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A New High-Intensity Source for Ultracold Neutrons
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Ahmed,
B. Algohi,
D. Anthony,
L. Barron-Palos,
Y. Bylinsky,
M. Bosse,
M. P. Bradley,
A. Brossard,
J. Chak,
R. Chiba,
C. Davis,
R. de Vries,
K. Dong,
K. Drury,
B. Franke,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
M. Gericke,
P. Giampa,
C. Gibson,
R. Golub,
K. Hatanaka,
T. Hepworth,
T. Higuchi
, et al. (56 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The TRIUMF UltraCold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has completed a new superthermal source for ultracold neutrons (UCNs) at TRIUMF. It uses neutrons from a spallation target driven by TRIUMF's %520-MeV main cyclotron. Heavy water and liquid deuterium serve as neutron moderators, and inelastic scattering inside superfluid $^4$He at around \qty{1.1}{\kelvin} slows the neutrons down to becom…
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The TRIUMF UltraCold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has completed a new superthermal source for ultracold neutrons (UCNs) at TRIUMF. It uses neutrons from a spallation target driven by TRIUMF's %520-MeV main cyclotron. Heavy water and liquid deuterium serve as neutron moderators, and inelastic scattering inside superfluid $^4$He at around \qty{1.1}{\kelvin} slows the neutrons down to become ultracold. During commissioning runs with the completed source, including the deuterium moderator, up to $1.47(2)\times 10^7$ UCNs were detected in the experimental area after irradiating the target and accumulating UCNs in the source for \qty{60}{\second}. Up to \qty{6.75(3)e5} UCN/s were detected during continuous operation, more than at any other source in the world.
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Submitted 17 August, 2026; v1 submitted 3 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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Initial Performance of the TUCAN Magnetically Shielded Room
Authors:
S. Ahmed,
B. Algohi,
D. Anthony,
P. Berard,
L. Barron-Palos,
M. Bosse,
A. Brossard,
J. Chak,
R. Curtis,
C. Davis,
R. de Vries,
K. Dong,
B. Dowie,
K. Drury,
P. Fierlinger,
B. Franke,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
P. Giampa,
C. Gibson,
R. Golub,
K. Hatanaka,
T. Hepworth,
T. Higuchi,
J. Hussain
, et al. (42 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The TRIUMF Ultracold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has commissioned a large magnetically shielded room to be used for measuring the neutron electric dipole moment (nEDM) to a precision of $10^{-27}~e\mathrm{cm}$. The room is composed of five layers of MuMetal and one layer of copper and sits within the $\lesssim 370~μ\mathrm{T}$ ambient field produced by the TRIUMF cyclotron. Within this…
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The TRIUMF Ultracold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has commissioned a large magnetically shielded room to be used for measuring the neutron electric dipole moment (nEDM) to a precision of $10^{-27}~e\mathrm{cm}$. The room is composed of five layers of MuMetal and one layer of copper and sits within the $\lesssim 370~μ\mathrm{T}$ ambient field produced by the TRIUMF cyclotron. Within this environment, the quasi-static shielding factor was measured to be $3.25(2) \times 10^4$ at $0.01~\mathrm{Hz}$ with an external peak-to-peak perturbation of $2~μ\mathrm{T}$. Without the large ambient cyclotron field, the shielding factor improves to $3.75(4)\times 10^4$ at the same perturbation amplitude and frequency. After idealization in the cyclotron field, the residual field at the room center was $B = 1.8(2)~\mathrm{nT}$ and the vertical first-order gradient across the central 1~m$^3$ ($dB_{\mathrm{z}}/dz$) was $-279(64)~\mathrm{pT/m}$. With additional improvement to the idealization, and with active compensation, we expect the room to be adequate for a $10^{-27}~e\mathrm{cm}$ nEDM search.
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Submitted 16 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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Ultracold Neutron Guide-Coating Facility at U.Winnipeg
Authors:
T. Hepworth,
A. Zahra,
B. Algohi,
R. de Vries,
S. Pankratz,
P. Switzer,
T. Reimer,
M. McCrea,
J. W. Martin,
R. Mammei,
D. Anthony,
L. Barrón-Palos,
M. Bossé,
M. P. Bradley,
A. Brossard,
T. Bui,
J. Chak,
R. Chiba,
C. Davis,
K. Drury,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
M. Gericke,
P. Giampa,
C. Gibson
, et al. (50 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the construction and commissioning of a new ultracold neutron (UCN) guide-coating facility at the University of Winnipeg. The facility employs pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to produce diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on cylindrical UCN guides up to 1 m in length with a 200 mm outer diameter. DLC is a promising material for UCN transport and storage due to its high real component of the…
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We report the construction and commissioning of a new ultracold neutron (UCN) guide-coating facility at the University of Winnipeg. The facility employs pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to produce diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on cylindrical UCN guides up to 1 m in length with a 200 mm outer diameter. DLC is a promising material for UCN transport and storage due to its high real component of the optical potential, low neutron absorption cross section, and low depolarization probabilities. First coating attempts on a full length aluminum UCN guide and matching blank flange were successfully coated with a carbon film with density of 2.3 g/cm$^3$, corresponding to optical potentials of 200 neV, as measured by X-ray reflectometry (XRR). Coating thicknesses were measured to be 90 nm for the UCN guide and 180 nm for the flange with no evidence of delamination. The implementation of a plasma plume collimator and plasma feed back control via a time of flight in vacuum ion probe produced a film with an XRR measured density of 2.8 g/cm$^3$, corresponding to an optical potential of 240 neV. This 80 nm thick film had poor adhesion to the aluminum tube substrate. These results establish a baseline for the coating facility. Ongoing and future work focuses on improving the diamond content of films and adhesion through plasma plume collimation, TOF ion probe feed back, and pre/post treatment methods with the goal of providing high quality DLC UCN guides for the TUCAN experiment at TRIUMF.
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Submitted 4 May, 2026; v1 submitted 7 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Initial results of the TRIUMF ultracold advanced neutron source
Authors:
B. Algohi,
D. Anthony,
L. Barrón-Palos,
M. Bossé,
M. P. Bradley,
A. Brossard,
T. Bui,
J. Chak,
R. Chiba,
C. Davis,
R. de Vries,
K. Drury,
B. Franke,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
M. Gericke,
D. Georgescu,
P. Giampa,
C. Gibson,
R. Golub,
K. Hatanaka,
T. Hepworth,
T. Higuchi,
G. Ichikawa,
I. Ide
, et al. (61 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the first results on ultracold neutron production from a new spallation-driven superfluid $^4$He (He-II) source at TRIUMF, which is being prepared for a new, precise measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment. A total of $(9.3 \pm 0.8)\times 10^{5}$ ultracold neutrons were observed at a proton beam current of \SI{37}{\uA}, when the target was irradiated for a period of \SI{60}{\s}…
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We report the first results on ultracold neutron production from a new spallation-driven superfluid $^4$He (He-II) source at TRIUMF, which is being prepared for a new, precise measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment. A total of $(9.3 \pm 0.8)\times 10^{5}$ ultracold neutrons were observed at a proton beam current of \SI{37}{\uA}, when the target was irradiated for a period of \SI{60}{\s}. The results are in fair agreement with expectations based on a detailed simulation of neutron transport and ultracold neutron source cryogenics. There is some indication that the new source might not be as limited by the conduction of heat through the He-II as originally expected. The results indicate that the source is likely to make its ultimate production goals, once the liquid deuterium cold moderator system is completed, with the expectation that $5.7\times 10^7$~UCNs would be detected in the same experiment with full liquid levels. This would, for example, correspond to delivery of $1.4\times 10^6$~UCNs delivered to each of two nEDM measurement cells, and a statistical uncertainty of $1\times 10^{-27}~e$cm on the neutron EDM in 280 days of running.
