Showing 1–50 of 118 results for author: Fonseca, R

A Deterministic Ionization Algorithm for the OSIRIS Particle-in-Cell Framework

Authors: Stephen DiIorio, Ricardo Fonseca, Frank Tsung, Benjamin J. Winjum, Alec G. R. Thomas

Abstract: Ionization is critical in the formation and evolution of plasma dynamics; collisional ionization, in particular, is an often overlooked source of electrons when dealing with laser-plasma interactions. Ionization plays a crucial role in understanding the complex plasma kinetics, ranging from cold and sparse astrophysical settings to hot and dense fusion systems. In this paper, we describe the under… ▽ More Ionization is critical in the formation and evolution of plasma dynamics; collisional ionization, in particular, is an often overlooked source of electrons when dealing with laser-plasma interactions. Ionization plays a crucial role in understanding the complex plasma kinetics, ranging from cold and sparse astrophysical settings to hot and dense fusion systems. In this paper, we describe the underlying theory for and development, validation, and verification of an extension to the standard particle-in-cell method to include a deterministic algorithm for collisional ionization physics. This algorithm offers improved accuracy, achieving up to two orders of magnitude decrease in the error of the ionization rate calculations, scales linearly in execution time with the number of macro-particles per cell, has been tested for physical correctness and benchmarked against several codes. △ Less

Submitted 18 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

System Effects of Carbon-Free Electricity Procurement: Regional Technology and Emissions Impacts of Voluntary Markets

Authors: John Bistline, Geoffrey Blanford, Adam Diamant, Arin Kaye, Daniel Livengood, Qianru Zhu, Francisco Ralston Fonseca

Abstract: Voluntary carbon-free electricity (CFE) procurement has the potential to accelerate electric sector decarbonization, but procurement strategies vary widely, leading to uncertainty about emissions, investments, and costs. This study assesses the system-wide effects of voluntary CFE procurement on U.S. regional power systems using a detailed energy systems model across a range of program designs, el… ▽ More Voluntary carbon-free electricity (CFE) procurement has the potential to accelerate electric sector decarbonization, but procurement strategies vary widely, leading to uncertainty about emissions, investments, and costs. This study assesses the system-wide effects of voluntary CFE procurement on U.S. regional power systems using a detailed energy systems model across a range of program designs, eligible technologies, policy environments, and modeling assumptions. Results suggest that hourly matching, where clean electricity procurement aligns with hourly load, combined with new and local generation could maximize emissions reductions from CFE procurement, particularly under existing Inflation Reduction Act incentives and state policies. However, regional costs vary significantly, with a CFE cost premium ranging from \$11-63/MWh nationally across scenarios and \$1-130/MWh across regions, broader than previous estimates. Expanding the eligible technology portfolio to include renewables, nuclear, carbon capture, and energy storage reduces costs, particularly in regions with lower wind and solar resource quality, though variable renewables and battery storage remain the dominant resources in many scenarios. Additionally, we show that the future policy environment strongly influences the effectiveness of voluntary CFE programs, with more stringent emissions policies or subsidies potentially limiting the incremental benefits of procurement. The analysis also quantifies how features of the model framework can shape insights about CFE procurement strategies. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Plasma Accelerator For Decaying Particles

Authors: Chiara Badiali, Rafael Almeida, Bernardo Malaca, Ricardo Fonseca, Thales Silva, Jorge Vieira

Abstract: We introduce a plasma wakefield acceleration scheme capable of boosting initially subrelativistic particles to relativistic velocities within millimeter-scale distances. A subluminal light pulse drives a wake whose velocity is continuously matched to the beam speed through a tailored plasma density, thereby extending the dephasing length. We develop a theoretical model that is generalizable across… ▽ More We introduce a plasma wakefield acceleration scheme capable of boosting initially subrelativistic particles to relativistic velocities within millimeter-scale distances. A subluminal light pulse drives a wake whose velocity is continuously matched to the beam speed through a tailored plasma density, thereby extending the dephasing length. We develop a theoretical model that is generalizable across particle mass, initial velocity, and the particular accelerating bucket being used, and we verify its accuracy with particle-in-cell simulations using laser drivers with energies in the Joule range. △ Less

Submitted 3 July, 2025; v1 submitted 30 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Measurement of the emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment

Authors: D. A. Cooke, F. Pannell, G. Zevi Della Porta, J. Farmer, V. Bencini, M. Bergamaschi, S. Mazzoni, L. Ranc, E. Senes, P. Sherwood, M. Wing, R. Agnello, C. C. Ahdida, C. Amoedo, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, J. M. Arnesano, P. Blanchard, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, M. Chung, A. Clairembaud, C. Davut , et al. (59 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The vertical plane transverse emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment at CERN has been determined, using three different methods of data analysis. This is a proof-of-principle measurement using the existing AWAKE electron spectrometer to validate the measurement technique. Large values of the geometric emittance, compared to that of the injection beam, are observed (… ▽ More The vertical plane transverse emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment at CERN has been determined, using three different methods of data analysis. This is a proof-of-principle measurement using the existing AWAKE electron spectrometer to validate the measurement technique. Large values of the geometric emittance, compared to that of the injection beam, are observed ($\sim \SI{0.5}{\milli\metre\milli\radian}$ compared with $\sim \SI{0.08}{\milli\metre\milli\radian}$), which is in line with expectations of emittance growth arising from plasma density ramps and large injection beam bunch size. Future iterations of AWAKE are anticipated to operate in conditions where emittance growth is better controlled, and the effects of the imaging systems of the existing and future spectrometer designs on the ability to measure the emittance are discussed. Good performance of the instrument down to geometric emittances of approximately $\SI{1e-4}{\milli\metre\milli\radian}$ is required, which may be possible with improved electron optics and imaging. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 20 pages, 9 figures

Equity Implications of Net-Zero Emissions: A Multi-Model Analysis of Energy Expenditures Across Income Classes Under Economy-Wide Deep Decarbonization Policies

Authors: John Bistlinea, Chikara Onda, Morgan Browning, Johannes Emmerling, Gokul Iyer, Megan Mahajan, Jim McFarland, Haewon McJeon, Robbie Orvis, Francisco Ralston Fonseca, Christopher Roney, Noah Sandoval, Luis Sarmiento, John Weyant, Jared Woollacott, Mei Yuan

Abstract: With companies, states, and countries targeting net-zero emissions around midcentury, there are questions about how these targets alter household welfare and finances, including distributional effects across income groups. This paper examines the distributional dimensions of technology transitions and net-zero policies with a focus on welfare impacts across household incomes. The analysis uses a m… ▽ More With companies, states, and countries targeting net-zero emissions around midcentury, there are questions about how these targets alter household welfare and finances, including distributional effects across income groups. This paper examines the distributional dimensions of technology transitions and net-zero policies with a focus on welfare impacts across household incomes. The analysis uses a model intercomparison with a range of energy-economy models using harmonized policy scenarios reaching economy-wide, net-zero CO2 emissions across the United States in 2050. We employ a novel linking approach that connects output from detailed energy system models with survey microdata on energy expenditures across income classes to provide distributional analysis of net-zero policies. Although there are differences in model structure and input assumptions, we find broad agreement in qualitative trends in policy incidence and energy burdens across income groups. Models generally agree that direct energy expenditures for many households will likely decline over time with reference and net-zero policies. However, there is variation in the extent of changes relative to current levels, energy burdens relative to reference levels, and electricity expenditures. Policy design, primarily how climate policy revenues are used, has first-order impacts on distributional outcomes. Net-zero policy costs, in both absolute and relative terms, are unevenly distributed across households, and relative increases in energy expenditures are higher for lowest-income households. However, we also find that recycled revenues from climate policies have countervailing effects when rebated on a per-capita basis, offsetting higher energy burdens and potentially even leading to net progressive outcomes. △ Less

Submitted 29 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Journal ref: 2024, Energy and Climate Change, 5: 100118

First principles study of topological invariants of Weyl points in continuous media

Authors: G. R. Fonseca, F. R. Prudêncio, M. G. Silveirinha, P. A. Huidobro

Abstract: In recent years there has been a great interest in topological photonics and protected edge states. Here, we present a first principles method to compute topological invariants of three-dimensional gapless phases. Our approach allows to calculate the topological charges of Weyl points through the efficient numerical computation of gap Chern numbers, which relies solely on the photonic Green's func… ▽ More In recent years there has been a great interest in topological photonics and protected edge states. Here, we present a first principles method to compute topological invariants of three-dimensional gapless phases. Our approach allows to calculate the topological charges of Weyl points through the efficient numerical computation of gap Chern numbers, which relies solely on the photonic Green's function of the system. We particularize the framework to the Weyl points that are found to emerge in a magnetized plasma due to the breaking of time reversal symmetry. We discuss the relevance of modelling nonlocality when considering the topological properties of continuous media such as the magnetized plasma. We find that for some of the considered material models the charge of the Weyl point can be expressed in terms of a difference of the gap Chern numbers of two-dimensional material subcomponents. Our theory may be extended to other three-dimensional topological phases, or to Floquet systems. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures

