphasized the need for Advanced Accelerator R\&D, and the 2023 P5 Report calls for the ``delivery of an end-to-end design concept, including cost scales, with self-consistent parameters throughout." This Design Study leverages recent experimental and theoretical progress resulting from a global R\&D program in order to deliver a unified, 10 TeV Wakefield Collider concept. Wakefield Accelerators provide ultra-high accelerating gradients which enables an upgrade path that will extend the reach of Linear Colliders beyond the electroweak scale. Here, we describe the organization of the Design Study including timeline and deliverables, and we detail the requirements and challenges on the path to a 10 TeV Wakefield Collider.
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Submitted 31 March, 2025; v1 submitted 26 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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A Linear Collider Vision for the Future of Particle Physics
Authors:
H. Abramowicz,
E. Adli,
F. Alharthi,
M. Almanza-Soto,
M. M. Altakach,
W. Altmannshofer,
S. Ampudia Castelazo,
D. Angal-Kalinin,
J. A. Anguiano,
R. B. Appleby,
O. Apsimon,
A. Arbey,
F. Arco,
O. Arquero,
A. Aryshev,
S. Asai,
D. Attie,
J. L. Avila-Jimenez,
H. Baer,
J. A. Bagger,
Y. Bai,
I. R. Bailey,
C. Balazs,
P. Bambade,
T. Barklow
, et al. (426 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In this paper we review the physics opportunities at linear $e^+e^-$ colliders with a special focus on high centre-of-mass energies and beam polarisation, take a fresh look at the various accelerator technologies available or under development and, for the first time, discuss how a facility first equipped with a technology mature today could be upgraded with technologies of tomorrow to reach much…
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In this paper we review the physics opportunities at linear $e^+e^-$ colliders with a special focus on high centre-of-mass energies and beam polarisation, take a fresh look at the various accelerator technologies available or under development and, for the first time, discuss how a facility first equipped with a technology mature today could be upgraded with technologies of tomorrow to reach much higher energies and/or luminosities. In addition, we will discuss detectors and alternative collider modes, as well as opportunities for beyond-collider experiments and R\&D facilities as part of a linear collider facility (LCF). The material of this paper will support all plans for $e^+e^-$ linear colliders and additional opportunities they offer, independently of technology choice or proposed site, as well as R\&D for advanced accelerator technologies. This joint perspective on the physics goals, early technologies and upgrade strategies has been developed by the LCVision team based on an initial discussion at LCWS2024 in Tokyo and a follow-up at the LCVision Community Event at CERN in January 2025. It heavily builds on decades of achievements of the global linear collider community, in particular in the context of CLIC and ILC.
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Submitted 23 December, 2025; v1 submitted 25 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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HALHF: a hybrid, asymmetric, linear Higgs factory using plasma- and RF-based acceleration
Authors:
Erik Adli,
Joshua Appleby,
Timothy L. Barklow,
Marica Biagini,
Jonas Björklund Svensson,
Mikael Berggren,
Simone Bettoni,
Stewart Boogert,
Philip Burrows,
Allen Caldwell,
Jian Bin Ben Chen,
Vera Cilento,
Laura Corner,
Richard D'Arcy,
Steffen Doebert,
Wang Dou,
Pierre Drobniak,
Calvin Dyson,
Sinead Farrington,
John Farmer,
Angeles Faus-Golfe,
Manuel Formela,
Arianne Formenti,
Louis Forrester,
Brian Foster
, et al. (37 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
HALHF is a hybrid linear collider that uses electron-driven plasma-wakefield acceleration to accelerate electrons to high energy while using radio-frequency cavity technology to accelerate positrons. The most cost-effective solution collides low-energy positrons with high-energy electrons, producing a boost to the final state in the electron direction with $γ= 1.67$. The current HALHF baseline des…
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HALHF is a hybrid linear collider that uses electron-driven plasma-wakefield acceleration to accelerate electrons to high energy while using radio-frequency cavity technology to accelerate positrons. The most cost-effective solution collides low-energy positrons with high-energy electrons, producing a boost to the final state in the electron direction with $γ= 1.67$. The current HALHF baseline design produces a luminosity comparable to that of the baseline ILC but with a greatly reduced construction and carbon footprint and hence much lower cost than the mature linear-collider designs ILC and CLIC. Costs for HALHF are evaluated, together with that for the approximate 15-year R\&D programme necessary to realise HALHF. Time scales and cost for the R\&D are estimated. Upgrade paths for HALHF technology from a 250~GeV Higgs factory, through 380 and 550~GeV, up to 10~TeV are sketched.