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Submitted 7 June, 2026; v1 submitted 2 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Neutron EDM Experiment with an Advanced Ultracold Neutron Source at TRIUMF
Authors:
T. Higuchi,
B. Algohi,
D. Anthony,
L. Barrón-Palos,
M. Bradley,
A. Brossard,
T. Bui,
J. Chak,
R. Chiba,
C. Davis,
R. de Vries,
K. Drury,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
M. Gericke,
P. Giampa,
R. Golub,
T. Hepworth,
G. Ichikawa,
S. Imajo,
A. Jaison,
B. Jamieson,
M. Katotoka,
S. Kawasaki,
M. Kitaguchi
, et al. (45 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The TRIUMF Ultracold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has been developing a high-intensity ultracold neutron (UCN) source aimed at searching for the neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) with a sensitivity goal of $10^{-27}\ e{\rm cm}$. This article reports on recent progress in commissioning of the UCN source and in the development of the neutron EDM spectrometer. In its final configuration,…
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The TRIUMF Ultracold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has been developing a high-intensity ultracold neutron (UCN) source aimed at searching for the neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) with a sensitivity goal of $10^{-27}\ e{\rm cm}$. This article reports on recent progress in commissioning of the UCN source and in the development of the neutron EDM spectrometer. In its final configuration, the accelerator-driven super-thermal UCN source will enable a neutron EDM experiment with two orders of magnitude improved statistics compared to the current best experiment. Substantial progress in 2024 allowed the collaboration to operate the complete source system, with the exception of the liquid deuterium cold moderator, resulting in the first production of UCNs. The status of the EDM spectrometer is also presented, with emphasis on UCN handling components and magnetic subsystems relevant to field control, shielding, and magnetometry.
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Submitted 18 July, 2026; v1 submitted 4 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Sensitivity of the XLZD Rare Event Observatory
Authors:
XLZD Collaboration,
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
M. Adrover,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
D. S. Akerib,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
L. Althueser,
D. W. P. Amaral,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
A. Ames,
B. Andrieu,
N. Angelides,
E. Angelino,
B. Antunovic,
E. Aprile,
H. M. Araújo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
M. Babicz,
D. Bajpai,
A. Baker,
M. Balzer,
J. Bang
, et al. (419 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials,…
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The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials, such an experiment will also be able to competitively search for neutrinoless double beta decay in $^{136}$Xe using a natural-abundance xenon target. XLZD can reach a 3$σ$ discovery potential half-life of 5.7$\times$10$^{27}$ yr (and a 90% CL exclusion of 1.3$\times$10$^{28}$ yr) with 10 years of data taking, corresponding to a Majorana mass range of 7.3-31.3 meV (4.8-20.5 meV). XLZD will thus exclude the inverted neutrino mass ordering parameter space and will start to probe the normal ordering region for most of the nuclear matrix elements commonly considered by the community.
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Submitted 30 April, 2025; v1 submitted 23 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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The XLZD Design Book: Towards the Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics
Authors:
XLZD Collaboration,
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
M. Adrover,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
D. S. Akerib,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
L. Althueser,
D. W. P. Amaral,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
A. Ames,
B. Andrieu,
N. Angelides,
E. Angelino,
B. Antunovic,
E. Aprile,
H. M. Araújo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
M. Babicz,
A. Baker,
M. Balzer,
J. Bang,
E. Barberio
, et al. (419 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This report describes the experimental strategy and technologies for XLZD, the next-generation xenon observatory sensitive to dark matter and neutrino physics. In the baseline design, the detector will have an active liquid xenon target of 60 tonnes, which could be increased to 80 tonnes if the market conditions for xenon are favorable. It is based on the mature liquid xenon time projection chambe…
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This report describes the experimental strategy and technologies for XLZD, the next-generation xenon observatory sensitive to dark matter and neutrino physics. In the baseline design, the detector will have an active liquid xenon target of 60 tonnes, which could be increased to 80 tonnes if the market conditions for xenon are favorable. It is based on the mature liquid xenon time projection chamber technology used in current-generation experiments, LZ and XENONnT. The report discusses the baseline design and opportunities for further optimization of the individual detector components. The experiment envisaged here has the capability to explore parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter down to the neutrino fog, with a 3$σ$ evidence potential for WIMP-nucleon cross sections as low as $3\times10^{-49}\rm\,cm^2$ (at 40 GeV/c$^2$ WIMP mass). The observatory will also have leading sensitivity to a wide range of alternative dark matter models. It is projected to have a 3$σ$ observation potential of neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe at a half-life of up to $5.7\times 10^{27}$ years. Additionally, it is sensitive to astrophysical neutrinos from the sun and galactic supernovae.
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Submitted 28 October, 2025; v1 submitted 22 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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Model-independent searches of new physics in DARWIN with a semi-supervised deep learning pipeline
Authors:
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
M. Adrover,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
L. Althueser,
D. W. P. Amaral,
B. Andrieu,
E. Angelino,
D. Antón Martin,
B. Antunovic,
E. Aprile,
M. Babicz,
D. Bajpai,
M. Balzer,
E. Barberio,
L. Baudis,
M. Bazyk,
N. F. Bell,
L. Bellagamba,
R. Biondi,
Y. Biondi,
A. Bismark,
C. Boehm,
K. Boese,
R. Braun
, et al. (209 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present a novel deep learning pipeline to perform a model-independent, likelihood-free search for anomalous (i.e., non-background) events in the proposed next generation multi-ton scale liquid Xenon-based direct detection experiment, DARWIN. We train an anomaly detector comprising a variational autoencoder and a classifier on extensive, high-dimensional simulated detector response data and cons…
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We present a novel deep learning pipeline to perform a model-independent, likelihood-free search for anomalous (i.e., non-background) events in the proposed next generation multi-ton scale liquid Xenon-based direct detection experiment, DARWIN. We train an anomaly detector comprising a variational autoencoder and a classifier on extensive, high-dimensional simulated detector response data and construct a one-dimensional anomaly score optimised to reject the background only hypothesis in the presence of an excess of non-background-like events. We benchmark the procedure with a sensitivity study that determines its power to reject the background-only hypothesis in the presence of an injected WIMP dark matter signal, outperforming the classical, likelihood-based background rejection test. We show that our neural networks learn relevant energy features of the events from low-level, high-dimensional detector outputs, without the need to compress this data into lower-dimensional observables, thus reducing computational effort and information loss. For the future, our approach lays the foundation for an efficient end-to-end pipeline that eliminates the need for many of the corrections and cuts that are traditionally part of the analysis chain, with the potential of achieving higher accuracy and significant reduction of analysis time.