RaDiO: an efficient spatiotemporal radiation diagnostic for particle-in-cell codes

Authors: M. Pardal, A. Sainte-Marie, A. Reboul-Salze, R. A. Fonseca, J. Viera

Abstract: This work describes a novel radiation algorithm designed to capture the three-dimensional, space-time resolved electromagnetic field structure emitted by large ensembles of charged particles. % in particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. The algorithm retains the full set of degrees of freedom that characterize electromagnetic waves by employing the Liénard-Wiechert fields to retrieve radiation emission. Emi… ▽ More This work describes a novel radiation algorithm designed to capture the three-dimensional, space-time resolved electromagnetic field structure emitted by large ensembles of charged particles. % in particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. The algorithm retains the full set of degrees of freedom that characterize electromagnetic waves by employing the Liénard-Wiechert fields to retrieve radiation emission. Emitted electric and magnetic fields are deposited in a virtual detector using a temporal interpolation scheme. This feature is essential to accurately predict field amplitudes and preserve the continuous character of radiation emission, even though particle dynamics is known only in a discrete set of temporal steps. Our algorithm retains and accurately captures, by design, full spatial and temporal coherence effects. We demonstrate that our numerical approach recovers well known theoretical radiated spectra in standard scenarios of radiation emission. We show that the algorithm is computationally efficient by computing the full spatiotemporal radiation features of High Harmonic Generation through a plasma mirror in a Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulation. △ Less

Submitted 28 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Journal ref: Computer Physics Communications, Volume 285, 2023, 108634, ISSN 0010-4655

Coherence and superradiance from a plasma-based quasiparticle accelerator

Authors: B. Malaca, M. Pardal, D. Ramsey, J. Pierce, K. Weichman, I. Andriyash, W. B. Mori, J. P. Palastro, R. A. Fonseca, J. Vieira

Abstract: Coherent light sources, such as free electron lasers, provide bright beams for biology, chemistry, physics, and advanced technological applications. Increasing the brightness of these sources requires progressively larger devices, with the largest being several km long (e.g., LCLS). Can we reverse this trend, and bring these sources to the many thousands of labs spanning universities, hospitals, a… ▽ More Coherent light sources, such as free electron lasers, provide bright beams for biology, chemistry, physics, and advanced technological applications. Increasing the brightness of these sources requires progressively larger devices, with the largest being several km long (e.g., LCLS). Can we reverse this trend, and bring these sources to the many thousands of labs spanning universities, hospitals, and industry? Here we address this long-standing question by rethinking basic principles of radiation physics. At the core of our work is the introduction of quasi-particle-based light sources that rely on the collective and macroscopic motion of an ensemble of light-emitting charges to evolve and radiate in ways that would be unphysical when considering single charges. The underlying concept allows for temporal coherence and superradiance in fundamentally new configurations, providing radiation with clear experimental signatures and revolutionary properties. The underlying concept is illustrated with plasma accelerators but extends well beyond this case, such as to nonlinear optical configurations. The simplicity of the quasi-particle approach makes it suitable for experimental demonstrations at existing laser and accelerator facilities. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 15 pages, 4 figures

The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond

Authors: Edda Gschwendtner, Konstantin Lotov, Patric Muggli, Matthew Wing, Riccardo Agnello, Claudia Christina Ahdida, Maria Carolina Amoedo Goncalves, Yanis Andrebe, Oznur Apsimon, Robert Apsimon, Jordan Matias Arnesano, Anna-Maria Bachmann, Diego Barrientos, Fabian Batsch, Vittorio Bencini, Michele Bergamaschi, Patrick Blanchard, Philip Nicholas Burrows, Birger Buttenschön, Allen Caldwell, James Chappell, Eric Chevallay, Moses Chung, David Andrew Cooke, Heiko Damerau , et al. (77 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. Use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of energy 400 GeV drove wakefields that accelerated electrons to 2 GeV in under 10 m of plasma. The AWAKE collaboration is now embarking on Run 2 with the main aims to… ▽ More Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. Use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of energy 400 GeV drove wakefields that accelerated electrons to 2 GeV in under 10 m of plasma. The AWAKE collaboration is now embarking on Run 2 with the main aims to demonstrate stable accelerating gradients of 0.5-1 GV/m, preserve emittance of the electron bunches during acceleration and develop plasma sources scalable to 100s of metres and beyond. By the end of Run 2, the AWAKE scheme should be able to provide electron beams for particle physics experiments and several possible experiments have already been evaluated. This article summarises the programme of AWAKE Run 2 and how it will be achieved as well as the possible application of the AWAKE scheme to novel particle physics experiments. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: 21 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to Symmetry journal

Analysis of Proton Bunch Parameters in the AWAKE Experiment

Authors: V. Hafych, A. Caldwell, R. Agnello, C. C. Ahdida, M. Aladi, M. C. Amoedo Goncalves, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, M. A. Baistrukov, F. Batsch, M. Bergamaschi, P. Blanchard, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, J. Chappell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, H. Damerau, C. Davut, G. Demeter, A. Dexter, S. Doebert , et al. (63 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along t… ▽ More A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along the beamline using scintillating or optical transition radiation screens. The parameters of a model that describes the bunch transverse dimensions and divergence are fitted to represent the observed data using Bayesian inference. The analysis is tested on simulated data and then applied to the experimental data. △ Less

Submitted 27 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Slowdown of interpenetration of two counterpropagating plasma slab due to collective effects

Authors: N. Shukla, K. Schoeffler, J. Vieira, R. Fonseca, E. Boella, L. O. Silva

Abstract: The nonlinear evolution of electromagnetic instabilities driven by the interpenetration of two $e^-\,e^+$ plasma clouds is explored using {\it ab initio} kinetic plasma simulations. We show that the plasma clouds slow down due to both oblique and Weibel generated electromagnetic fields, which deflect the particle trajectories, transferring bulk forward momentum into transverse momentum and thermal… ▽ More The nonlinear evolution of electromagnetic instabilities driven by the interpenetration of two $e^-\,e^+$ plasma clouds is explored using {\it ab initio} kinetic plasma simulations. We show that the plasma clouds slow down due to both oblique and Weibel generated electromagnetic fields, which deflect the particle trajectories, transferring bulk forward momentum into transverse momentum and thermal velocity spread. This process causes the flow velocity $v_{inst}$ to decrease approximately by a factor of $\sqrt{1/3}$ in a time interval $Δt_{αB} ω_p \sim c/(v_{fl}\sqrt{α_B})$, where $α_B$ is the magnetic equipartition parameter determined by the non-linear saturation of the instabilities, $v_{fl}$ is the initial flow speed, and $ω_p$ is the plasma frequency. For the $α_B$ measured in our simulations, $Δt_{αB}$ is close to $10 \times$ the instability growth time. We show that as long as the plasma slab length $L > v_{fl} Δt_{αB}$, the plasma flow is expected to slow down by a factor close to $1/\sqrt{3}$. △ Less

Submitted 31 August, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Simulation and Experimental Study of Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Linear Density Gradients

Authors: P. I. Morales Guzmán, P. Muggli, R. Agnello, C. C. Ahdida, M. Aladi, M. C. Amoedo Goncalves, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, M. A. Baistrukov, F. Batsch, M. Bergamaschi, P. Blanchard, F. Braunmüller, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, J. Chappell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, H. Damerau, C. Davut, G. Demeter , et al. (66 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported in arXiv:2007.14894v2: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency vari… ▽ More We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported in arXiv:2007.14894v2: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency varies with gradient. Simulation results show that dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the relativistic protons along the plasma is the main cause for the loss of charge. The study of the modulation frequency reveals details about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. In particular for negative gradients, the modulation frequency across time-resolved images of the bunch indicates the position along the plasma where protons leave the wakefields. Simulations and experimental results are in excellent agreement. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 24, 101301 (2021)

Particle-In-Cell Simulation using Asynchronous Tasking

Authors: Nicolas Guidotti, Pedro Ceyrat, João Barreto, José Monteiro, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Ricardo Fonseca, Xavier Martorell, Antonio J. Peña

Abstract: Recently, task-based programming models have emerged as a prominent alternative among shared-memory parallel programming paradigms. Inherently asynchronous, these models provide native support for dynamic load balancing and incorporate data flow concepts to selectively synchronize the tasks. However, tasking models are yet to be widely adopted by the HPC community and their effective advantages wh… ▽ More Recently, task-based programming models have emerged as a prominent alternative among shared-memory parallel programming paradigms. Inherently asynchronous, these models provide native support for dynamic load balancing and incorporate data flow concepts to selectively synchronize the tasks. However, tasking models are yet to be widely adopted by the HPC community and their effective advantages when applied to non-trivial, real-world HPC applications are still not well comprehended. In this paper, we study the parallelization of a production electromagnetic particle-in-cell (EM-PIC) code for kinetic plasma simulations exploring different strategies using asynchronous task-based models. Our fully asynchronous implementation not only significantly outperforms a conventional, synchronous approach but also achieves near perfect scaling for 48 cores. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2021; v1 submitted 23 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: Published on the 27th European Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing (Euro-Par 2021)