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Submitted 30 March, 2025; v1 submitted 25 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Proceedings of the Erice Workshop: A new baseline for the hybrid, asymmetric, linear Higgs factory HALHF
Authors:
Brian Foster,
Erik Adli,
Timothy L. Barklow,
Mikael Berggren,
Stewart Boogert,
Jian Bin Ben Chen,
Richard D'Arcy,
Pierre Drobniak,
Sinead Farrington,
Spencer Gessner,
Mark J. Hogan,
Daniel Kalvik,
Antoine Laudrain,
Carl A. Lindstrøm,
Benno List,
Jenny List,
Xueying Lu,
Gudrid Moortgat Pick,
Kristjan Põder,
Andrei Seryi,
Kyrre Sjobak,
Maxence Thèvenet,
Nicholas J. Walker,
Jonathan Wood
Abstract:
The HALHF collaboration has discussed a new baseline for the project, taking into account comments from the accelerator community on various aspects of the original design. In particular, these concerned the practicality of the dual-purpose linac to accelerate both colliding positron bunches and the drive beams required for the plasma linac. In addition, many other aspects of the project were also…
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The HALHF collaboration has discussed a new baseline for the project, taking into account comments from the accelerator community on various aspects of the original design. In particular, these concerned the practicality of the dual-purpose linac to accelerate both colliding positron bunches and the drive beams required for the plasma linac. In addition, many other aspects of the project were also considered; the discussion and conclusions are documented in this paper. Finally, a new baseline is outlined that has been optimised and addresses several weaknesses in the original design, has higher luminosity, reduced centre-of-mass energy boost and additional features such as positron polarization as well as electron polarization. Although HALHF has become longer and more expensive, it remains significantly smaller and cheaper than other mature Higgs factory designs currently under discussion.
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Submitted 25 March, 2025; v1 submitted 19 January, 2025;
originally announced January 2025.
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Technical Status Report on Plasma Components and Systems in the context of EuPRAXIA
Authors:
A. Biagioni,
N. Bourgeois,
F. Brandi,
K. Cassou,
L. Corner,
L. Crincoli,
B. Cros,
S. Dobosz Dufrénoy,
D. Douillet,
P. Drobniak,
J. Faure,
G. Gatti,
G. Grittani,
S. Lorenz,
H. Jones,
B. Lucas,
F. Massimo,
B. Mercier,
A. Molodozhentsev,
J. Monzac,
R. Pattathil,
G. Sarri,
P. Sasorov,
R. J. Shalloo,
L. Steyn
, et al. (5 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The EuPRAXIA project aims to construct two state-of-the-art accelerator facilities based on plasma accelerator technology. Plasma-based accelerators offer the possibility of a significant reduction in facility size and cost savings over current radio frequency (RF) accelerators. The two facilities - one laser-driven one a beam-driven - are envisioned to provide electron beams with an energy in the…
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The EuPRAXIA project aims to construct two state-of-the-art accelerator facilities based on plasma accelerator technology. Plasma-based accelerators offer the possibility of a significant reduction in facility size and cost savings over current radio frequency (RF) accelerators. The two facilities - one laser-driven one a beam-driven - are envisioned to provide electron beams with an energy in the range of 1-5 GeV and beam quality comparable to existing RF machines. This will enable a versatile portfolio of applications from compact free-electron laser (FEL) drivers to sources for medical and industrial imaging.
At the heart of both facilities is the use of plasma-based accelerator components and systems which encompass not only the accelerating medium itself, but also a range of auxiliary systems such as plasma-based electron beam optics and plasma-based mirrors for high-intensity lasers. From a technical standpoint, a high-degree of control over these plasma devices will be essential for EuPRAXIA to achieve its target performance goals. The ability to diagnose and characterize these plasma devices and to simulate their operation will be further essential success factors. Additionally, compatibility with extended operation at high-repetition rates and integration into the accelerator beamline will also prove crucial.
In this work, we aim to review the current status of plasma components and related systems for both laser-driven and beam-driven plasma accelerators and to assess challenges to be addressed regarding implementation at future EuPRAXIA facilities.
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Submitted 22 December, 2024;
originally announced December 2024.
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Development of a nonlinear plasma lens for achromatic beam transport
Authors:
P. Drobniak,
E. Adli,
H. Bergravf Anderson,
A. Dyson,
S. M. Mewes,
K. N. Sjobak,
M. Thévenet,
C. A. Lindstrøm
Abstract:
We introduce the new idea of a nonlinear active plasma lens, as part of a larger transport lattice for achromatic electron beam transport. The proposed implementation is based on using the Hall effect in a plasma and is motivated by 1D-hydrodynamic simulations. The manufactured design is presented, including its undergoing experimental characterisation on the CLEAR beam-line at CERN.
We introduce the new idea of a nonlinear active plasma lens, as part of a larger transport lattice for achromatic electron beam transport. The proposed implementation is based on using the Hall effect in a plasma and is motivated by 1D-hydrodynamic simulations. The manufactured design is presented, including its undergoing experimental characterisation on the CLEAR beam-line at CERN.