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Submitted 9 May, 2026; v1 submitted 1 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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Study of the decay and production properties of $D_{s1}(2536)$ and $D_{s2}^*(2573)$
Authors:
M. Ablikim,
M. N. Achasov,
P. Adlarson,
O. Afedulidis,
X. C. Ai,
R. Aliberti,
A. Amoroso,
Q. An,
Y. Bai,
O. Bakina,
I. Balossino,
Y. Ban,
H. -R. Bao,
V. Batozskaya,
K. Begzsuren,
N. Berger,
M. Berlowski,
M. Bertani,
D. Bettoni,
F. Bianchi,
E. Bianco,
A. Bortone,
I. Boyko,
R. A. Briere,
A. Brueggemann
, et al. (645 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The $e^+e^-\rightarrow D_s^+D_{s1}(2536)^-$ and $e^+e^-\rightarrow D_s^+D^*_{s2}(2573)^-$ processes are studied using data samples collected with the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies from 4.530 to 4.946~GeV. The absolute branching fractions of $D_{s1}(2536)^- \rightarrow \bar{D}^{*0}K^-$ and $D_{s2}^*(2573)^- \rightarrow \bar{D}^0K^-$ are measured for the first time to be…
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The $e^+e^-\rightarrow D_s^+D_{s1}(2536)^-$ and $e^+e^-\rightarrow D_s^+D^*_{s2}(2573)^-$ processes are studied using data samples collected with the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies from 4.530 to 4.946~GeV. The absolute branching fractions of $D_{s1}(2536)^- \rightarrow \bar{D}^{*0}K^-$ and $D_{s2}^*(2573)^- \rightarrow \bar{D}^0K^-$ are measured for the first time to be $(35.9\pm 4.8\pm 3.5)\%$ and $(37.4\pm 3.1\pm 4.6)\%$, respectively. The measurements are in tension with predictions based on the assumption that the $D_{s1}(2536)$ and $D_{s2}^*(2573)$ are dominated by a bare $c\bar{s}$ component. The $e^+e^-\rightarrow D_s^+D_{s1}(2536)^-$ and $e^+e^-\rightarrow D_s^+D^*_{s2}(2573)^-$ cross sections are measured, and a resonant structure at around 4.6~GeV with a width of 50~MeV is observed for the first time with a statistical significance of $15σ$ in the $e^+e^-\rightarrow D_s^+D^*_{s2}(2573)^-$ process. It could be the $Y(4626)$ found by the Belle collaboration in the $D_s^+D_{s1}(2536)^{-}$ final state, since they have similar masses and widths. There is also evidence for a structure at around 4.75~GeV in both processes.
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Submitted 10 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Experimental Measurement of Overlapped Sheaths
Authors:
Mudi Chen,
Michael Dropmann,
Ke Qiao,
Zhiyue Ding,
Lorin S. Matthews,
Truell W. Hyde
Abstract:
Due to the complicated environment of the plasma sheath, it is difficult to experimentally measure plasma characteristics in the narrow geometry where sheaths from opposite boundaries overlap. Since such geometries are often found in industrial plasma applications, accurate measurements of this type are of significant interests. In this paper, we employ micron-sized dust grains as non-perturbative…
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Due to the complicated environment of the plasma sheath, it is difficult to experimentally measure plasma characteristics in the narrow geometry where sheaths from opposite boundaries overlap. Since such geometries are often found in industrial plasma applications, accurate measurements of this type are of significant interests. In this paper, we employ micron-sized dust grains as non-perturbative probes of the plasma environment. A particle-freefall technique is then used to measure the sheath profiles produced by a rf plasma within a glass box. The results show that this technique can identify the plasma operating conditions for which the sheaths on opposite walls begin to overlap as well as the magnitude of the effect.
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Submitted 29 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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Multiplication of freestanding semiconductor membranes from a single wafer by advanced remote epitaxy
Authors:
Hyunseok Kim,
Yunpeng Liu,
Kuangye Lu,
Celesta S. Chang,
Kuan Qiao,
Ki Seok Kim,
Bo-In Park,
Junseok Jeong,
Menglin Zhu,
Jun Min Suh,
Yongmin Baek,
You Jin Ji,
Sungsu Kang,
Sangho Lee,
Ne Myo Han,
Chansoo Kim,
Chanyeol Choi,
Xinyuan Zhang,
Haozhe Wang,
Lingping Kong,
Jungwon Park,
Kyusang Lee,
Geun Young Yeom,
Sungkyu Kim,
Jinwoo Hwang
, et al. (4 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Freestanding single-crystalline membranes are an important building block for functional electronics. Especially, compounds semiconductor membranes such as III-N and III-V offer great opportunities for optoelectronics, high-power electronics, and high-speed computing. Despite huge efforts to produce such membranes by detaching epitaxial layers from donor wafers, however, it is still challenging to…
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Freestanding single-crystalline membranes are an important building block for functional electronics. Especially, compounds semiconductor membranes such as III-N and III-V offer great opportunities for optoelectronics, high-power electronics, and high-speed computing. Despite huge efforts to produce such membranes by detaching epitaxial layers from donor wafers, however, it is still challenging to harvest epitaxial layers using practical processes. Here, we demonstrate a method to grow and harvest multiple epitaxial membranes with extremely high throughput at the wafer scale. For this, 2D materials are directly formed on III-N and III-V substrates in epitaxy systems, which enables an advanced remote epitaxy scheme comprised of multiple alternating layers of 2D materials and epitaxial layers that can be formed by a single epitaxy run. Each epilayer in the multi-stack structure is then harvested by layer-by-layer peeling, producing multiple freestanding membranes with unprecedented throughput from a single wafer. Because 2D materials allow peeling at the interface without damaging the epilayer or the substrate, wafers can be reused for subsequent membrane production. Therefore, this work represents a meaningful step toward high-throughput and low-cost production of single-crystal membranes that can be heterointegrated.
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Submitted 7 April, 2022;
originally announced April 2022.
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Scannerless non-line-of-sight three dimensional imaging with a 32x32 SPAD array
Authors:
Chenfei Jin,
Meng Tang,
Legeng Jia,
Xiaorui Tian,
Jie Yang,
Kai Qiao,
Siqi Zhang
Abstract:
We develop a scannerless non-line-of-sight three dimensional imaging system based on a commercial 32x32 SPAD camera combined with a 70 ps pulsed laser. In our experiment, 1024 time histograms can be achieved synchronously in 3s with an average time resolution of about 165 ps. The result with filtered back projection shows a discernable reconstruction while the result using virtual wave field demon…
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We develop a scannerless non-line-of-sight three dimensional imaging system based on a commercial 32x32 SPAD camera combined with a 70 ps pulsed laser. In our experiment, 1024 time histograms can be achieved synchronously in 3s with an average time resolution of about 165 ps. The result with filtered back projection shows a discernable reconstruction while the result using virtual wave field demonstrates a better quality similar to the ones created by earlier scanning imaging systems with single pixel SPAD. Comparatively, our system has large potential advantages in frame frequency, power requirements, compactness and robustness. The research results will pave a path for scannerless non-line-of-sight three dimensional imaging application.