Journal ref: Euro-Par 2021: Parallel Processing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12820, pp. 482-498

Anisotropic heating and magnetic field generation due to Raman scattering in laser-plasma interactions

Authors: Thales Silva, Kevin Schoeffler, Jorge Vieira, Masahiro Hoshino, Ricardo Fonseca, Luis O. Silva

Abstract: We identify a mechanism for magnetic field generation in the interaction of intense electromagnetic waves and underdense plasmas. We show that Raman scattered plasma waves trap and heat the electrons preferentially in their propagation direction, resulting in a temperature anisotropy. In the trail of the laser pulse, we observe magnetic field growth which matches the Weibel mechanism due to the te… ▽ More We identify a mechanism for magnetic field generation in the interaction of intense electromagnetic waves and underdense plasmas. We show that Raman scattered plasma waves trap and heat the electrons preferentially in their propagation direction, resulting in a temperature anisotropy. In the trail of the laser pulse, we observe magnetic field growth which matches the Weibel mechanism due to the temperature anisotropy. We discuss the role of the initial electron temperature in our results. The predictions are confirmed with multi-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. We show how this configuration is an experimental platform to study the long-time evolution of the Weibel instability. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Research 2, 023080 (2020)

Transition between Instability and Seeded Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma

Authors: F. Batsch, P. Muggli, R. Agnello, C. C. Ahdida, M. C. Amoedo Goncalves, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, M. A. Baistrukov, P. Blanchard, F. Braunmüller, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, J. Chappell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, H. Damerau, C. Davut, G. Demeter, H. L. Deubner, S. Doebert, J. Farmer , et al. (72 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude ($\ge(4.1\pm0.4)$ MV/m), the phase of the modulation along the bunch is reproducible from event to event, with 3 to 7% (of 2$π$) rms variations all along the bunch. The phase is not… ▽ More We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude ($\ge(4.1\pm0.4)$ MV/m), the phase of the modulation along the bunch is reproducible from event to event, with 3 to 7% (of 2$π$) rms variations all along the bunch. The phase is not reproducible for lower initial amplitudes. We observe the transition between these two regimes. Phase reproducibility is essential for deterministic external injection of particles to be accelerated. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: Letter and Supplemental Material, 6 figures, 8 pages

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 164802 (2021)

High-order harmonic generation in an electron-positron-ion plasma

Authors: W. L. Zhang, T. Grismayer, K. M. Schoeffler, R. A. Fonseca, L. O. Silva

Abstract: The laser interaction with an electron-positron-ion mixed plasma is studied, from the perspective of the associated high-order harmonic generation. For an idealized mixed plasma which is assumed with a sharp plasma-vacuum interface and uniform density distribution, when it is irradiated by a weakly relativistic laser pulse, well-defined signals at harmonics of the plasma frequency in the harmonic… ▽ More The laser interaction with an electron-positron-ion mixed plasma is studied, from the perspective of the associated high-order harmonic generation. For an idealized mixed plasma which is assumed with a sharp plasma-vacuum interface and uniform density distribution, when it is irradiated by a weakly relativistic laser pulse, well-defined signals at harmonics of the plasma frequency in the harmonic spectrum are observed. These characteristic signals are attributed to the inverse two-plasmon decay of the counterpropagating monochromatic plasma waves which are excited by the energetic electrons and the positron beam accelerated by the laser. Particle-in-cell simulations show the signal at twice the plasma frequency can be observed for a pair density as low as $\sim 10^{-5}$ of the plasma density. In the self-consistent scenario of pair production by an ultraintense laser striking a solid target, particle-in-cell simulations, which account for quantum electrodynamic effects (photon emission and pair production), show that dense (greater than the relativistically-corrected critical density) and hot pair plasmas can be created. The harmonic spectrum shows weak low order harmonics, indicating a high laser absorption due to quantum electrodynamic effects. The characteristic signals at harmonics of the plasma frequency are absent, because broadband plasma waves are excited due to the high plasma inhomogeneity introduced by the interaction. However, the high frequency harmonics are enhanced due to the high-frequency modulations from the direct laser coupling with created pair plasmas. △ Less

Submitted 15 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: Accepted in Physical Review E (Phys. Rev. E)

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. E 103, 013206 (2021)

Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch

Authors: J. Chappell, E. Adli, R. Agnello, M. Aladi, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, M. A. Baistrukov, F. Batsch, M. Bergamaschi, P. Blanchard, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, H. Damerau, C. Davut, G. Demeter, L. H. Deubner, A. Dexter, G. P. Djotyan, S. Doebert , et al. (74 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield cau… ▽ More Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield causes plasma electron trajectory crossing, resulting in the development of a potential outside the plasma boundary as electrons are transversely ejected. Trends consistent with the presence of this potential are experimentally measured and their dependence on wakefield amplitude are studied via seed laser timing scans and electron injection delay scans. △ Less

Submitted 12 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Comments: 11 pages, 8 figures

Optimal control of the COVID-19 pandemic: controlled sanitary deconfinement in Portugal

Authors: Cristiana J. Silva, Carla Cruz, Delfim F. M. Torres, Alberto P. Munuzuri, Alejandro Carballosa, Ivan Area, Juan J. Nieto, Rui Fonseca-Pinto, Rui Passadouro da Fonseca, Estevao Soares dos Santos, Wilson Abreu, Jorge Mira

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced policy makers to decree urgent confinements to stop a rapid and massive contagion. However, after that stage, societies are being forced to find an equilibrium between the need to reduce contagion rates and the need to reopen their economies. The experience hitherto lived has provided data on the evolution of the pandemic, in particular the population dynamics as a… ▽ More The COVID-19 pandemic has forced policy makers to decree urgent confinements to stop a rapid and massive contagion. However, after that stage, societies are being forced to find an equilibrium between the need to reduce contagion rates and the need to reopen their economies. The experience hitherto lived has provided data on the evolution of the pandemic, in particular the population dynamics as a result of the public health measures enacted. This allows the formulation of forecasting mathematical models to anticipate the consequences of political decisions. Here we propose a model to do so and apply it to the case of Portugal. With a mathematical deterministic model, described by a system of ordinary differential equations, we fit the real evolution of COVID-19 in this country. After identification of the population readiness to follow social restrictions, by analyzing the social media, we incorporate this effect in a version of the model that allow us to check different scenarios. This is realized by considering a Monte Carlo discrete version of the previous model coupled via a complex network. Then, we apply optimal control theory to maximize the number of people returning to "normal life" and minimizing the number of active infected individuals with minimal economical costs while warranting a low level of hospitalizations. This work allows testing various scenarios of pandemic management (closure of sectors of the economy, partial/total compliance with protection measures by citizens, number of beds in intensive care units, etc.), ensuring the responsiveness of the health system, thus being a public health decision support tool. △ Less

Submitted 2 February, 2021; v1 submitted 1 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Comments: Paper whose final and definite form is published Open Access by 'Scientific Reports', ISSN 2045-2322, Springer Nature. Submitted 01/Sept/2020; Revised 16/Dec/2020; Accepted 27/Jan/2021; Published by [www.nature.com/scientificreports], see [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83075-6]

Journal ref: Scientific Reports 11 (2021), Art. 3451, 15 pp

Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements

Authors: A. A. Gorn, M. Turner, E. Adli, R. Agnello, M. Aladi, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, M. A. Baistrukov, F. Batsch, M. Bergamaschi, P. Blanchard, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschon, A. Caldwell, J. Chappell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, H. Damerau, C. Davut, G. Demeter, L. H. Deubner, A. Dexter , et al. (74 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In 2017, AWAKE demonstrated the seeded self-modulation (SSM) of a 400 GeV proton beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN. The angular distribution of the protons deflected due to SSM is a quantitative measure of the process, which agrees with simulations by the two-dimensional (axisymmetric) particle-in-cell code LCODE. Agreement is achieved for beam populations between $10^{11}$ and… ▽ More In 2017, AWAKE demonstrated the seeded self-modulation (SSM) of a 400 GeV proton beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN. The angular distribution of the protons deflected due to SSM is a quantitative measure of the process, which agrees with simulations by the two-dimensional (axisymmetric) particle-in-cell code LCODE. Agreement is achieved for beam populations between $10^{11}$ and $3 \times 10^{11}$ particles, various plasma density gradients ($-20 ÷20\%$) and two plasma densities ($2\times 10^{14} \text{cm}^{-3}$ and $7 \times 10^{14} \text{cm}^{-3}$). The agreement is reached only in the case of a wide enough simulation box (at least five plasma wavelengths). △ Less

Submitted 26 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: 8 pages, 9 figures, 1 table

Accurately simulating nine-dimensional phase space of relativistic particles in strong fields

Authors: Fei Li, Viktor K. Decyk, Kyle G. Miller, Adam Tableman, Frank S. Tsung, Marija Vranic, Ricardo A. Fonseca, Warren B. Mori