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Submitted 1 November, 2024;
originally announced November 2024.
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Surrogate Models studies for laser-plasma accelerator electron source design through numerical optimisation
Authors:
G. Kane,
P. Drobniak,
S. Kazamias,
V. Kubytskyi,
M. Lenivenko,
B. Lucas,
J. Serhal,
K. Cassou,
A. Beck,
A. Specka,
F. Massimo
Abstract:
Designing a high-quality plasma injector electron source driven by a laser beam relies on numerical parametric studies using particle-in-cell codes. The common input parameters to explore are laser characteristics, plasma species and density profiles produced by computational fluid dynamic studies. We demonstrate the construction of surrogate models using machine learning techniques for a laser-pl…
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Designing a high-quality plasma injector electron source driven by a laser beam relies on numerical parametric studies using particle-in-cell codes. The common input parameters to explore are laser characteristics, plasma species and density profiles produced by computational fluid dynamic studies. We demonstrate the construction of surrogate models using machine learning techniques for a laser-plasma injector (LPI) based on more than $3000$ particle-in-cell simulations of laser wakefield acceleration performed for sparsely spaced input parameters published by Drobniak [Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams, 26, 091302, (2023)]. Surrogate models are relevant for LPI design and optimisation, as they are approximately $10^7$ times faster than PIC simulations. Their speed enables more efficient design studies by allowing extensive exploration of the input-output relationship without significant computational cost. We develop and compare the performance of three surrogate models, namely, multilayer perceptron (MLP), decision trees (DT) and Gaussian processes (GP). We show that using a simple and frugal MLP-based model trained on a reasonable-size random scan data set of 500 particles in cell simulations, we can predict beam parameters with a coefficient determination score $R^2=0.93$ . The best surrogate model is used to quickly find optimal working points and stability regions and get targeted electron beam energy, charge, energy spread and emittance using different methods, namely random search, Bayesian optimisation and multi-objective Bayesian optimisation. This simple approach can serve more global design study of an LPI in a start-to-end linear laser-driven accelerator.on beam energy, charge and energy spread using different methods, namely random search, Bayesian optimisation and multi-objective Bayesian optimisation
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Submitted 14 October, 2025; v1 submitted 28 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.
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Two-chamber gas target for laser-plasma accelerator electron source
Authors:
P. Drobniak,
E. Baynard,
K. Cassou,
D. Douillet,
J. Demailly,
A. Gonnin,
G. Iaquaniello,
G. Kane,
S. Kazamias,
N. Lericheux,
B. Lucas,
B. Mercier,
Y. Peinaud,
M. Pittman
Abstract:
Exploring new target schemes for laser wakefield accelerators is essential to meet the challenge of increasing repetition rates while ensuring stability and quality of the produced electron beams. The prototyping of a two-chamber gas cell integrated into the beam line and operating in continuous gas flow is introduced and discussed in the frame of ionisation injection. We report the numerical flui…
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Exploring new target schemes for laser wakefield accelerators is essential to meet the challenge of increasing repetition rates while ensuring stability and quality of the produced electron beams. The prototyping of a two-chamber gas cell integrated into the beam line and operating in continuous gas flow is introduced and discussed in the frame of ionisation injection. We report the numerical fluid modeling used to assist the density profile shaping. We describe the test bench used for cell prototype assessment, in particular the plasma electron density and longitudinal distribution of species relevant for ionisation injection. The lifetime of the target key part is measured for different materials. Perspectives to high power operation are outlined.
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Submitted 21 September, 2023;
originally announced September 2023.
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Fast Particle-in-Cell simulations-based method for the optimisation of a laser-plasma electron injector
Authors:
P Drobniak,
E Baynard,
C Bruni,
K Cassou,
C Guyot,
G Kane,
S Kazamias,
V Kubytsky,
N Lericheux,
B Lucas,
M Pittman,
F Massimo,
A Beck,
A Specka,
P Nghiem,
D Minenna
Abstract:
A method for the optimisation and advanced studies of a laser-plasma electron injector is presented, based on a truncated ionisation injection scheme for high quality beam production. The SMILEI code is used with laser envelope approximation and a low number of particles per cell to reach computation time performances enabling the production of a large number of accelerator configurations. The dev…
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A method for the optimisation and advanced studies of a laser-plasma electron injector is presented, based on a truncated ionisation injection scheme for high quality beam production. The SMILEI code is used with laser envelope approximation and a low number of particles per cell to reach computation time performances enabling the production of a large number of accelerator configurations. The developed and tested workflow is a possible approach for the production of large dataset for laser-plasma accelerator optimisation. A selection of functions of merit used to grade generated electron beams is discussed. Among the significant number of configurations, two specific working points are presented in details. All data generated are left open to the scientific community for further study and optimisation.
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Submitted 16 May, 2023;
originally announced May 2023.