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Submitted 10 November, 2020;
originally announced November 2020.
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Ion wake induced mode coupling in a horizontal chain in complex plasmas
Authors:
Ke Qiao,
Zhiyue Ding,
Jorge R. Carmona,
Jie Kong,
Lorin S. Matthews,
Truell W. Hyde
Abstract:
Ion wake induced mode coupling is investigated experimentally for a horizontal dust chain formed in a complex plasma, verifying results from previous simulation. A double branch of faint spectral lines is detected in the mode spectra which verifies the predicted rule of mode coupling between the vertical z(j=i$\pm$1) modes and the longitudinal mode x(i). Discreet instabilities are observed as the…
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Ion wake induced mode coupling is investigated experimentally for a horizontal dust chain formed in a complex plasma, verifying results from previous simulation. A double branch of faint spectral lines is detected in the mode spectra which verifies the predicted rule of mode coupling between the vertical z(j=i$\pm$1) modes and the longitudinal mode x(i). Discreet instabilities are observed as the branches of x- and z-modes intersect each other. The mode spectra in the vicinity of the instabilities exhibit enhanced energy density at specific coupled x and z modes, serving as direct evidence that these instabilities are caused by resonance between the coupled modes. The instability-induced melting threshold was found to obey the Lindemann criterion through analysis of the instantaneous relative interparticle distance fluctuation (IDF). The relation between mode spectra and dispersion relations was further studied by multiplying the mode spectra with a transition matrix connecting the bases of normal mode eigenvectors and Fourier series in k space. Typical dispersion relations corresponding to the longitudinal and out-of-plane transverse Dust Lattice Waves (DLWs) are obtained, which also exhibit characteristics unique to finite systems, including discrete bands and strong fluctuations in the energy density.
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Submitted 3 August, 2020;
originally announced August 2020.
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Improved limits on solar axions and bosonic dark matter from the CDEX-1B experiment using the profile likelihood ratio method
Authors:
Y. Wang,
Q. Yue,
S. K. Liu,
K. J. Kang,
Y. J. Li,
H. P. An,
J. P. Chang,
J. H. Chen,
Y. H. Chen,
J. P. Cheng,
W. H. Dai,
Z. Deng,
X. P. Geng,
H. Gong,
P. Gu,
X. Y. Guo,
H. T. He,
L. He,
S. M. He,
J. W. Hu,
H. X. Huang,
T. C. Huang,
L. P. Jia,
H. B. Li,
H. Li
, et al. (55 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the improved constraints on couplings of solar axions and more generic bosonic dark matter particles using 737.1 kg-days of data from the CDEX-1B experiment. The CDEX-1B experiment, located at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, primarily aims at the direct detection of weakly interacting massive particles using a p-type point-contact germanium detector. We adopt the profile likel…
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We present the improved constraints on couplings of solar axions and more generic bosonic dark matter particles using 737.1 kg-days of data from the CDEX-1B experiment. The CDEX-1B experiment, located at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, primarily aims at the direct detection of weakly interacting massive particles using a p-type point-contact germanium detector. We adopt the profile likelihood ratio method for analysis of data in the presence of backgrounds. An energy threshold of 160 eV was achieved, much better than the 475 eV of CDEX-1A with an exposure of 335.6 kg-days. This significantly improves the sensitivity for the bosonic dark matter below 0.8 keV among germanium detectors. Limits are also placed on the coupling $g_{Ae} < 2.48 \times 10^{-11}$ from Compton, bremsstrahlung, atomic-recombination and de-excitation channels and $g^{eff}_{AN} \times g_{Ae} < 4.14 \times 10^{-17}$ from a $^{57}$Fe M1 transition at 90\% confidence level.
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Submitted 26 April, 2021; v1 submitted 8 November, 2019;
originally announced November 2019.
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Direct Detection Constraints on Dark Photons with CDEX-10 Experiment at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory
Authors:
Z. She,
L. P. Jia,
Q. Yue,
H. Ma,
K. J. Kang,
Y. J. Li,
M. Agartioglu,
H. P. An,
J. P. Chang,
J. H. Chen,
Y. H. Chen,
J. P. Cheng,
W. H. Dai,
Z. Deng,
X. P. Geng,
H. Gong,
P. Gu,
Q. J. Guo,
X. Y. Guo,
L. He,
S. M. He,
H. T. He,
J. W. Hu,
T. C. Huang,
H. X. Huang
, et al. (59 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report constraints on the dark photon effective kinetic mixing parameter ($κ$) with data taken from two ${p}$-type point-contact germanium detectors of the CDEX-10 experiment at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. The 90\% confidence level upper limits on $κ$ of solar dark photon from 205.4 kg-day exposure are derived, probing new parameter space with masses (${m_V}$) from 10 to 300 eV/…
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We report constraints on the dark photon effective kinetic mixing parameter ($κ$) with data taken from two ${p}$-type point-contact germanium detectors of the CDEX-10 experiment at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. The 90\% confidence level upper limits on $κ$ of solar dark photon from 205.4 kg-day exposure are derived, probing new parameter space with masses (${m_V}$) from 10 to 300 eV/${c^2}$ in direct detection experiments. Considering dark photon as the cosmological dark matter, limits at 90\% confidence level with ${m_V}$ from 0.1 to 4.0 keV/${c^2}$ are set from 449.6 kg-day data, with a minimum of ${\rm{κ=1.3 \times 10^{-15}}}$ at ${\rm{m_V=200\ eV/c^2}}$.
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Submitted 18 March, 2020; v1 submitted 29 October, 2019;
originally announced October 2019.
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Non-perturbative experiments on plasma-mediated particle interaction and the ion wake potential
Authors:
Ke Qiao,
Zhiyue Ding,
Jie Kong,
Mudi Chen,
Lorin S. Matthews,
Truell W. Hyde
Abstract:
A non-perturbative method is introduced to measure the particle-particle interaction strengths and in-situ confinement for a vertically aligned dust particle pair in a complex plasma. The intrinsic thermal motion of each particle is tracked, allowing the interaction strengths and confinement in both the vertical and horizontal directions to be determined simultaneously. The method is validated thr…
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A non-perturbative method is introduced to measure the particle-particle interaction strengths and in-situ confinement for a vertically aligned dust particle pair in a complex plasma. The intrinsic thermal motion of each particle is tracked, allowing the interaction strengths and confinement in both the vertical and horizontal directions to be determined simultaneously. The method is validated through quantitative agreement with previous measurements of the non-reciprocal interaction strength in the vertical direction, the horizontal ion wake attraction, and the charge reduction and heating of the lower particle when located in the wake of the upper particle. The experiment also verifies both theoretical and numerical predictions for the ion wake potential by investigating the ratios among the interaction strengths in the vertical and horizontal directions, as well as in the up- and down-stream directions at varying powers. The upstream potential is shown to be asymmetric with unequal screening lengths in the vertical and horizontal directions, implying a subsonic ion flow at low rf powers. Additionally, it is shown that the ratio between the down and up-stream strengths in the vertical direction remains constant at high power, then increases at low power, in agreement with the theoretically predicted increase in the magnitude of the wake potential as the Mach number decreases. Finally, the measured ratio of approximately 5 between the downstream and upstream strengths in the horizontal direction is shown to agree with simulations conducted employing similar plasma parameters.