Abstract: Next-generation high-power lasers that can be focused to intensities exceeding 10^23 W/cm^2 are enabling new physics and applications. The physics of how these lasers interact with matter is highly nonlinear, relativistic, and can involve lowest-order quantum effects. The current tool of choice for modeling these interactions is the particle-in-cell (PIC) method. In strong fields, the motion of ch… ▽ More Next-generation high-power lasers that can be focused to intensities exceeding 10^23 W/cm^2 are enabling new physics and applications. The physics of how these lasers interact with matter is highly nonlinear, relativistic, and can involve lowest-order quantum effects. The current tool of choice for modeling these interactions is the particle-in-cell (PIC) method. In strong fields, the motion of charged particles and their spin is affected by radiation reaction. Standard PIC codes usually use Boris or its variants to advance the particles, which requires very small time steps in the strong-field regime to obtain accurate results. In addition, some problems require tracking the spin of particles, which creates a 9D particle phase space (x, u, s). Therefore, numerical algorithms that enable high-fidelity modeling of the 9D phase space in the strong-field regime are desired. We present a new 9D phase space particle pusher based on analytical solutions to the position, momentum and spin advance from the Lorentz force, together with the semi-classical form of RR in the Landau-Lifshitz equation and spin evolution given by the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation. These analytical solutions are obtained by assuming a locally uniform and constant electromagnetic field during a time step. The solutions provide the 9D phase space advance in terms of a particle's proper time, and a mapping is used to determine the proper time step for each particle from the simulation time step. Due to the analytical integration, the constraint on the time step needed to resolve trajectories in ultra-high fields can be greatly reduced. We present single-particle simulations and full PIC simulations to show that the proposed particle pusher can greatly improve the accuracy of particle trajectories in 9D phase space for given laser fields. A discussion on the numerical efficiency of the proposed pusher is also provided. △ Less

Submitted 21 April, 2021; v1 submitted 15 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Compton scattering in particle-in-cell codes

Authors: F. Del Gaudio, T. Grismayer, R. A. Fonseca, L. O. Silva

Abstract: We present a Monte Carlo collisional scheme that models single Compton scattering between leptons and photons in particle-in-cell codes. The numerical implementation of Compton scattering can deal with macro-particles of different weights and conserves momentum and energy in each collision. Our scheme is validated through two benchmarks for which exact analytical solutions exist: the inverse Compt… ▽ More We present a Monte Carlo collisional scheme that models single Compton scattering between leptons and photons in particle-in-cell codes. The numerical implementation of Compton scattering can deal with macro-particles of different weights and conserves momentum and energy in each collision. Our scheme is validated through two benchmarks for which exact analytical solutions exist: the inverse Compton spectra produced by an electron scattering with an isotropic photon gas and the photon-electron gas equilibrium described by the Kompaneets equation. It opens new opportunities for numerical investigation of plasma phenomena where a significant population of high energy photons is present in the system. △ Less

Submitted 1 June, 2020; v1 submitted 23 April, 2020; originally announced April 2020.

Journal ref: J. Plasma Phys. 86 (2020) 905860516

A new field solver for modeling of relativistic particle-laser interactions using the particle-in-cell algorithm

Authors: Fei Li, Kyle G. Miller, Xinlu Xu, Frank S. Tsung, Viktor K. Decyk, Weiming An, Ricardo A. Fonseca, Warren B. Mori

Abstract: A customized finite-difference field solver for the particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm that provides higher fidelity for wave-particle interactions in intense electromagnetic waves is presented. In many problems of interest, particles with relativistic energies interact with intense electromagnetic fields that have phase velocities near the speed of light. Numerical errors can arise due to (1) dispe… ▽ More A customized finite-difference field solver for the particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm that provides higher fidelity for wave-particle interactions in intense electromagnetic waves is presented. In many problems of interest, particles with relativistic energies interact with intense electromagnetic fields that have phase velocities near the speed of light. Numerical errors can arise due to (1) dispersion errors in the phase velocity of the wave, (2) the staggering in time between the electric and magnetic fields and between particle velocity and position and (3) errors in the time derivative in the momentum advance. Errors of the first two kinds are analyzed in detail. It is shown that by using field solvers with different $\mathbf{k}$-space operators in Faraday's and Ampere's law, the dispersion errors and magnetic field time-staggering errors in the particle pusher can be simultaneously removed for electromagnetic waves moving primarily in a specific direction. The new algorithm was implemented into OSIRIS by using customized higher-order finite-difference operators. Schemes using the proposed solver in combination with different particle pushers are compared through PIC simulation. It is shown that the use of the new algorithm, together with an analytic particle pusher (assuming constant fields over a time step), can lead to accurate modeling of the motion of a single electron in an intense laser field with normalized vector potentials, $eA/mc^2$, exceeding $10^4$ for typical cell sizes and time steps. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2020; originally announced April 2020.

Dynamic load balancing with enhanced shared-memory parallelism for particle-in-cell codes

Authors: Kyle G. Miller, Roman P. Lee, Adam Tableman, Anton Helm, Ricardo A. Fonseca, Viktor K. Decyk, Warren B. Mori

Abstract: Furthering our understanding of many of today's interesting problems in plasma physics---including plasma based acceleration and magnetic reconnection with pair production due to quantum electrodynamic effects---requires large-scale kinetic simulations using particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. However, these simulations are extremely demanding, requiring that contemporary PIC codes be designed to effici… ▽ More Furthering our understanding of many of today's interesting problems in plasma physics---including plasma based acceleration and magnetic reconnection with pair production due to quantum electrodynamic effects---requires large-scale kinetic simulations using particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. However, these simulations are extremely demanding, requiring that contemporary PIC codes be designed to efficiently use a new fleet of exascale computing architectures. To this end, the key issue of parallel load balance across computational nodes must be addressed. We discuss the implementation of dynamic load balancing by dividing the simulation space into many small, self-contained regions or "tiles," along with shared-memory (e.g., OpenMP) parallelism both over many tiles and within single tiles. The load balancing algorithm can be used with three different topologies, including two space-filling curves. We tested this implementation in the code OSIRIS and show low overhead and improved scalability with OpenMP thread number on simulations with both uniform load and severe load imbalance. Compared to other load-balancing techniques, our algorithm gives order-of-magnitude improvement in parallel scalability for simulations with severe load imbalance issues. △ Less

Submitted 23 March, 2020; originally announced March 2020.

Comments: 13 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Computer Physics Communications

Plasma wakes driven by photon bursts via Compton scattering

Authors: Fabrizio Del Gaudio, Ricardo Fonseca, Luis O. Silva, Thomas Grismayer

Abstract: Photon bursts with a wavelength smaller than the plasma inter-particle distance can drive plasma wakes via Compton scattering. We investigate this fundamental process analytically and numerically for different photon frequencies, photon flux, and plasma magnetization. Our results show that Langmuir and extraordinary modes are driven efficiently when the photon energy density lies above a certain t… ▽ More Photon bursts with a wavelength smaller than the plasma inter-particle distance can drive plasma wakes via Compton scattering. We investigate this fundamental process analytically and numerically for different photon frequencies, photon flux, and plasma magnetization. Our results show that Langmuir and extraordinary modes are driven efficiently when the photon energy density lies above a certain threshold. The interaction of photon bursts with magnetized plasmas is of distinguished interest as the generated extraordinary modes can convert into pure electromagnetic waves at the plasma/vacuum boundary. This could possibly be a mechanism for the generation of radio waves in astrophysical scenarios in the presence of intense sources of high energy photons. △ Less

Submitted 24 November, 2020; v1 submitted 9 March, 2020; originally announced March 2020.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 265001 (2020)

On numerical errors to the fields surrounding a relativistically moving particle in PIC codes

Authors: Xinlu Xu, Fei Li, Frank S. Tsung, Thamine N. Dalichaouch, Weiming An, Han Wen, Viktor K. Decyk, Ricardo A. Fonseca, Mark J. Hogan, Warren B. Mori

Abstract: The particle-in-cell (PIC) method is widely used to model the self-consistent interaction between discrete particles and electromagnetic fields. It has been successfully applied to problems across plasma physics including plasma based acceleration, inertial confinement fusion, magnetically confined fusion, space physics, astrophysics, high energy density plasmas. In many cases the physics involves… ▽ More The particle-in-cell (PIC) method is widely used to model the self-consistent interaction between discrete particles and electromagnetic fields. It has been successfully applied to problems across plasma physics including plasma based acceleration, inertial confinement fusion, magnetically confined fusion, space physics, astrophysics, high energy density plasmas. In many cases the physics involves how relativistic particles are generated and interact with plasmas. However, when relativistic particles stream across the grid both in vacuum and in plasma there are many numerical issues that may arise which can lead to incorrect physics. We present a detailed analysis of how discretized Maxwell solvers used in PIC codes can lead to numerical errors to the fields that surround particles that move at relativistic speeds across the grid. Expressions for the axial electric field as integrals in k space are presented. Two types of errors to these expressions are identified. The first arises from errors to the numerator of the integrand and leads to unphysical fields that are antisymmetric about the particle. The second arises from errors to the denominator of the integrand and lead to Cerenkov like radiation in "vacuum". These fields are not anti-symmetric, extend behind the particle, and cause the particle to accelerate or decelerate depending on the solver and parameters. The unphysical fields are studied in detail for two representative solvers - the Yee solver and the FFT based solver. A solution for eliminating these unphysical fields by modifying the k operator in the axial direction is also presented. Using a customized finite difference solver, this solution was successfully implemented into OSIRIS. Results from the customized solver are also presented. This solution will be useful for a beam of particles that all move in one direction with a small angular divergence. △ Less

Submitted 29 October, 2019; originally announced October 2019.

