-
Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 2, Accelerators, Technical Infrastructure and Safety
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
A. Abada
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory;…
▽ More
In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase.
FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold - delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes remains flexible.
FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV - nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC - and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes.
This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.
△ Less
Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
-
Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 3, Civil Engineering, Implementation and Sustainability
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
P. Azzi
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. I…
▽ More
Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. It outlines a technically feasible and economically viable civil engineering configuration that serves as the baseline for detailed subsurface investigations, construction design, cost estimation, and project implementation planning. Additionally, the report highlights ongoing subsurface investigations in key areas to support the development of an improved 3D subsurface model of the region.
The report describes development of the project scenario based on the 'avoid-reduce-compensate' iterative optimisation approach. The reference scenario balances optimal physics performance with territorial compatibility, implementation risks, and costs. Environmental field investigations covering almost 600 hectares of terrain - including numerous urban, economic, social, and technical aspects - confirmed the project's technical feasibility and contributed to the preparation of essential input documents for the formal project authorisation phase. The summary also highlights the initiation of public dialogue as part of the authorisation process. The results of a comprehensive socio-economic impact assessment, which included significant environmental effects, are presented. Even under the most conservative and stringent conditions, a positive benefit-cost ratio for the FCC-ee is obtained. Finally, the report provides a concise summary of the studies conducted to document the current state of the environment.
△ Less
Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
-
Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 1, Physics, Experiments, Detectors
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
P. Azzi
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model.…
▽ More
Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model. The report reviews the experimental opportunities offered by the staged implementation of FCC, beginning with an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), operating at several centre-of-mass energies, followed by a hadron collider (FCC-hh). Benchmark examples are given of the expected physics performance, in terms of precision and sensitivity to new phenomena, of each collider stage. Detector requirements and conceptual designs for FCC-ee experiments are discussed, as are the specific demands that the physics programme imposes on the accelerator in the domains of the calibration of the collision energy, and the interface region between the accelerator and the detector. The report also highlights advances in detector, software and computing technologies, as well as the theoretical tools /reconstruction techniques that will enable the precision measurements and discovery potential of the FCC experimental programme. This volume reflects the outcome of a global collaborative effort involving hundreds of scientists and institutions, aided by a dedicated community-building coordination, and provides a targeted assessment of the scientific opportunities and experimental foundations of the FCC programme.
△ Less
Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
-
Using graph neural networks to reconstruct charged pion showers in the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter
Authors:
M. Aamir,
G. Adamov,
T. Adams,
C. Adloff,
S. Afanasiev,
C. Agrawal,
C. Agrawal,
A. Ahmad,
H. A. Ahmed,
S. Akbar,
N. Akchurin,
B. Akgul,
B. Akgun,
R. O. Akpinar,
E. Aktas,
A. Al Kadhim,
V. Alexakhin,
J. Alimena,
J. Alison,
A. Alpana,
W. Alshehri,
P. Alvarez Dominguez,
M. Alyari,
C. Amendola,
R. B. Amir
, et al. (550 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A novel method to reconstruct the energy of hadronic showers in the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) is presented. The HGCAL is a sampling calorimeter with very fine transverse and longitudinal granularity. The active media are silicon sensors and scintillator tiles readout by SiPMs and the absorbers are a combination of lead and Cu/CuW in the electromagnetic section, and steel in the hadr…
▽ More
A novel method to reconstruct the energy of hadronic showers in the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) is presented. The HGCAL is a sampling calorimeter with very fine transverse and longitudinal granularity. The active media are silicon sensors and scintillator tiles readout by SiPMs and the absorbers are a combination of lead and Cu/CuW in the electromagnetic section, and steel in the hadronic section. The shower reconstruction method is based on graph neural networks and it makes use of a dynamic reduction network architecture. It is shown that the algorithm is able to capture and mitigate the main effects that normally hinder the reconstruction of hadronic showers using classical reconstruction methods, by compensating for fluctuations in the multiplicity, energy, and spatial distributions of the shower's constituents. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using test beam data collected in 2018 prototype of the CMS HGCAL accompanied by a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype. The capability of the method to mitigate the impact of energy leakage from the calorimeter is also demonstrated.
△ Less
Submitted 18 December, 2024; v1 submitted 17 June, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
-
Performance of the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter prototype to charged pion beams of 20$-$300 GeV/c
Authors:
B. Acar,
G. Adamov,
C. Adloff,
S. Afanasiev,
N. Akchurin,
B. Akgün,
M. Alhusseini,
J. Alison,
J. P. Figueiredo de sa Sousa de Almeida,
P. G. Dias de Almeida,
A. Alpana,
M. Alyari,
I. Andreev,
U. Aras,
P. Aspell,
I. O. Atakisi,
O. Bach,
A. Baden,
G. Bakas,
A. Bakshi,
S. Banerjee,
P. DeBarbaro,
P. Bargassa,
D. Barney,
F. Beaudette
, et al. (435 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). The electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing med…
▽ More
The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). The electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing medium and silicon sensors as an active medium in the regions of high radiation exposure, and scintillator tiles directly readout by silicon photomultipliers in the remaining regions. As part of the development of the detector and its readout electronic components, a section of a silicon-based HGCAL prototype detector along with a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype was exposed to muons, electrons and charged pions in beam test experiments at the H2 beamline at the CERN SPS in October 2018. The AHCAL uses the same technology as foreseen for the HGCAL but with much finer longitudinal segmentation. The performance of the calorimeters in terms of energy response and resolution, longitudinal and transverse shower profiles is studied using negatively charged pions, and is compared to GEANT4 predictions. This is the first report summarizing results of hadronic showers measured by the HGCAL prototype using beam test data.
△ Less
Submitted 27 May, 2023; v1 submitted 9 November, 2022;
originally announced November 2022.
-
Response of a CMS HGCAL silicon-pad electromagnetic calorimeter prototype to 20-300 GeV positrons
Authors:
B. Acar,
G. Adamov,
C. Adloff,
S. Afanasiev,
N. Akchurin,
B. Akgün,
F. Alam Khan,
M. Alhusseini,
J. Alison,
A. Alpana,
G. Altopp,
M. Alyari,
S. An,
S. Anagul,
I. Andreev,
P. Aspell,
I. O. Atakisi,
O. Bach,
A. Baden,
G. Bakas,
A. Bakshi,
S. Bannerjee,
P. Bargassa,
D. Barney,
F. Beaudette
, et al. (364 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Compact Muon Solenoid Collaboration is designing a new high-granularity endcap calorimeter, HGCAL, to be installed later this decade. As part of this development work, a prototype system was built, with an electromagnetic section consisting of 14 double-sided structures, providing 28 sampling layers. Each sampling layer has an hexagonal module, where a multipad large-area silicon sensor is glu…
▽ More
The Compact Muon Solenoid Collaboration is designing a new high-granularity endcap calorimeter, HGCAL, to be installed later this decade. As part of this development work, a prototype system was built, with an electromagnetic section consisting of 14 double-sided structures, providing 28 sampling layers. Each sampling layer has an hexagonal module, where a multipad large-area silicon sensor is glued between an electronics circuit board and a metal baseplate. The sensor pads of approximately 1 cm$^2$ are wire-bonded to the circuit board and are readout by custom integrated circuits. The prototype was extensively tested with beams at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron in 2018. Based on the data collected with beams of positrons, with energies ranging from 20 to 300 GeV, measurements of the energy resolution and linearity, the position and angular resolutions, and the shower shapes are presented and compared to a detailed Geant4 simulation.
△ Less
Submitted 31 March, 2022; v1 submitted 12 November, 2021;
originally announced November 2021.
-
Learning from the Pandemic: the Future of Meetings in HEP and Beyond
Authors:
Mark S. Neubauer,
Todd Adams,
Jennifer Adelman-McCarthy,
Gabriele Benelli,
Tulika Bose,
David Britton,
Pat Burchat,
Joel Butler,
Timothy A. Cartwright,
Tomáš Davídek,
Jacques Dumarchez,
Peter Elmer,
Matthew Feickert,
Ben Galewsky,
Mandeep Gill,
Maciej Gladki,
Aman Goel,
Jonathan E. Guyer,
Bo Jayatilaka,
Brendan Kiburg,
Benjamin Krikler,
David Lange,
Claire Lee,
Nick Manganelli,
Giovanni Marchiori
, et al. (14 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has by-and-large prevented in-person meetings since March 2020. While the increasing deployment of effective vaccines around the world is a very positive development, the timeline and pathway to "normality" is uncertain and the "new normal" we will settle into is anyone's guess. Particle physics, like many other scientific fields, has more than a year of experience in holding…
▽ More
The COVID-19 pandemic has by-and-large prevented in-person meetings since March 2020. While the increasing deployment of effective vaccines around the world is a very positive development, the timeline and pathway to "normality" is uncertain and the "new normal" we will settle into is anyone's guess. Particle physics, like many other scientific fields, has more than a year of experience in holding virtual meetings, workshops, and conferences. A great deal of experimentation and innovation to explore how to execute these meetings effectively has occurred. Therefore, it is an appropriate time to take stock of what we as a community learned from running virtual meetings and discuss possible strategies for the future. Continuing to develop effective strategies for meetings with a virtual component is likely to be important for reducing the carbon footprint of our research activities, while also enabling greater diversity and inclusion for participation. This report summarizes a virtual two-day workshop on Virtual Meetings held May 5-6, 2021 which brought together experts from both inside and outside of high-energy physics to share their experiences and practices with organizing and executing virtual workshops, and to develop possible strategies for future meetings as we begin to emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic. This report outlines some of the practices and tools that have worked well which we hope will serve as a valuable resource for future virtual meeting organizers in all scientific fields.
△ Less
Submitted 29 June, 2021;
originally announced June 2021.
-
Radiation hardness qualification of PbWO4 scintillation crystals for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter
Authors:
The CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter Group,
P. Adzic,
N. Almeida,
D. Andelin,
I. Anicin,
Z. Antunovic,
R. Arcidiacono,
M. W. Arenton,
E. Auffray,
S. Argiro,
A. Askew,
S. Baccaro,
S. Baffioni,
M. Balazs,
D. Bandurin,
D. Barney,
L. M. Barone,
A. Bartoloni,
C. Baty,
S. Beauceron,
K. W. Bell,
C. Bernet,
M. Besancon,
B. Betev,
R. Beuselinck
, et al. (245 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Ensuring the radiation hardness of PbWO4 crystals was one of the main priorities during the construction of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at CERN. The production on an industrial scale of radiation hard crystals and their certification over a period of several years represented a difficult challenge both for CMS and for the crystal suppliers. The present article reviews t…
▽ More
Ensuring the radiation hardness of PbWO4 crystals was one of the main priorities during the construction of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at CERN. The production on an industrial scale of radiation hard crystals and their certification over a period of several years represented a difficult challenge both for CMS and for the crystal suppliers. The present article reviews the related scientific and technological problems encountered.
△ Less
Submitted 21 December, 2009;
originally announced December 2009.