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Submitted 16 October, 2018;
originally announced October 2018.
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Dust cluster spin in complex (dusty) plasmas
Authors:
Bo Zhang,
Jie Kong,
Mudi Chen,
Ke Qiao,
Lorin S. Matthews,
Truell W. Hyde
Abstract:
The spontaneous rotation of small dust clusters confined inside a cubical glass box in the sheath of a complex plasma was observed in experiment. Due to strong coupling between the dust particles, these clusters behave like a rigid-body where cluster rotation is contingent upon their configuration and symmetry. By evaluating the effects of distinct contributing forces, it is postulated that the ro…
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The spontaneous rotation of small dust clusters confined inside a cubical glass box in the sheath of a complex plasma was observed in experiment. Due to strong coupling between the dust particles, these clusters behave like a rigid-body where cluster rotation is contingent upon their configuration and symmetry. By evaluating the effects of distinct contributing forces, it is postulated that the rotation observed is driven by the net torque exerted on the cluster by the ion wake force. The configuration and symmetry of a cluster determines whether the net torque induced by the ion wake force is nonzero, in turn leading to cluster rotation. A COPTIC (Cartesian mesh, oblique boundary, particles and thermals in cell) simulation is employed to obtain the ion wake potential providing a theoretical model of cluster rotation which includes both the ion wake force and neutral drag and predicts rotation rates and direction in agreement with experimental results. These results are then used to diagnose the ion flow within the box.
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Submitted 26 May, 2017;
originally announced May 2017.
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Determination of interaction between a dust particle pair in complex plasmas
Authors:
Ke Qiao,
Zhiyue Ding,
Jie Kong,
Mudi Chen,
Lorin S. Matthews,
Truell W. Hyde
Abstract:
A non-intrusive method to measure particle interaction using only the thermal motion of the particles is applied to a vertically aligned dust particle pair in a complex plasma. The scanning mode spectra (SMS) are obtained by tracking the thermal motion of the grains, with the interaction strength then determined from the frequencies and the eigenvector configuration of the normal modes. The intera…
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A non-intrusive method to measure particle interaction using only the thermal motion of the particles is applied to a vertically aligned dust particle pair in a complex plasma. The scanning mode spectra (SMS) are obtained by tracking the thermal motion of the grains, with the interaction strength then determined from the frequencies and the eigenvector configuration of the normal modes. The interaction of the bottom particle acting on the top particle is shown to be Yukawa-like with the screening length suppressed against the ion flow. The interaction of the top particle acting on the bottom particle is repulsive in the vertical direction and attractive in the horizontal direction. The vertical interaction from the top to bottom particle is stronger than that from the bottom to top particle, agreeing with an extended ion wake tail as predicted by the inhomogeneous ion wake theory. Determination of the horizontal attraction strength serves as a direct verification and quantification of the ion wake effect. Heating of the lower particle in both the vertical and horizontal directions is observed and quantitatively related to the nonreciprocity of the interaction. The in situ confinement strength at the position of the bottom particle is found to be consistently lower than at the position of the top particle, caused by decharging of the lower particle by 10-30% while inside the ion wake of the top particle.
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Submitted 4 May, 2017;
originally announced May 2017.
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Using Dust as Probes to Determine Sheath Extent and Structure
Authors:
Angela Douglass,
Victor Land,
Ke Qiao,
Lorin Matthews,
Truell Hyde
Abstract:
Two in-situ experimental methods are presented in which dust particles are used to determine the extent of the sheath and gain information about the time-averaged electric force profile within a RF plasma sheath. These methods are advantageous because they are not only simple and quick to carry out, but they also can be performed using standard dusty plasma experimental equipment. In the first met…
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Two in-situ experimental methods are presented in which dust particles are used to determine the extent of the sheath and gain information about the time-averaged electric force profile within a RF plasma sheath. These methods are advantageous because they are not only simple and quick to carry out, but they also can be performed using standard dusty plasma experimental equipment. In the first method, dust particles are tracked as they fall through the plasma toward the lower electrode. These trajectories are then used to determine the electric force on the particle as a function of height as well as the extent of the sheath. In the second method, dust particle levitation height is measured across a wide range of RF voltages. Similarities were observed between the two experiments, but in order to understand the underlying physics behind these observations, the same conditions were replicated using a self-consistent fluid model. Through comparison of the fluid model and experimental results, it is shown that the particles exhibiting a levitation height that is independent of RF voltage indicate the sheath edge - the boundary between the quasineutral bulk plasma and the sheath. Therefore, both of these simple and inexpensive, yet effective, methods can be applied across a wide range of experimental parameters in any ground-based RF plasma chamber to gain useful information regarding the sheath, which is needed for interpretation of dusty plasma experiments.
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Submitted 2 August, 2016;
originally announced August 2016.
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Image Prediction for Limited-angle Tomography via Deep Learning with Convolutional Neural Network
Authors:
Hanming Zhang,
Liang Li,
Kai Qiao,
Linyuan Wang,
Bin Yan,
Lei Li,
Guoen Hu
Abstract:
Limited angle problem is a challenging issue in x-ray computed tomography (CT) field. Iterative reconstruction methods that utilize the additional prior can suppress artifacts and improve image quality, but unfortunately require increased computation time. An interesting way is to restrain the artifacts in the images reconstructed from the practical filtered back projection (FBP) method. Frikel an…
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Limited angle problem is a challenging issue in x-ray computed tomography (CT) field. Iterative reconstruction methods that utilize the additional prior can suppress artifacts and improve image quality, but unfortunately require increased computation time. An interesting way is to restrain the artifacts in the images reconstructed from the practical filtered back projection (FBP) method. Frikel and Quinto have proved that the streak artifacts in FBP results could be characterized. It indicates that the artifacts created by FBP method have specific and similar characteristics in a stationary limited-angle scanning configuration. Based on this understanding, this work aims at developing a method to extract and suppress specific artifacts of FBP reconstructions for limited-angle tomography. A data-driven learning-based method is proposed based on a deep convolutional neural network. An end-to-end mapping between the FBP and artifact-free images is learned and the implicit features involving artifacts will be extracted and suppressed via nonlinear mapping. The qualitative and quantitative evaluations of experimental results indicate that the proposed method show a stable and prospective performance on artifacts reduction and detail recovery for limited angle tomography. The presented strategy provides a simple and efficient approach for improving image quality of the reconstruction results from limited projection data.