Comments: 38 pages, 8 figures

Interplay between the Weibel instability and the Biermann battery in realistic laser-solid interactions

Authors: N. Shukla, K. Schoeffler, E. Boella, J. Vieira, R. Fonseca, L. O. Silva

Abstract: A novel setup allows the Weibel instability and its interplay with the Biermann battery to be probed in laser-driven collisionless plasmas. Ab initio particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the interaction of short ($ \le ps$) intense $(a_0 \ge 1)$ laser-pulses with overdense plasma targets show observable Weibel generated magnetic fields. This field strength surpasses that of the Biermann battery,… ▽ More A novel setup allows the Weibel instability and its interplay with the Biermann battery to be probed in laser-driven collisionless plasmas. Ab initio particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the interaction of short ($ \le ps$) intense $(a_0 \ge 1)$ laser-pulses with overdense plasma targets show observable Weibel generated magnetic fields. This field strength surpasses that of the Biermann battery, usually dominant in experiments, as long as the gradient scale length is much larger than the local electron inertial length; this is achievable by carefully setting the appropriate gradients in the front of the target e.g. by tuning the delay between the main laser pulse and the pre-pulse. △ Less

Submitted 24 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Research 2, 023129 (2020)

Extremely intense laser-based electron acceleration in a plasma channel

Authors: Marija Vranic, Ricardo A. Fonseca, Luis O. Silva

Abstract: Laser pulses of extreme intensities ($I>10^{22}~ \mathrm{W/cm^2}$) are about to become available in the laboratory. The prepulse of such a laser can induce a plasma expansion that generates a low-density channel in near-critical gas jets. We present a study of channel formation and subsequent direct laser acceleration of electrons within the pre-formed channel. Radiation reaction affects the accel… ▽ More Laser pulses of extreme intensities ($I>10^{22}~ \mathrm{W/cm^2}$) are about to become available in the laboratory. The prepulse of such a laser can induce a plasma expansion that generates a low-density channel in near-critical gas jets. We present a study of channel formation and subsequent direct laser acceleration of electrons within the pre-formed channel. Radiation reaction affects the acceleration in several ways. It first interferes with the motion of the return current on the channel walls. In addition, it reduces the radial expelling efficiency of the transverse ponderomotive force, leading to the radiative trapping of particles near the channel axis. These particles then interact with the peak laser intensity and can attain multi-GeV energies. △ Less

Submitted 12 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019.

Comments: 17 pages, 9 figures

Journal ref: Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 60, 034002 (2018)

Are we ready to transfer optical light to gamma-rays?

Authors: Marija Vranic, Thomas Grismayer, Sebastian Meuren, Ricardo A. Fonseca, Luis O. Silva

Abstract: Scattering relativistic electrons with optical lasers can result in a significant frequency upshift for the photons, potentially producing $γ$-rays. This is what linear Compton scattering taught us. Ultra-intense lasers offer nowadays a new paradigm where multi-photon absorption effects come into play. These effects can result in higher harmonics, higher yields and also electron-positron pairs. Th… ▽ More Scattering relativistic electrons with optical lasers can result in a significant frequency upshift for the photons, potentially producing $γ$-rays. This is what linear Compton scattering taught us. Ultra-intense lasers offer nowadays a new paradigm where multi-photon absorption effects come into play. These effects can result in higher harmonics, higher yields and also electron-positron pairs. This article intends to discriminate the different laser scenarios that have been proposed over the past years as well as to give scaling laws for future experiments. The energy conversion from laser or particles to high-frequency photons is addressed for both the well-known counter propagating electron beam-laser interaction and for Quantum-electrodynamics cascades triggered by various lasers. Constructing bright and energetic gamma-ray sources in controlled conditions is within an ace of seeing the light of day. △ Less

Submitted 23 April, 2019; v1 submitted 12 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019.

Comments: 9 pages, 9 figures

Magnetized Current Filaments as a Source of Circularly Polarized Light

Authors: U. Sinha, J. Martins, J. Vieira, K. M. Schoeffler, R. A. Fonseca, L. O. Silva

Abstract: We show that the Weibel or currente filamentation instability can lead to the emission of circularly polarized radiation. Using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations and a radiation post-processing numerical algorithm, we demonstrate that the level of circular polarization increases with the initial plasma magnetization, saturating at ~13% when the magnetization, given by the ratio of magnetic energy… ▽ More We show that the Weibel or currente filamentation instability can lead to the emission of circularly polarized radiation. Using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations and a radiation post-processing numerical algorithm, we demonstrate that the level of circular polarization increases with the initial plasma magnetization, saturating at ~13% when the magnetization, given by the ratio of magnetic energy density to the electron kinetic energy density, is larger than 0.05. Furthermore, we show that this effect requires an ion-electron mass ratio greater than unity. These findings, which could also be tested in currently available laboratory conditions, show that the recent observation of circular polarization in gamma ray burst afterglows could be attributed to the presence of magnetized current filaments driven by the Weibel or the current filamentation instability. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures submitted to Astrophysical Journal Letters

Journal ref: J. Plasma Phys. 87 (2021) 905870114

Experimental observation of proton bunch modulation in a plasma, at varying plasma densities

Authors: E. Adli, A. Ahuja, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, D. Barrientos, M. M. Barros, J. Batkiewicz, F. Batsch, J. Bauche, V. K. Berglyd Olsen, M. Bernardini, B. Biskup, A. Boccardi, T. Bogey, T. Bohl, C. Bracco, F. Braunmüller, S. Burger, G. Burt, S. Bustamante, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, M. Cascella, J. Chappell , et al. (87 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma. The bunch exits the plasma with a density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects with a period reciprocal to the plasma frequency. We show that the modulation is seeded by using an intense laser pulse co-propagating with the… ▽ More We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma. The bunch exits the plasma with a density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects with a period reciprocal to the plasma frequency. We show that the modulation is seeded by using an intense laser pulse co-propagating with the proton bunch which creates a relativistic ionization front within the bunch. We show by varying the plasma density over one order of magnitude that the modulation period scales with the expected dependence on the plasma density. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2019; v1 submitted 12 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018.

Comments: 4 figures, AWAKE collaboration paper, Submitted to PRL

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 054802 (2019)

Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Authors: The AWAKE Collaboration, E. Adli, A. Ahuja, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, D. Barrientos, F. Batsch, J. Bauche, V. K. Berglyd Olsen, M. Bernardini, T. Bohl, C. Bracco, F. Braunmueller, G. Burt, B. Buttenschoen, A. Caldwell, M. Cascella, J. Chappell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. Cooke, H. Damerau, L. Deacon, L. H. Deubner , et al. (69 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: High energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. In order to increase the energy or reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields, is one s… ▽ More High energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. In order to increase the energy or reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields, is one such promising novel acceleration technique. Pioneering experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse or electron bunch traversing a plasma, drives electric fields of 10s GV/m and above. These values are well beyond those achieved in conventional RF accelerators which are limited to ~0.1 GV/m. A limitation of laser pulses and electron bunches is their low stored energy, which motivates the use of multiple stages to reach very high energies. The use of proton bunches is compelling, as they have the potential to drive wakefields and accelerate electrons to high energy in a single accelerating stage. The long proton bunches currently available can be used, as they undergo self-modulation, a particle-plasma interaction which longitudinally splits the bunch into a series of high density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The AWAKE experiment at CERN uses intense bunches of protons, each of energy 400 GeV, with a total bunch energy of 19 kJ, to drive a wakefield in a 10 m long plasma. Bunches of electrons are injected into the wakefield formed by the proton microbunches. This paper presents measurements of electrons accelerated up to 2 GeV at AWAKE. This constitutes the first demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. The potential for this scheme to produce very high energy electron bunches in a single accelerating stage means that the results shown here are a significant step towards the development of future high energy particle accelerators. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2018; v1 submitted 29 August, 2018; originally announced August 2018.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures. Updated acknowledgements and one reference

Bright $γ$ rays source and copious nonlinear Breit-Wheeler pairs in the collision of high density particle beams

Authors: F. Del Gaudio, T. Grismayer, R. A. Fonseca, W. B. Mori, L. O. Silva

Abstract: The collision of ultrashort high-density $e^-$ or $e^-$ and $e^+$ beams at 10s of GeV, to be available at the FACET II and in laser wakefield accelerator experiments, can produce highly collimated $γ$ rays (few GeVs) with peak brilliance of $10^{27}~\mathrm{ph/s~mm^2 mrad^2 0.1\% BW}$ and up to $10^5$ nonlinear Breit-Wheeler pairs. We provide analytical estimates of the photon source properties an… ▽ More The collision of ultrashort high-density $e^-$ or $e^-$ and $e^+$ beams at 10s of GeV, to be available at the FACET II and in laser wakefield accelerator experiments, can produce highly collimated $γ$ rays (few GeVs) with peak brilliance of $10^{27}~\mathrm{ph/s~mm^2 mrad^2 0.1\% BW}$ and up to $10^5$ nonlinear Breit-Wheeler pairs. We provide analytical estimates of the photon source properties and of the yield of secondary pairs, finding excellent agreement with full-scale 3D self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations that include quantum electrodynamics effects. Our results show that beam-beam collisions can be exploited as secondary sources of $γ$ rays and provide an alternative to beam-laser setups to probe quantum electrodynamics effects at the Schwinger limit. △ Less

Submitted 1 March, 2019; v1 submitted 18 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22, 023402 (2019)

Optimizing Laser Wakefield Acceleration in the Nonlinear Self-Guided Regime for Fixed Laser Energy

Authors: A. Davidson, A. Tableman, P. Yu, W. An, F. S. Tsung, W. Lu, R. A. Fonseca, W. B. Mori

Abstract: The scaling laws for laser wakefield acceleration in the nonlinear, self-guided regime [Lu et al. Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 10, 061301 (2007)] are examined in detail using the quasi-3D version of the particle-in-cell code OSIRIS. We find that the scaling laws continue to work well as the plasma density is reduced while the normalized laser amplitude is kept fixed. For fixed laser energy,… ▽ More The scaling laws for laser wakefield acceleration in the nonlinear, self-guided regime [Lu et al. Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 10, 061301 (2007)] are examined in detail using the quasi-3D version of the particle-in-cell code OSIRIS. We find that the scaling laws continue to work well as the plasma density is reduced while the normalized laser amplitude is kept fixed. For fixed laser energy, the energy gain of an isolated bunch of electrons can be improved with some loss in the bunch charge by shortening the normalized pulse length until self-guiding no longer occurs, and through the use of asymmetric longitudinal profiles with rapid rise times. For example, without any external guiding a 15 J,.8μm laser with a pulse length of 46 fs (39 fs) is found to generate a quasi-mono-energetic bunch of 355pC (227pC) with a max energy of 3.25 (4.04) GeV with an acceleration distance of 2.43 cm (3.08cm). Furthermore, a bunch with 39.4pC and a maximum energy 4.6 GeV is produced for an asymmetric laser with a rapid rise time. Studies for 30 J and 100 J lasers are also presented. △ Less

Submitted 1 May, 2019; v1 submitted 22 May, 2018; originally announced May 2018.

Fully kinetic large scale simulations of the collisionless Magnetorotational instability

Authors: Giannandrea Inchingolo, Thomas Grismayer, Nuno F. Loureiro, Ricardo A. Fonseca, Luis O. Silva

Abstract: We present two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the fully kinetic collisionless magnetorotational instability (MRI) in weakly magnetized (high $β$) pair plasma. The central result of this numerical analysis is the emergence of a self-induced turbulent regime in the saturation state of the collisionless MRI, which can only be captured for large enough simulation domains. One of the… ▽ More We present two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the fully kinetic collisionless magnetorotational instability (MRI) in weakly magnetized (high $β$) pair plasma. The central result of this numerical analysis is the emergence of a self-induced turbulent regime in the saturation state of the collisionless MRI, which can only be captured for large enough simulation domains. One of the underlying mechanisms for the development of this turbulent state is the drift-kink instability (DKI) of the current sheets resulting from the nonlinear evolution of the channel modes. The onset of the DKI can only be observed for simulation domain sizes exceeding several linear MRI wavelengths. The DKI, together with ensuing magnetic reconnection, activate the turbulent motion of the plasma in the late stage of the nonlinear evolution of the MRI. At steady state, the magnetic energy has an MHD-like spectrum with a slope of $k^{-5/3}$ for $kρ<1$ and $k^{-3}$ for sub-Larmor scale ($kρ>1$). We also examine the role of the collisionless MRI and associated magnetic reconnection in the development of pressure anisotropy. We study the stability of the system due to this pressure anisotropy, observing the development of mirror instability during the early-stage of the MRI. We further discuss the importance of magnetic reconnection for particle acceleration during the turbulence regime. In particular, consistent with reconnection studies, we show that at late times the kinetic energy presents a characteristic slope of $ε^{-2}$ in the high-energy region. △ Less

Submitted 29 April, 2018; v1 submitted 25 January, 2018; originally announced January 2018.

Comments: 13 pages, 9 figures, accepted to Astrophysical Journal

Conditions for the onset of the current filamentation instability in the laboratory

Authors: N. Shukla, J. Vieira, P. Muggli, G. Sarri, R. Fonseca, L. O. Silva

Abstract: Current Filamentation Instability (CFI) is capable of generating strong magnetic fields relevant to explain radiation processes in astrophysical objects and lead to the onset of particle acceleration in collisionless shocks. Probing such extreme scenarios in the laboratory is still an open challenge. In this work, we investigate the possibility of using neutral $e^{-}$ $e^{+}$ beams to explore the… ▽ More Current Filamentation Instability (CFI) is capable of generating strong magnetic fields relevant to explain radiation processes in astrophysical objects and lead to the onset of particle acceleration in collisionless shocks. Probing such extreme scenarios in the laboratory is still an open challenge. In this work, we investigate the possibility of using neutral $e^{-}$ $e^{+}$ beams to explore the CFI with realistic parameters, by performing 2D particle-in-cell simulations. We show that CFI can occur unless the rate at which the beam expands due to finite beam emittance is larger than the CFI growth rate and as long as the role of competing electrostatic two-stream instability (TSI) is negligible. We also show that the longitudinal energy spread, typical of plasma based accelerated electron-positron fireball beams, plays a minor role in the growth of CFI in these scenarios. △ Less

Submitted 29 September, 2017; v1 submitted 27 September, 2017; originally announced September 2017.

Interaction between electrostatic collisionless shocks generates strong magnetic fields

Authors: E. Boella, K. Schoeffler, N. Shukla, G. Lapenta, R. Fonseca, L. O. Silva

Abstract: The head-on collision between electrostatic shocks is studied via multi-dimensional Particle-In-Cell simulations. It is found that the shock velocities drop significantly and a strong magnetic field is generated after the interaction. This transverse magnetic field is due to the Weibel instability caused by pressure anisotropies due to longitudinal electron heating while the shocks approach each o… ▽ More The head-on collision between electrostatic shocks is studied via multi-dimensional Particle-In-Cell simulations. It is found that the shock velocities drop significantly and a strong magnetic field is generated after the interaction. This transverse magnetic field is due to the Weibel instability caused by pressure anisotropies due to longitudinal electron heating while the shocks approach each other. Finally, it is shown that this phenomenon can be explored in the laboratory with current laser facilities within a significant parameter range. △ Less

Submitted 17 June, 2019; v1 submitted 18 September, 2017; originally announced September 2017.

Ion acceleration in electrostatic collisionless shock: on the optimal density profile for quasi-monoenergetic beams

Authors: E. Boella, F. Fiúza, A. Stockem Novo, R. Fonseca, L. O. Silva

Abstract: A numerical study on ion acceleration in electrostatic shock waves is presented, with the aim of determining the best plasma configuration to achieve quasi-monoenergetic ion beams in laser-driven systems. It was recently shown that tailored near-critical density plasmas characterized by a long-scale decreasing rear density profile lead to beams with low energy spread [F. Fiúza et al., Physical Rev… ▽ More A numerical study on ion acceleration in electrostatic shock waves is presented, with the aim of determining the best plasma configuration to achieve quasi-monoenergetic ion beams in laser-driven systems. It was recently shown that tailored near-critical density plasmas characterized by a long-scale decreasing rear density profile lead to beams with low energy spread [F. Fiúza et al., Physical Review Letters 109, 215001 (2012)]. In this work, a detailed parameter scan investigating different plasma scale lengths is carried out. As result, the optimal plasma spatial scale length that allows for minimizing the energy spread while ensuring a significant reflection of ions by the shock is identified. Furthermore, a new configuration where the required profile has been obtained by coupling micro layers of different densities is proposed. Results show that this new engineered approach is a valid alternative, guaranteeing a low energy spread with a higher level of controllability. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2018; v1 submitted 12 September, 2017; originally announced September 2017.

Comments: 10 pages, 6 figures

AWAKE readiness for the study of the seeded self-modulation of a 400\,GeV proton bunch

Authors: P. Muggli, E. Adli, R. Apsimon, F. Asmus, R. Baartman, A. -M. Bachmann, M. Barros Marin, F. Batsch, J. Bauche, V. K. Berglyd Olsen, M. Bernardini, B. Biskup, A. Boccardi, T. Bogey, T. Bohl, C. Bracco, F. Braunmuller, S. Burger, G. Burt, S. Bustamante, B. Buttenschon, A. Butterworth, A. Caldwell, M. Cascella, E. Chevallay , et al. (82 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: AWAKE is a proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment. % We show that the experimental setup briefly described here is ready for systematic study of the seeded self-modulation of the 400\,GeV proton bunch in the 10\,m-long rubidium plasma with density adjustable from 1 to 10$\times10^{14}$\,cm$^{-3}$. % We show that the short laser pulse used for ionization of the rubidium vapor propag… ▽ More AWAKE is a proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment. % We show that the experimental setup briefly described here is ready for systematic study of the seeded self-modulation of the 400\,GeV proton bunch in the 10\,m-long rubidium plasma with density adjustable from 1 to 10$\times10^{14}$\,cm$^{-3}$. % We show that the short laser pulse used for ionization of the rubidium vapor propagates all the way along the column, suggesting full ionization of the vapor. % We show that ionization occurs along the proton bunch, at the laser time and that the plasma that follows affects the proton bunch. % △ Less

Submitted 3 August, 2017; originally announced August 2017.