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Submitted 29 July, 2016;
originally announced July 2016.
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Temperature measurement of a dust particle in a RF plasma GEC reference cell
Authors:
Jie Kong,
Ke Qiao,
Lorin S. Matthews,
Truell W. Hyde
Abstract:
The thermal motion of a dust particle levitated in a plasma chamber is similar to that described by Brownian motion in many ways. The primary differences between a dust particle in a plasma system and a free Brownian particle is that in addition to the random collisions between the dust particle and the neutral gas atoms, there are electric field fluctuations, dust charge fluctuations, and correla…
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The thermal motion of a dust particle levitated in a plasma chamber is similar to that described by Brownian motion in many ways. The primary differences between a dust particle in a plasma system and a free Brownian particle is that in addition to the random collisions between the dust particle and the neutral gas atoms, there are electric field fluctuations, dust charge fluctuations, and correlated motions from the unwanted continuous signals originating within the plasma system itself. This last contribution does not include random motion and is therefore separable from the random motion in a normal temperature measurement. In this paper, we discuss how to separate random and coherent motion of a dust particle confined in a glass box in a Gaseous Electronic Conference radio frequency reference cell employing experimentally determined dust particle fluctuation data analyzed using the mean square displacement technique.
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Submitted 14 July, 2016; v1 submitted 18 May, 2016;
originally announced May 2016.
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Mode couplings and resonance instabilities in dust clusters
Authors:
Ke Qiao,
Jie Kong,
Eric Van Oeveren,
Lorin S. Matthews,
Truell W. Hyde
Abstract:
The normal modes for three to seven particle two-dimensional (2D) dust clusters in a complex plasma are investigated using an N-body simulation. The ion wakefield downstream of each particle is shown to induce coupling between horizontal and vertical modes. The rules of mode coupling are investigated by classifying the mode eigenvectors employing the Bessel and trigonometric functions indexed by o…
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The normal modes for three to seven particle two-dimensional (2D) dust clusters in a complex plasma are investigated using an N-body simulation. The ion wakefield downstream of each particle is shown to induce coupling between horizontal and vertical modes. The rules of mode coupling are investigated by classifying the mode eigenvectors employing the Bessel and trigonometric functions indexed by order integers (m, n). It is shown that coupling only occurs between two modes with the same m and that horizontal modes having a higher shear contribution exhibit weaker coupling. Three types of resonances are shown to occur when two coupled modes have the same frequency. Discrete instabilities caused by both the first and third type of resonances are verified and instabilities caused by the third type of resonance are found to induce melting. The melting procedure is observed to go through a two-step process with the solid-liquid transition closely obeying the Lindemann criterion.
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Submitted 24 June, 2014;
originally announced June 2014.
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Mode coupling and resonance instabilities in quasi-two-dimensional dust clusters in complex plasmas
Authors:
Ke Qiao,
Jie Kong,
Jorge Carmona,
Lorin S. Matthews,
Truell W. Hyde
Abstract:
Small quasi-two-dimensional (2D) dust clusters consisting of three to eleven particles are formed in an argon plasma under varying rf power. Their normal modes are investigated through their mode spectra obtained from tracking thermal motion of the particles. Detailed coupling patterns between their horizontal and vertical modes are detected for particle numbers up to seven and discrete instabilit…
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Small quasi-two-dimensional (2D) dust clusters consisting of three to eleven particles are formed in an argon plasma under varying rf power. Their normal modes are investigated through their mode spectra obtained from tracking thermal motion of the particles. Detailed coupling patterns between their horizontal and vertical modes are detected for particle numbers up to seven and discrete instabilities are found for dust clusters with particle number greater than nine, as predicted in previous theory on ion-flow induced mode coupling in small clusters. The instabilities are proven to be induced by resonance between coupled horizontal and vertical normal modes.
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Submitted 24 June, 2014;
originally announced June 2014.
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Interaction force in a vertical dust chain inside a glass box
Authors:
Jie Kong,
Ke Qiao,
Lorin S. Matthews,
Truell W. Hyde
Abstract:
Small number dust particle clusters can be used as probes for plasma diagnostics. The number of dust particles as well as cluster size and shape can be easily controlled employing a glass box placed within a GEC rf reference chamber to provide confinement of the dust. The plasma parameters inside this box and within the larger plasma chamber have not yet been adequately defined. Adjusting the rf p…
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Small number dust particle clusters can be used as probes for plasma diagnostics. The number of dust particles as well as cluster size and shape can be easily controlled employing a glass box placed within a GEC rf reference chamber to provide confinement of the dust. The plasma parameters inside this box and within the larger plasma chamber have not yet been adequately defined. Adjusting the rf power alters the plasma conditions causing structural changes of the cluster. This effect can be used to probe the relationship between the rf power and other plasma parameters. This experiment employs the sloshing and breathing modes of small cluster oscillations to examine the relationship between system rf power and the particle charge and plasma screening length inside the glass box. The experimental results provided indicate that both the screening length and dust charge decrease as rf power inside the box increases. The decrease in dust charge as power increases may indicate that ion trapping plays a significant role in the sheath.
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Submitted 12 June, 2014;
originally announced June 2014.
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Glow and dust in plasma boundaries
Authors:
Victor Land,
Angela Douglass,
Ke Qiao,
Zhuanhao Zhang,
Lorin Matthews,
Truell Hyde
Abstract:
The sheath region is probed in different complex plasma experiments using dust particles in addition to measurement of the optical emission originating from the plasma. The local maximum in optical emission coincides with the breaking of quasi-neutrality at the sheath boundary as indicated by the vertical force profile reconstructed from dust particle trajectories, as well as by the local onset of…
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The sheath region is probed in different complex plasma experiments using dust particles in addition to measurement of the optical emission originating from the plasma. The local maximum in optical emission coincides with the breaking of quasi-neutrality at the sheath boundary as indicated by the vertical force profile reconstructed from dust particle trajectories, as well as by the local onset of dust density waves in high density dust clouds suspended in a dielectric box.
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Submitted 10 January, 2013;
originally announced January 2013.
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Determination of the levitation limits of dust particles within the sheath in complex plasma experiments
Authors:
Angela Douglass,
Victor Land,
Ke Qiao,
Lorin Matthews,
Truell Hyde
Abstract:
Experiments are performed in which dust particles are levitated at varying heights above the powered electrode in a RF plasma discharge by changing the discharge power. The trajectories of particles dropped from the top of the discharge chamber are used to reconstruct the vertical electric force acting on the particles. The resulting data, together with the results from a selfconsistent fluid mode…
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Experiments are performed in which dust particles are levitated at varying heights above the powered electrode in a RF plasma discharge by changing the discharge power. The trajectories of particles dropped from the top of the discharge chamber are used to reconstruct the vertical electric force acting on the particles. The resulting data, together with the results from a selfconsistent fluid model, are used to determine the lower levitation limit for dust particles in the discharge and the approximate height above the lower electrode where quasineutrality is attained, locating the sheath edge. These results are then compared with current sheath models. It is also shown that particles levitated within a few electron Debye lengths of the sheath edge are located outside the linearly increasing portion of the electric field.