Comments: Presented as an invited talk at the EPS=Plasma Physics Conference 2017

Report number: 20 pages, 8 figures

Journal ref: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Volume 60, Number 1 (2017)

Mitigation of the hose instability in plasma-wakefield accelerators

Authors: T. J. Mehrling, R. A. Fonseca, A. Martinez de la Ossa, J. Vieira

Abstract: Current models predict the hose instability to crucially limit the applicability of plasma-wakefield accelerators. By developing an analytical model which incorporates the evolution of the hose instability over long propagation distances, this work demonstrates that the inherent drive-beam energy loss, along with an initial beam energy spread detune the betatron oscillations of beam electrons, and… ▽ More Current models predict the hose instability to crucially limit the applicability of plasma-wakefield accelerators. By developing an analytical model which incorporates the evolution of the hose instability over long propagation distances, this work demonstrates that the inherent drive-beam energy loss, along with an initial beam energy spread detune the betatron oscillations of beam electrons, and thereby mitigate the instability. It is also shown that tapered plasma profiles can strongly reduce initial hosing seeds. Hence, we demonstrate that the propagation of a drive beam can be stabilized over long propagation distances, paving the way for the acceleration of high-quality electron beams in plasma-wakefield accelerators. We find excellent agreement between our models and particle-in-cell simulations. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2017; v1 submitted 7 April, 2017; originally announced April 2017.

Formation of collisionless shocks in magnetized plasma interaction with kinetic-scale obstacles

Authors: F. Cruz, E. P. Alves, R. A. Bamford, R. Bingham, R. A. Fonseca, L. O. Silva

Abstract: We investigate the formation of collisionless magnetized shocks triggered by the interaction between magnetized plasma flows and miniature-sized (order of plasma kinetic-scales) magnetic obstacles resorting to massively parallel, full particle-in-cell simulations, including the electron kinetics. The critical obstacle size to generate a compressed plasma region ahead of these objects is determined… ▽ More We investigate the formation of collisionless magnetized shocks triggered by the interaction between magnetized plasma flows and miniature-sized (order of plasma kinetic-scales) magnetic obstacles resorting to massively parallel, full particle-in-cell simulations, including the electron kinetics. The critical obstacle size to generate a compressed plasma region ahead of these objects is determined by independently varying the magnitude of the dipolar magnetic moment and the plasma magnetization. We find that the effective size of the obstacle depends on the relative orientation between the dipolar and plasma internal magnetic fields, and we show that this may be critical to form a shock in small-scale structures. We study the microphysics of the magnetopause in different magnetic field configurations in 2D and compare the results with full 3D simulations. Finally, we evaluate the parameter range where such miniature magnetized shocks can be explored in laboratory experiments. △ Less

Submitted 18 January, 2017; originally announced January 2017.

Improved self-energy correction method for accurate and efficient band structure calculation

Authors: Kan-Hao Xue, Jun-Hui Yuan, Leonardo R. C. Fonseca, Xiang-Shui Miao

Abstract: The LDA-1/2 method for self-energy correction is a powerful tool for calculating accurate band structures of semiconductors, while keeping the computational load as low as standard LDA. Nevertheless, controversies remain regarding the arbitrariness of choice between (1/2)e and (1/4)e charge stripping from the atoms in group IV semiconductors, the incorrect direct band gap predicted for Ge, and ina… ▽ More The LDA-1/2 method for self-energy correction is a powerful tool for calculating accurate band structures of semiconductors, while keeping the computational load as low as standard LDA. Nevertheless, controversies remain regarding the arbitrariness of choice between (1/2)e and (1/4)e charge stripping from the atoms in group IV semiconductors, the incorrect direct band gap predicted for Ge, and inaccurate band structures for III-V semiconductors. Here we propose an improved method named shell-LDA-1/2 (shLDA-1/2 for short), which is based on a shell-like trimming function for the self-energy potential. With the new approach, we obtained accurate band structures for group IV, and for III-V and II-VI compound semiconductors. In particular, we reproduced the complete band structure of Ge in good agreement with experimental data. Moreover, we have defined clear rules for choosing when (1/2)e or (1/4)e charge ought to be stripped in covalent semiconductors, and for identifying materials for which shLDA-1/2 is expected to fail. △ Less

Submitted 31 January, 2017; v1 submitted 10 January, 2017; originally announced January 2017.

Comments: 15 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

Journal ref: Computational Materials Science 153, 493 (2018)

Essential criteria for efficient pulse amplification via Raman and Brillouin scattering

Authors: R. M. G. M. Trines, E. P. Alves, E. Webb, J. Vieira, F. Fiuza, R. A. Fonseca, L. O. Silva, J. Sadler, N. Ratan, L. Ceurvorst, M. F. Kasim, M. Tabak, D. Froula, D. Haberberger, P. A. Norreys, R. A. Cairns, R. Bingham

Abstract: Raman and Brillouin amplification are two schemes for amplifying and compressing short laser pulses in plasma. Analytical models have already been derived for both schemes, but the full consequences of these models are little known or used. Here, we present new criteria that govern the evolution of the attractor solution for the seed pulse in Raman and Brillouin amplification, and show how the ini… ▽ More Raman and Brillouin amplification are two schemes for amplifying and compressing short laser pulses in plasma. Analytical models have already been derived for both schemes, but the full consequences of these models are little known or used. Here, we present new criteria that govern the evolution of the attractor solution for the seed pulse in Raman and Brillouin amplification, and show how the initial laser pulses need to be shaped to control the properties of the final amplified seed and improve the amplification efficiency. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2016; originally announced November 2016.

Comments: 14 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letters in July 2016

High orbital angular momentum harmonic generation

Authors: J. Vieira, R. M. G. M. Trines, E. P. Alves, R. A. Fonseca, J. T. Mendonça, R. Bingham, P. Norreys, L. O. Silva

Abstract: We identify and explore a high orbital angular momentum (OAM) harmonics generation and amplification mechanism that manipulates the OAM independently of any other laser property, by preserving the initial laser wavelength, through stimulated Raman backscattering in a plasma. The high OAM harmonics spectra can extend at least up to the limiting value imposed by the paraxial approximation. We show w… ▽ More We identify and explore a high orbital angular momentum (OAM) harmonics generation and amplification mechanism that manipulates the OAM independently of any other laser property, by preserving the initial laser wavelength, through stimulated Raman backscattering in a plasma. The high OAM harmonics spectra can extend at least up to the limiting value imposed by the paraxial approximation. We show with theory and particle-in-cell simulations that the orders of the OAM harmonics can be tuned according to a selection rule that depends on the initial OAM of the interacting waves. We illustrate the high OAM harmonics generation in a plasma using several examples including the generation of prime OAM harmonics. The process can also be realised in any nonlinear optical Kerr media supporting three-wave interactions. △ Less

Submitted 10 November, 2016; originally announced November 2016.

Comments: 12 pages, 4 figures (accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters)

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 265001 (2016)

Electron - positron cascades in multiple-laser optical traps

Authors: Marija Vranic, Thomas Grismayer, Ricardo A. Fonseca, Luis O. Silva

Abstract: We present an analytical and numerical study of multiple-laser QED cascades induced with linearly polarised laser pulses. We analyse different polarisation orientations and propose a configuration that maximises the cascade multiplicity and favours the laser absorption. We generalise the analytical estimate for the cascade growth rate previously calculated in the field of two colliding linearly po… ▽ More We present an analytical and numerical study of multiple-laser QED cascades induced with linearly polarised laser pulses. We analyse different polarisation orientations and propose a configuration that maximises the cascade multiplicity and favours the laser absorption. We generalise the analytical estimate for the cascade growth rate previously calculated in the field of two colliding linearly polarised laser pulses and account for multiple laser interaction. The estimate is verified by a comprehensive numerical study of four-laser QED cascades across a range of different laser intensities with QED PIC module of OSIRIS. We show that by using four linearly polarised 30 fs laser pulses, one can convert more than 50 % of the total energy to gamma-rays already at laser intensity $I\simeq10^{24}\ \mathrm{W/cm^2}$. In this configuration, the laser conversion efficiency is higher compared with the case with two colliding lasers. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2016; originally announced September 2016.