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Submitted 7 December, 2011;
originally announced December 2011.
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The effect of dust charge variation, due to ion flow and electron depletion, on dust levitation
Authors:
Victor Land,
Angela Douglass,
Ke Qiao,
Lorin Matthews,
Truell Hyde
Abstract:
Using a fluid model, the plasma densities, electron temperature and ion Mach number in front of a powered electrode in different plasma discharges is computed. The dust charge is computed using OML theory for Maxwellian electrons and ions distributed according to a shifted-Maxwellian. By assuming force balance between gravity and the electrostatic force, the dust levitation height is obtained. The…
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Using a fluid model, the plasma densities, electron temperature and ion Mach number in front of a powered electrode in different plasma discharges is computed. The dust charge is computed using OML theory for Maxwellian electrons and ions distributed according to a shifted-Maxwellian. By assuming force balance between gravity and the electrostatic force, the dust levitation height is obtained. The importance of the dust charge variation is investigated.
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Submitted 11 November, 2011;
originally announced November 2011.
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One-dimensional vertical dust strings in a glass box
Authors:
Jie Kong,
Truell Hyde,
Lorin Matthews,
Ke Qiao,
Zhuanhao Zhang,
Angela Douglass
Abstract:
The oscillation spectrum of a one-dimensional vertical dust string formed inside a glass box on top of the lower electrode in a GEC reference cell was studied. A mechanism for creating a single vertical dust string is described. It is shown that the oscillation amplitudes, resonance frequencies, damping coefficients, and oscillation phases of the dust particles separate into two distinct groups. O…
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The oscillation spectrum of a one-dimensional vertical dust string formed inside a glass box on top of the lower electrode in a GEC reference cell was studied. A mechanism for creating a single vertical dust string is described. It is shown that the oscillation amplitudes, resonance frequencies, damping coefficients, and oscillation phases of the dust particles separate into two distinct groups. One group exhibits low damping coefficients, increasing amplitudes and decreasing resonance frequencies for dust particles closer to the lower electrode. The other group shows high damping coefficients but anomalous resonance frequencies and amplitudes. At low oscillation frequencies, the two groups are also separated by a π-phase difference. One possible cause for the difference in behavior between the two groups is discussed.
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Submitted 11 July, 2011;
originally announced July 2011.
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Vibrational Modes and Instabilities of a Dust Particle Pair in a Complex Plasma
Authors:
Ke Qiao,
Lorin Matthews,
Truell W. Hyde
Abstract:
Vibrational modes and instabilities of a dust particle pair in a terrestrial laboratory complex plasma are investigated employing an analytical method whereby the plasma wakefield induced by an external electric field is modeled using an image charge method. It is found that for both horizontally and vertically aligned dust particle pairs in equilibrium, four normal modes exist. Variations of the…
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Vibrational modes and instabilities of a dust particle pair in a terrestrial laboratory complex plasma are investigated employing an analytical method whereby the plasma wakefield induced by an external electric field is modeled using an image charge method. It is found that for both horizontally and vertically aligned dust particle pairs in equilibrium, four normal modes exist. Variations of the confinement parameters cause a single type of instability in the horizontal pair and two types of instabilities in the vertical pair.
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Submitted 19 October, 2010;
originally announced October 2010.
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A Simple Method to Measure the Interaction Potential of Dielectric Grains in a Dusty Plasma
Authors:
Zhuanhao Zhang,
Ke Qiao,
Jie Kong,
Lorin Matthews,
Truell Hyde
Abstract:
A simple minimally perturbative method is introduced which provides the ability to experimentally measure both the radial confining potential and the interaction potential between two individual dust particles, levitated in the sheath of a radio-frequency (RF) argon discharge. In this technique, a single dust particle is dropped into the plasma sheath to interact with a second individual dust part…
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A simple minimally perturbative method is introduced which provides the ability to experimentally measure both the radial confining potential and the interaction potential between two individual dust particles, levitated in the sheath of a radio-frequency (RF) argon discharge. In this technique, a single dust particle is dropped into the plasma sheath to interact with a second individual dust particle already situated at the system's equilibrium point, without introducing any external perturbation. The resulting data is analyzed using a method employing a polynomial fit to the particle displacement(s), X(t), to reduce uncertainty in calculation. Employing this technique, the horizontal confinement is shown to be parabolic over a
wide range of pressures and displacements from the equilibrium point. The interaction potential is also measured and shown to be well-described by a
screened Coulomb potential and to decrease with increasing pressure. Finally, the charge on the particle and the effective dust screening distance are calculated. It is shown for the first time experimentally that the charge on a
particle in the sheath of an RF plasma decreases with increasing pressure, in agreement with theoretical predictions. The screening distance also decreases with increasing pressure as expected. This technique can be used for rapid determination of particle parameters in dusty plasma.
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Submitted 19 August, 2010;
originally announced August 2010.
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Measurement of the vertical non-uniformity of the plasma sheath in a complex plasma
Authors:
Jie Kong,
Truell W. Hyde,
Brandon Harris,
Ke Qiao,
Jorge Carmona Reyes
Abstract:
Employing an attenuated oscillation method, the anisotropic interaction force between two vertically aligned dust particles located in the sheath of a complex plasma was measured experimentally based on a linear approximation to the interaction force. Experimental data shows that although both particles experience a repulsive interaction force, the upper particle experiences a stronger magnitude…
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Employing an attenuated oscillation method, the anisotropic interaction force between two vertically aligned dust particles located in the sheath of a complex plasma was measured experimentally based on a linear approximation to the interaction force. Experimental data shows that although both particles experience a repulsive interaction force, the upper particle experiences a stronger magnitude force than does the lower. This result can be explained by the ion wakefield since the lower particle resides within the ion wakefield generated by the streaming ions passing through the sheath and around the upper particle.
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Submitted 3 June, 2009;
originally announced June 2009.
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Structural Phase Transitions and Vertical Mode Spectra in 2D Finite Plasma Crystals
Authors:
Ke Qiao,
Truell Hyde
Abstract:
A numerical simulation utilizing a box_tree code is used to investigate the structure and vertical mode spectrum of finite two-dimensional (2D) plasma crystals. The overall structural symmetry of the system is examined for various Debye lengths and a transition from a predominantly hexagonal structure to a structure having concentric rings along the outer edge and hexagonal lattice symmetry in t…
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A numerical simulation utilizing a box_tree code is used to investigate the structure and vertical mode spectrum of finite two-dimensional (2D) plasma crystals. The overall structural symmetry of the system is examined for various Debye lengths and a transition from a predominantly hexagonal structure to a structure having concentric rings along the outer edge and hexagonal lattice symmetry in the interior is shown to develop as the Debye length increases. Both the vertical and horizontal oscillation modes for this type of system are investigated where the horizontal mode spectra is shown to agree with published results while the vertical mode spectra obtained is shown to agree with an independent analytical method. The fundamental frequency for the vertical modes decreases as the mode number l decreases and is shown to have a maximum corresponding to that which would exist if the system acted in toto as a solid plane. For low frequency vertical modes, the largest amplitude particle motion is concentrated within a few inner rings with the outer rings remaining almost motionless. Both of these are in direct contrast to the data obtained for the horizontal modes where it is shown that at high frequencies the largest amplitude particle motion is concentrated within the inner rings.
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Submitted 30 June, 2008;
originally announced June 2008.
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Structure and Vertical Modes in Finite 2D Plasma Crystals
Authors:
K. Qiao,
T. W. Hyde
Abstract:
In this research, formation of finite two-dimensional (2D) plasma crystals was numerically simulated. The structure was investigated for systems with various Debye length and it was found there is a transition from a complete hexagonal structure to a structure with concentric rings on the outer edge and hexagonal lattice in the interior as the Debye length increases. The vertical as well as hori…
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In this research, formation of finite two-dimensional (2D) plasma crystals was numerically simulated. The structure was investigated for systems with various Debye length and it was found there is a transition from a complete hexagonal structure to a structure with concentric rings on the outer edge and hexagonal lattice in the interior as the Debye length increases. The vertical as well as horizontal oscillation modes thermally excited in the 2D dust coulomb clusters were investigated. The horizontal mode spectra is shown to agree with published results while the vertical mode spectra obtained from numerical simulation and analytical method agree with one another. The frequency of the vertical modes is shown to have a maximum corresponding to the whole system acting as a solid plane. For low frequency modes, the largest amplitude particle motion is concentrated in a few inner rings with the outer rings remaining almost motionless in contrast to the horizontal modes for which the strongest motion of the particles is concentrated in the inner rings at high frequencies.
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Submitted 25 July, 2007;
originally announced July 2007.
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Numerical Study of Structural Phase Transitions in a Vertically Confined Plasma Crystal
Authors:
K. Qiao,
T. W. Hyde
Abstract:
Dusty plasmas consists of an ionized gas containing small (usually negatively charged) particles. Dusty plasmas are of interest in both astrophysics and space physics as well as in research in plasma processing and nanofabrication. In this work, the formation of plasma crystals confined in an external one-dimensional parabolic potential well is simulated for a normal experimental environment emp…
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Dusty plasmas consists of an ionized gas containing small (usually negatively charged) particles. Dusty plasmas are of interest in both astrophysics and space physics as well as in research in plasma processing and nanofabrication. In this work, the formation of plasma crystals confined in an external one-dimensional parabolic potential well is simulated for a normal experimental environment employing a computer code called BOX_TREE. Such crystals are layered systems, with each layer a two dimensional lattice composed of grain particles. The number of layers is dependent upon the external potential parameter. For constant layer number, the intralayer structure transits from a square lattice to a hexagonal (triangular) lattice as the confining potential decreases. For hexagonal lattices, both hcp and fcc characteristics were found but hcp structures dominate. The relative thickness of the system was also examined. The results were compared with previous experimental and theoretical results and found to agree.
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Submitted 12 July, 2005;
originally announced July 2005.
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Structural phase transitions and out-of-plane dust lattice instabilities in vertically confined plasma crystals
Authors:
K. Qiao,
T. W. Hyde
Abstract:
The formation of plasma crystals confined in an external one-dimensional parabolic potential well is simulated for a normal experimental environment employing a computer code called BOXITREE. Under appropriate conditions, crystals were found to form layered systems. The system's structural phase transitions, including transitions between crystals with differing numbers of layers and the same num…
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The formation of plasma crystals confined in an external one-dimensional parabolic potential well is simulated for a normal experimental environment employing a computer code called BOXITREE. Under appropriate conditions, crystals were found to form layered systems. The system's structural phase transitions, including transitions between crystals with differing numbers of layers and the same number of layers but different intralayer structures, were investigated and found to agree with previous theoretical and experimental research results. One- to two-layer transitions were examined in detail and shown to start at the point where the out-of-plane lattice instability appears. The resulting three layer system caused by this instability was observed at the center of the system. Finally, growth rates for this out-of-plane lattice instability were obtained using the BOXITREE simulation with these results shown to agree with those obtained from analytical theory.
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Submitted 8 March, 2005;
originally announced March 2005.
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Simulating Dust Lattice Waves in Plasma Crystals Using the Box_Tree Code
Authors:
K. Qiao,
T. W. Hyde
Abstract:
DAW and DLW modes within a dust crystal are examined using the Box_Tree code.
DAW and DLW modes within a dust crystal are examined using the Box_Tree code.
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Submitted 28 January, 2004;
originally announced January 2004.
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Dispersion Relations for Thermally Excited Waves in Plasma Crystals
Authors:
K. Qiao,
T. W. Hyde
Abstract:
Thermally excited waves in a Plasma crystal were numerically simulated using a Box_Tree code. The code is a Barnes_Hut tree code proven effective in modeling systems composed of large numbers of particles. Interaction between individual particles was assumed to conform to a Yukawa potential. Particle charge, mass, density, Debye length and output data intervals are all adjustable parameters in t…
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Thermally excited waves in a Plasma crystal were numerically simulated using a Box_Tree code. The code is a Barnes_Hut tree code proven effective in modeling systems composed of large numbers of particles. Interaction between individual particles was assumed to conform to a Yukawa potential. Particle charge, mass, density, Debye length and output data intervals are all adjustable parameters in the code. Employing a Fourier transform on the output data, dispersion relations for both longitudinal and transverse wave modes were determined. These were compared with the dispersion relations obtained from experiment as well as a theory based on a harmonic approximation to the potential. They were found to agree over a range of 0.9<k<5, where k is the shielding parameter, defined by the ratio between interparticle distance a and dust Debye length lD. This is an improvement over experimental data as current experiments can only verify the theory up to k = 1.5.
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Submitted 18 August, 2003;
originally announced August 2003.
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Numerical Simulations and Analysis of Thermally Excited Waves in Plasma Crystals
Authors:
K. Qiao,
T. W. Hyde
Abstract:
A numerical model for a 2D-monolayer plasma crystal was established using the Box_tree code. Box_tree is a Barnes_Hut tree code which has proven effective in modeling systems composed of large numbers of particles. Thermally excited waves in this plasma crystal were numerically simulated and dispersion relations for both the longitudinal and transverse wave modes were found. These were compared…
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A numerical model for a 2D-monolayer plasma crystal was established using the Box_tree code. Box_tree is a Barnes_Hut tree code which has proven effective in modeling systems composed of large numbers of particles. Thermally excited waves in this plasma crystal were numerically simulated and dispersion relations for both the longitudinal and transverse wave modes were found. These were compared with the dispersion relations extrapolated from experiment as well as a theory based on harmonic approximation. The results were found to agree with theoretical dispersion relations under different wave propagation directions with different particle charges and over a range of 0.9<k<5.
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Submitted 17 July, 2003;
originally announced July 2003.