Quantum Electrodynamics vacuum polarization solver

Authors: Thomas Grismayer, Rui Torres, Pedro Carneiro, Fàbio Cruz, Ricardo Fonseca, Luís O. Silva

Abstract: The self-consistent modeling of vacuum polarization due to virtual electron-positron fluctuations is of relevance for many near term experiments associated with high intensity radiation sources and represents a milestone in describing scenarios of extreme energy density. We present a generalized finite-difference time-domain solver that can incorporate the modifications to Maxwell's equations due… ▽ More The self-consistent modeling of vacuum polarization due to virtual electron-positron fluctuations is of relevance for many near term experiments associated with high intensity radiation sources and represents a milestone in describing scenarios of extreme energy density. We present a generalized finite-difference time-domain solver that can incorporate the modifications to Maxwell's equations due to vacuum polarization. Our multidimensional solver reproduced in one-dimensional configurations the results for which an analytic treatment is possible, yielding vacuum harmonic generation and birefringence. The solver has also been tested for two-dimensional scenarios where finite laser beam spot sizes must be taken into account. We employ this solver to explore different types of laser configurations that can be relevant for future planned experiments aiming to detect quantum vacuum dynamics at ultra-high electromagnetic field intensities. △ Less

Submitted 6 July, 2021; v1 submitted 14 July, 2016; originally announced July 2016.

Multidimensional Plasma Wake Excitation in the Non-linear Blowout Regime

Authors: J. Vieira, R. A. Fonseca, L. O. Silva

Abstract: Plasma accelerators can sustain very high acceleration gradients. They are promising candidates for future generations of particle accelerators for several scientific, medical and technological applications. Current plasma based acceleration experiments operate in the relativistic regime, where the plasma response is strongly non-linear. We outline some of the key properties of wakefield excitatio… ▽ More Plasma accelerators can sustain very high acceleration gradients. They are promising candidates for future generations of particle accelerators for several scientific, medical and technological applications. Current plasma based acceleration experiments operate in the relativistic regime, where the plasma response is strongly non-linear. We outline some of the key properties of wakefield excitation in these regimes. We outline a multidimensional theory for the excitation of plasma wakefields in connection with current experiments. We then use these results and provide design guidelines for the choice of laser and plasma parameters ensuring a stable laser wakefield accelerator that maximizes the quality of the accelerated electrons. We also mention some of the future challenges associated with this technology. △ Less

Submitted 14 July, 2020; v1 submitted 12 July, 2016; originally announced July 2016.

Comments: presented at the CERN Accelerator School- CAS 2019: Plasma Wake Acceleration, Sesimbra, Portugal, 11-22 March 2019; Replaced Section 6 with respect to initial submission with an update on recent developments

Controlling the Numerical Cerenkov Instability in PIC simulations using a customized finite difference Maxwell solver and a local FFT based current correction

Authors: Fei Li, Peicheng Yu, Xinlu Xu, Frederico Fiuza, Viktor K. Decyk, Thamine Dalichaouch, Asher Davidson, Adam Tableman, Weiming An, Frank S. Tsung, Ricardo A. Fonseca, Wei Lu, Warren B. Mori

Abstract: In this paper we present a customized finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) Maxwell solver for the particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm. The solver is customized to effectively eliminate the numerical Cerenkov instability (NCI) which arises when a plasma (neutral or non-neutral) relativistically drifts on a grid when using the PIC algorithm. We control the EM dispersion curve in the direction of the pl… ▽ More In this paper we present a customized finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) Maxwell solver for the particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm. The solver is customized to effectively eliminate the numerical Cerenkov instability (NCI) which arises when a plasma (neutral or non-neutral) relativistically drifts on a grid when using the PIC algorithm. We control the EM dispersion curve in the direction of the plasma drift of a FDTD Maxwell solver by using a customized higher order finite difference operator for the spatial derivative along the direction of the drift ($\hat 1$ direction). We show that this eliminates the main NCI modes with moderate $\vert k_1 \vert$, while keeps additional main NCI modes well outside the range of physical interest with higher $\vert k_1 \vert$. These main NCI modes can be easily filtered out along with first spatial aliasing NCI modes which are also at the edge of the fundamental Brillouin zone. The customized solver has the possible advantage of improved parallel scalability because it can be easily partitioned along $\hat 1$ which typically has many more cells than other directions for the problems of interest. We show that FFTs can be performed locally to current on each partition to filter out the main and first spatial aliasing NCI modes, and to correct the current so that it satisfies the continuity equation for the customized spatial derivative. This ensures that Gauss' Law is satisfied. We present simulation examples of one relativistically drifting plasmas, of two colliding relativistically drifting plasmas, and of nonlinear laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) in a Lorentz boosted frame that show no evidence of the NCI can be observed when using this customized Maxwell solver together with its NCI elimination scheme. △ Less

Submitted 5 May, 2016; originally announced May 2016.

Amplification and generation of ultra-intense twisted laser pulses via stimulated Raman scattering

Authors: J. Vieira, R. M. G. M. Trines, E. P. Alves, R. A. Fonseca, J. T. Mendonça, R. Bingham, P. Norreys, L. O. Silva

Abstract: Twisted Laguerre-Gaussian lasers, with orbital angular momentum and characterised by doughnut shaped intensity profiles, provide a transformative set of tools and research directions in a growing range of fields and applications, from super-resolution microcopy and ultra-fast optical communications to quantum computing and astrophysics. The impact of twisted light is widening as recent numerical c… ▽ More Twisted Laguerre-Gaussian lasers, with orbital angular momentum and characterised by doughnut shaped intensity profiles, provide a transformative set of tools and research directions in a growing range of fields and applications, from super-resolution microcopy and ultra-fast optical communications to quantum computing and astrophysics. The impact of twisted light is widening as recent numerical calculations provided solutions to long-standing challenges in plasma-based acceleration by allowing for high gradient positron acceleration. The production of ultrahigh intensity twisted laser pulses could then also have a broad influence on relativistic laser-matter interactions. Here we show theoretically and with ab-initio three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, that stimulated Raman backscattering can generate and amplify twisted lasers to Petawatt intensities in plasmas. This work may open new research directions in non-linear optics and high energy density science, compact plasma based accelerators and light sources. △ Less

Submitted 9 March, 2016; originally announced March 2016.

Comments: 18 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

Journal ref: Nature Communications, 7, Article number: 10371 (2016)

Explaining the apparent arbitrariness of the LDA-1/2 self-energy correction method applied to purely covalent systems

Authors: Kan-Hao Xue, Leonardo R. C. Fonseca, Xiang-Shui Miao

Abstract: The LDA-1/2 method expands Slater's half occupation technique to infinite solid state materials by introducing a self-energy potential centered at the anions to cancel the energy associated with electron-hole self-interaction. To avoid an infinite summation of long-ranged self-energy potentials they must be trimmed at a variationally-defined cutoff radius. The method has been successful in predict… ▽ More The LDA-1/2 method expands Slater's half occupation technique to infinite solid state materials by introducing a self-energy potential centered at the anions to cancel the energy associated with electron-hole self-interaction. To avoid an infinite summation of long-ranged self-energy potentials they must be trimmed at a variationally-defined cutoff radius. The method has been successful in predicting accurate band gaps for a large number of elementary and binary semiconductors. Nevertheless, there has been some confusion regarding carbon and silicon, both in the cubic diamond structure, which require different ionizations of the valence charge, 1/2 for carbon and 1/4 for silicon respectively, to yield band gaps in agreement with experimental data. We here analyze the spatial distribution of the valence electrons of these two materials to conclude that in silicon and in carbon LDA-1/4 and LDA-1/2, respectively, must be adopted for the proper cancellation of the self-energies. Such analysis should be applied to other covalent semiconductors in order to decide which ionization to adopt for the proper correction of the self-energy. △ Less

Submitted 3 March, 2016; originally announced March 2016.

Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures

AWAKE, The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN

Authors: E. Gschwendtner, E. Adli, L. Amorim, R. Apsimon, R. Assmann, A. -M. Bachmann, F. Batsch, J. Bauche, V. K. Berglyd Olsen, M. Bernardini, R. Bingham, B. Biskup, T. Bohl, C. Bracco, P. N. Burrows, G. Burt, B. Buttenschon, A. Butterworth, A. Caldwell, M. Cascella, E. Chevallay, S. Cipiccia, H. Damerau, L. Deacon, P. Dirksen , et al. (66 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) aims at studying plasma wakefield generation and electron acceleration driven by proton bunches. It is a proof-of-principle R&D experiment at CERN and the world's first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment. The AWAKE experiment will be installed in the former CNGS facility and uses the 400 GeV/c proton be… ▽ More The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) aims at studying plasma wakefield generation and electron acceleration driven by proton bunches. It is a proof-of-principle R&D experiment at CERN and the world's first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment. The AWAKE experiment will be installed in the former CNGS facility and uses the 400 GeV/c proton beam bunches from the SPS. The first experiments will focus on the self-modulation instability of the long (rms ~12 cm) proton bunch in the plasma. These experiments are planned for the end of 2016. Later, in 2017/2018, low energy (~15 MeV) electrons will be externally injected to sample the wakefields and be accelerated beyond 1 GeV. The main goals of the experiment will be summarized. A summary of the AWAKE design and construction status will be presented. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2015; originally announced December 2015.

Comments: 7 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables