Showing 1–50 of 57 results for author: Robinson, L

Automated Optical Density Normalization for Myelin Quantification: Cross-Modal Validation with 7T Ex Vivo MRI

Authors: Zahra Khodakarami, Sheina Emrani, Pulkit Khandelwal, Chinmayee Athalye, Amanda Denning, Winifred Trotman, Lisa M Levorse, Eric Teunissen-Bermeo, Hamsanandini Radhakrishnan, Daniel Ohm, Christophe Olm, Noah Capp, Ranjit Ittyerah, Karthik Prabhakaran, John A. Detre, Sandhitsu R. Das, David A. Wolk, Corey T McMillan, Gabor Mizsei, M. Dylan Tisdall, David J Irwin, John L. Robinson, Edward B Lee, Paul A. Yushkevich

Abstract: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are bright regions on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and are associated with cerebrovascular pathology and neurodegeneration, including myelin loss. While Luxol Fast Blue histopathology provides visualization of myelin integrity, quantitative analysis requires measuring Optical Density as a proxy for myelin concentration. However, differences… ▽ More White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are bright regions on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and are associated with cerebrovascular pathology and neurodegeneration, including myelin loss. While Luxol Fast Blue histopathology provides visualization of myelin integrity, quantitative analysis requires measuring Optical Density as a proxy for myelin concentration. However, differences in laboratory protocols and tissue processing introduce staining variability that acts as systematic noise, obscuring the biological signal and preventing consistent comparison across histology runs. To address this, we developed an automated pipeline that identifies reference (non-pathologic) regions in whole-slide images to compute normalized Optical Density heatmaps. We validated this approach through two complementary evaluations: (1) comparison against expert ratings of myelin loss severity, and (2) cross-modal spatial comparison with co-registered 7T ex vivo MRI for voxel-wise evaluation within white matter regions. The pipeline's reference selection showed strong concordance with expert-identified reference regions, and normalized Optical Density demonstrated a substantially stronger correlation with MRI signal intensity than raw measurements. This correlation persisted within WMH, confirming that the pipeline captures continuous myelin pathology rather than merely the presence or absence of myelin loss contrast. By mitigating staining artifacts, this pipeline provides a robust, validated framework for quantitative cross-modal comparison, establishing a critical methodological foundation for future translation to in vivo myelin mapping and biomarker discovery. △ Less

Submitted 9 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 10 Pages, accepted at MICCAI 2026

ACM Class: I.4.9; I.2.10; J.3

Tunable asymmetric swimming in biflagellate microswimmers

Authors: Benjamin J. Walker, Clément Moreau, Tommie L. Robinson, Zhaochen J. Xu, Daniel I. Goldman, Eamonn A. Gaffney, Kirsty Y. Wan

Abstract: Many biological microswimmers can modulate their swimming gait to achieve directional control of motility, especially when performing steering towards specific directional cues. This can be achieved without the need for obvious morphological or structural asymmetries in the form of the organism, or in the number or organisation of propulsion-generating appendages such as cilia. In this work, we id… ▽ More Many biological microswimmers can modulate their swimming gait to achieve directional control of motility, especially when performing steering towards specific directional cues. This can be achieved without the need for obvious morphological or structural asymmetries in the form of the organism, or in the number or organisation of propulsion-generating appendages such as cilia. In this work, we identify and validate a core principle of asymmetric turning in biflagellate microswimmers: propulsive forces interact constructively to drive translation whilst interacting destructively to drive rotation. We explore the ramifications of this tunable biflagellar swimming mechanism across a range of systems, from a simple, back-of-the-envelope model to a detailed computational representation of an exemplar swimmer. This leads to a markedly general quantitative relation between key drivers of asymmetry, such as ciliary beat frequency, and the curvature of emergent trajectories. We discuss how the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which actuates its two cilia in a symmetric breaststroke for forward swimming, may exploit this feature for phototaxis. Finally, we validate our predictions in a Chlamydomonas-inspired robophysical model, implementing closed-loop control to achieve phototactic turning. △ Less

Submitted 19 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Progress in relativistic laser-plasma interaction with kilotesla-level applied magnetic fields

Authors: K. Weichman, A. P. L. Robinson, M. Murakami, J. J. Santos, S. Fujioka, T. Toncian, J. P. Palastro, A. V. Arefiev

Abstract: We report on progress in the understanding of the effects of kilotesla-level applied magnetic fields on relativistic laser-plasma interactions. Ongoing advances in magnetic-field-generation techniques enable new and highly desirable phenomena, including magnetic-field-amplification platforms with reversible sign, focusing ion acceleration, and bulk-relativistic plasma heating. Building on recent a… ▽ More We report on progress in the understanding of the effects of kilotesla-level applied magnetic fields on relativistic laser-plasma interactions. Ongoing advances in magnetic-field-generation techniques enable new and highly desirable phenomena, including magnetic-field-amplification platforms with reversible sign, focusing ion acceleration, and bulk-relativistic plasma heating. Building on recent advancements in laser-plasma interactions with applied magnetic fields, we introduce simple models for evaluating the effects of applied magnetic fields in magnetic-field amplification, sheath-based ion acceleration, and direct laser acceleration. These models indicate the feasibility of observing beneficial magnetic-field effects under experimentally relevant conditions and offer a starting point for future experimental design. △ Less

Submitted 2 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Journal ref: Phys. Plasmas 29, 053104 (2022)

Roadmap for warm dense matter physics

Authors: Jan Vorberger, Frank Graziani, David Riley, Andrew D. Baczewski, Isabelle Baraffe, Mandy Bethkenhagen, Simon Blouin, Maximilian P. Böhme, Michael Bonitz, Michael Bussmann, Alexis Casner, Witold Cayzac, Peter Celliers, Gilles Chabrier, Nicolas Chamel, Dave Chapman, Mohan Chen, Jean Clérouin, Gilbert Collins, Federica Coppari, Tilo Döppner, Tobias Dornheim, Luke B. Fletcher, Dirk O. Gericke, Siegfried Glenzer , et al. (49 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This roadmap presents the state-of-the-art, current challenges and near future developments anticipated in the thriving field of warm dense matter physics. Originating from strongly coupled plasma physics, high pressure physics and high energy density science, the warm dense matter physics community has recently taken a giant leap forward. This is due to spectacular developments in laser technolog… ▽ More This roadmap presents the state-of-the-art, current challenges and near future developments anticipated in the thriving field of warm dense matter physics. Originating from strongly coupled plasma physics, high pressure physics and high energy density science, the warm dense matter physics community has recently taken a giant leap forward. This is due to spectacular developments in laser technology, diagnostic capabilities, and computer simulation techniques. Only in the last decade has it become possible to perform accurate enough simulations \& experiments to truly verify theoretical results as well as to reliably design experiments based on predictions. Consequently, this roadmap discusses recent developments and contemporary challenges that are faced by theoretical methods, and experimental techniques needed to create and diagnose warm dense matter. A large part of this roadmap is dedicated to specific warm dense matter systems and applications in astrophysics, inertial confinement fusion and novel material synthesis. △ Less

Submitted 13 February, 2026; v1 submitted 5 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Generative Adversarial Networks for Scintillation Signal Simulation in EXO-200

Authors: S. Li, I. Ostrovskiy, Z. Li, L. Yang, S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian , et al. (65 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Generative Adversarial Networks trained on samples of simulated or actual events have been proposed as a way of generating large simulated datasets at a reduced computational cost. In this work, a novel approach to perform the simulation of photodetector signals from the time projection chamber of the EXO-200 experiment is demonstrated. The method is based on a Wasserstein Generative Adversarial N… ▽ More Generative Adversarial Networks trained on samples of simulated or actual events have been proposed as a way of generating large simulated datasets at a reduced computational cost. In this work, a novel approach to perform the simulation of photodetector signals from the time projection chamber of the EXO-200 experiment is demonstrated. The method is based on a Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network - a deep learning technique allowing for implicit non-parametric estimation of the population distribution for a given set of objects. Our network is trained on real calibration data using raw scintillation waveforms as input. We find that it is able to produce high-quality simulated waveforms an order of magnitude faster than the traditional simulation approach and, importantly, generalize from the training sample and discern salient high-level features of the data. In particular, the network correctly deduces position dependency of scintillation light response in the detector and correctly recognizes dead photodetector channels. The network output is then integrated into the EXO-200 analysis framework to show that the standard EXO-200 reconstruction routine processes the simulated waveforms to produce energy distributions comparable to that of real waveforms. Finally, the remaining discrepancies and potential ways to improve the approach further are highlighted. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2023; v1 submitted 11 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: As accepted by JINST

Journal ref: JINST 18 P06005 2023

Cooperative transitions involving hydrophobic polyelectrolytes

Authors: James L. Martin Robinson, Willem. K Kegel

Abstract: Hydrophobic polyelectrolytes (HPE) can solubilize bilayer membranes, form micelles or can reversibly aggregate as a function of pH. The transitions are often remarkably sharp. We show that these cooperative transitions occur by a competition between two or more conformational states and can be explained within the framework of Monod - Wymann - Changeux (MWC) theory that was originally formulated f… ▽ More Hydrophobic polyelectrolytes (HPE) can solubilize bilayer membranes, form micelles or can reversibly aggregate as a function of pH. The transitions are often remarkably sharp. We show that these cooperative transitions occur by a competition between two or more conformational states and can be explained within the framework of Monod - Wymann - Changeux (MWC) theory that was originally formulated for allosteric interactions. Here we focus on the pH-dependent destabilization and permeation of bilayer membranes by HPE. We formulate the general conditions that lead to sharp conformational transitions involving simple macromolecules mediated by concentration variations of molecular ligands. That opens up potential applications ranging from medicine to the development of switchable materials. △ Less

Submitted 31 January, 2023; v1 submitted 15 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Journal ref: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6), e2211088120 (2023)

Double-GEM based thermal neutron detector prototype

Authors: L. A. Serra Filho, R. Felix dos Santos, G. G. A. de Souza, M. M. M. Paulino, F. A. Souza, M. Moralles, H. Natal da Luz, M. Bregant, M. G. Munhoz, Chung-Chuan Lai, Carina Höglund, Per-Olof Svensson, Linda Robinson, Richard Hall-Wilton

Abstract: The Helium-3 shortage and the growing interest in neutron science constitute a driving factor in developing new neutron detection technologies. In this work, we report the development of a double-GEM detector prototype that uses a $^{10}$B$_4$C layer as a neutron converter material. GEANT4 simulations were performed predicting an efficiency of 3.14(10) %, agreeing within 2.7 $σ$ with the experimen… ▽ More The Helium-3 shortage and the growing interest in neutron science constitute a driving factor in developing new neutron detection technologies. In this work, we report the development of a double-GEM detector prototype that uses a $^{10}$B$_4$C layer as a neutron converter material. GEANT4 simulations were performed predicting an efficiency of 3.14(10) %, agreeing within 2.7 $σ$ with the experimental and analytic detection efficiencies obtained by the detector when tested in a 41.8 meV thermal neutron beam. The detector is position sensitive, equipped with a 256+256 strip readout connected to resistive chains, and achieves a spatial resolution better than 3 mm. The gain stability over time was also measured with a fluctuation of about 0.2 %h$^{-1}$ of the signal amplitude. A simple data acquisition with only 5 electronic channels is sufficient to operate this detector. △ Less

Submitted 19 July, 2022; v1 submitted 14 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: Prepared for submission to JINST

Journal ref: JINST 17 P09018 (2022)

Underdense relativistically thermal plasma produced by magnetically assisted direct laser acceleration

Authors: K. Weichman, J. P. Palastro, A. P. L. Robinson, A. V. Arefiev

Abstract: We introduce the first approach to volumetrically generate relativistically thermal plasma at gas-jet--accessible density. Using fully kinetic simulations and theory, we demonstrate that two stages of direct laser acceleration driven by two laser pulses in an applied magnetic field can heat a significant plasma volume to multi-MeV average energy. The highest-momentum feature is 2D-isotropic, persi… ▽ More We introduce the first approach to volumetrically generate relativistically thermal plasma at gas-jet--accessible density. Using fully kinetic simulations and theory, we demonstrate that two stages of direct laser acceleration driven by two laser pulses in an applied magnetic field can heat a significant plasma volume to multi-MeV average energy. The highest-momentum feature is 2D-isotropic, persists after the interaction, and includes the majority of electrons, enabling experimental access to bulk-relativistic, high-energy-density plasma in an optically diagnosable regime for the first time. △ Less

Submitted 14 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Multitube monitors: a new-generation of neutron beam monitors

Authors: F. Lafont, D. Barkats, J-C. Buffet, S. Cuccaro, B. Guerard, C-C Lai, J. Marchal, J. Pentenero, N. Sartor, R. Hall-Wilton, K. Kanaki, L. Robinson, P O. Svensson

Abstract: With the renewal of many neutron science instruments and the commissioning of new neutron facilities, there is a rising demand for improved neutron beam monitoring systems with reduced beam perturbations and higher counting rate capability. Fission chambers are the most popular beam monitors; however, their use on some instruments may be prevented by the background generated by fast neutrons emitt… ▽ More With the renewal of many neutron science instruments and the commissioning of new neutron facilities, there is a rising demand for improved neutron beam monitoring systems with reduced beam perturbations and higher counting rate capability. Fission chambers are the most popular beam monitors; however, their use on some instruments may be prevented by the background generated by fast neutrons emitted during neutron captures in 235U and by neutrons scattered in the material of the fission chamber. Multitube detectors, on the other hand, offer a good alternative with minimum beam perturbations. The purpose of this paper is to report and analyse the results of the measurements performed with several Multitubes used for beam monitoring. We show that the transparency of Multitube beam monitors is 97.6 +/-0.4 %, and that their detection efficiency is uniform, with a deviation from the mean value < 0.7%. A counting rate reduction of 10% due to pile-up effects is measured at a rate of 550 kHz. In addition to neutron beam intensity monitoring, the Multitube can be configured for 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional localisation. We present the preliminary results of these additional functionalities. △ Less

Submitted 19 May, 2022; v1 submitted 3 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 15 pages, 16 figures

Effect of substrate roughness and material selection on the microstructure of sputtering deposited boron carbide thin films

Authors: Chung-Chuan Lai, Robert Boyd, Per-Olof Svensson, Carina Höglund, Linda Robinson, Jens Birch, Richard Hall-Wilton

Abstract: Amorphous boron carbide (B4C) thin films are by far the most popular form for the neutron converting layers in the 10B-based neutron detectors, which are a rising trend in detector technologies in response to the increasing scarcity and price of 3He, the standard material for neutron detection. The microstructure of the B4C films is closely related to the important properties, e.g. density and adh… ▽ More Amorphous boron carbide (B4C) thin films are by far the most popular form for the neutron converting layers in the 10B-based neutron detectors, which are a rising trend in detector technologies in response to the increasing scarcity and price of 3He, the standard material for neutron detection. The microstructure of the B4C films is closely related to the important properties, e.g. density and adhesion, for the converting layers, which eventually affect the detection efficiency and the long-term stability of the detectors. To study the influence from substrates of different roughness and materials, the B4C films were deposited on polished Si substrates with Al, Ti, and Cu buffer layers and unpolished Si, Al, Ti, and Cu substrates by direct current magnetron sputtering at a substrate temperature of 623 K. The tapered columnar grains and nodular defects, generally observed in SEM images, indicated a strong shadowing effect where voids were introduced around the grains. The change in the grain size did not show a direct dependence to the substrate roughness, acquired from the surface profile, nor to the mass density of the films, obtained from reflectivity patterns. However, films with non-uniform size of columnar grains were deposited on substrates with high skewness, leading to a drop of mass density from ~95 % down to ~70 % of tabulated bulk density. On the other hand, similar microstructures and mass density were obtained from the films deposited on Al, Ti, and Cu of different roughness and good adhesion were observed from cross-cut adhesion tests, showing the reliability of sputtering deposited B4C films on common structural materials in neutron detectors. △ Less

Submitted 29 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: Available online at Surface & Coatings Technology

uRANIA-V: an innovative solution for neutron detection in homeland security

Authors: R. Farinelli, I. Balossino, G. Bencivenni, G. Cibinetto, G. Felici, S. Fiore, I. Garzia, M. Gatta, M. Giovannetti, R. Hall-Wilton, C. C. Lai, L. Lavezzi, G. Mezzadri, G. Morello, E. Paoletti, G. Papalino, A. Pietropaolo, M. Pillon, M. Poli Lener, L. Robinson, M. Scodeggio, P. O. Svensson

Abstract: Detection of neutrons is becoming of the utmost importance, especially in the studies of radioactive waste and in homeland security applications. The crisis of 3He availability has required the development of innovative techniques. One solution is to develop light gas detectors for neutron counting to be used as portals for ports and airports. The neutron is converted on the Boron-coated cathode,… ▽ More Detection of neutrons is becoming of the utmost importance, especially in the studies of radioactive waste and in homeland security applications. The crisis of 3He availability has required the development of innovative techniques. One solution is to develop light gas detectors for neutron counting to be used as portals for ports and airports. The neutron is converted on the Boron-coated cathode, releasing a charged particle, whose passage can be identified by the gas detector. While several technologies have been deployed in the past, the project μRANIA-V ( μRwell Advanced Neutron Identification Apparatus) aims to detect thermal neutrons by means of the μRwell technology, an innovative gas detector. The goal is to produce tiles to operate as portals in homeland security or for radioactive waste management. The technological transfer towards the industry has started, thus the production can be cost-effective also owing to a construction process relatively easier compared to similar apparatus. By reading directly the signals from the amplification stage, the neutrons can be counted with simplified electronics further reducing the total cost. In this paper, the project will be described, with details on the μRwell technology and on the neutron counting, on the test beam performed, and on the future plans. △ Less

Submitted 2 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Comments: ANIMMA 2021 conference proceeding

The EXO-200 detector, part II: Auxiliary Systems

Authors: N. Ackerman, J. Albert, M. Auger, D. J. Auty, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, L. Bartoszek, E. Baussan, V. Belov, C. Benitez-Medina, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, R. Conley, S. Cook, M. Coon, W. Craddock, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels, L. Darroch , et al. (135 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass of 110 kg of 80.6%-enriched liquid xenon in an ultra-low background time projection chamber with ionization and scintillation detection and readout. This paper describes the design and performance of the various support systems necessary for detector op… ▽ More The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass of 110 kg of 80.6%-enriched liquid xenon in an ultra-low background time projection chamber with ionization and scintillation detection and readout. This paper describes the design and performance of the various support systems necessary for detector operation, including cryogenics, xenon handling, and controls. Novel features of the system were driven by the need to protect the thin-walled detector chamber containing the liquid xenon, to achieve high chemical purity of the Xe, and to maintain thermal uniformity across the detector. △ Less

Submitted 22 October, 2021; v1 submitted 13 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: Manuscript updated in response to JINST reviewer comments

Laser structured micro-targets generate MeV electron temperature at $4 \times 10^{16}$ W/cm$^2$

Authors: Angana Mondal, Ratul Sabui, Sheroy Tata, R. M. G. M Trines, S. V. Rahul, Feiyu Li, Soubhik Sarkar, William Trickey, Rakesh Y. Kumar, Debobrata Rajak, John Pasley, Zhengming Sheng, J. Jha, M. Anand, Ram Gopal, A. P. L. Robinson, M. Krishnamurthy

Abstract: Relativistic temperature electrons higher than 0.5 MeV are generated typically with laser intensities of about 10$^{18}$ W/cm$^{2}$. Their generation with high repetition rate lasers that operate at non-relativistic intensities ($\simeq$10$^{16}$ W/cm$^{2}$) is cardinal for the realization of compact, ultra-short, bench-top electron sources. New strategies, capable of exploiting different aspects… ▽ More Relativistic temperature electrons higher than 0.5 MeV are generated typically with laser intensities of about 10$^{18}$ W/cm$^{2}$. Their generation with high repetition rate lasers that operate at non-relativistic intensities ($\simeq$10$^{16}$ W/cm$^{2}$) is cardinal for the realization of compact, ultra-short, bench-top electron sources. New strategies, capable of exploiting different aspects of laser-plasma interaction, are necessary for reducing the required intensity. We report here, a novel technique of dynamic target structuring of microdroplets, capable of generating 200 keV and 1 MeV electron temperatures at 1/100th of the intensity required by ponderomotive scaling($10^{18}$ W/cm$^2$) to generate relativistic electron temperature. Combining the concepts of pre-plasma tailoring, optimized scale length and micro-optics, this method achieves two-plasmon decay boosted electron acceleration with "non-ideal" ultrashort (25 fs) pulses at $4\times10^{16}$ W/cm$^2$, only. With shot repeatability at kHz, this precise in-situ targetry produces directed, imaging quality beam-like electron emission up to 6 MeV with milli-joule class lasers, that can be transformational for time-resolved, microscopic studies in all fields of science. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2021; v1 submitted 8 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: Main text- 9 pages, 4 figures. Comments are welcome

Statistical position reconstruction for RPC-based thermal neutron detectors

Authors: A. Morozov, L. M. S. Margato, V. Solovov, A. Blanco, J. Saraiva, T. Wilpert, K. Zeitelhack, K. Roemer, C. Höglund, L. Robinson, R. Hall-Wilton

Abstract: Multilayer position-sensitive 10B-RPC thermal neutron detectors offer an attractive combination of sub-millimeter spatial resolution and high (>50%) detection efficiency. Here we describe a new position reconstruction method based on a statistical approach. Using experimental data, we compare the performance of this method with that of the centroid reconstruction. Both methods result in a similar… ▽ More Multilayer position-sensitive 10B-RPC thermal neutron detectors offer an attractive combination of sub-millimeter spatial resolution and high (>50%) detection efficiency. Here we describe a new position reconstruction method based on a statistical approach. Using experimental data, we compare the performance of this method with that of the centroid reconstruction. Both methods result in a similar image linearity/uniformity and spatial resolution. However, the statistical method allows to improve the image quality at the detector periphery, offers more flexible event filtering and allows to develop automatic quality monitoring procedures for early detection of situations when a change in the detector operation conditions starts to affect reconstruction quality. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2021; v1 submitted 28 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Towards high-rate RPC-based thermal neutron detectors using low-resistivity electrodes

Authors: L. M. S. Margato, A. Morozov, A. Blanco, P. Fonte, L. Lopes, J. Saraiva, K. Zeitelhack, R. Hall-Wilton, C. Höglund, L. Robinson, P. Svensson, L. Naumann, K. Roemer, D. Stach, Th. Wilpert

Abstract: We present experimental results on the counting rate measurements for several single-gap $^{10}$B lined resistive plate chambers ($^{10}$B-RPCs) with anodes made from standard float glass, low resistivity glass and ceramic. The measurements were performed at the V17 monochromatic neutron beamline (3.35 Ȧ) at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. For the $^{10}$B-RPCs with 0.28 mm thick float glass a maxim… ▽ More We present experimental results on the counting rate measurements for several single-gap $^{10}$B lined resistive plate chambers ($^{10}$B-RPCs) with anodes made from standard float glass, low resistivity glass and ceramic. The measurements were performed at the V17 monochromatic neutron beamline (3.35 Ȧ) at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. For the $^{10}$B-RPCs with 0.28 mm thick float glass a maximum counting rate density of about $8\times 10^{3}$ $Hz/cm^{2}$ was obtained. In the case of low resistivity glass and ceramic, the counting rate density did not deviate from linear dependence on the neutron flux up to the maximum flux available at this beamline and exceeded a value of $3\times 10^{4}$ $Hz/cm^{2}$. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Sign reversal in magnetic field amplification by relativistic laser-driven microtube implosions

Authors: K. Weichman, M. Murakami, A. P. L. Robinson, A. V. Arefiev

Abstract: We demonstrate and explain the surprising phenomenon of sign reversal in magnetic field amplification by the laser-driven implosion of a structured target. Relativistically intense laser pulses incident on the outer surface of a microtube target consisting of thin opaque shell surrounding a $μ$m-scale cylindrical void drive an initial ion implosion and later explosion capable of generating and sub… ▽ More We demonstrate and explain the surprising phenomenon of sign reversal in magnetic field amplification by the laser-driven implosion of a structured target. Relativistically intense laser pulses incident on the outer surface of a microtube target consisting of thin opaque shell surrounding a $μ$m-scale cylindrical void drive an initial ion implosion and later explosion capable of generating and subsequently amplifying strong magnetic fields. While the magnetic field generation is enhanced and spatially smoothed by the application of a kilotesla-level seed field, the sign of the generated field does not always follow the sign of the seed field. One unexpected consequence of the amplification process is a reversal in the sign of the amplified magnetic field when, for example, the target outer cross section is changed from square to circular. Using 2D particle-in-cell simulations, we demonstrate that sign reversal is linked to the stability of the surface magnetic field of opposite sign from the seed which arises at the target inner surface during laser irradiation. The stability of the surface magnetic field and consequently the sign of the final amplified field depends sensitively on the target, laser, and seed magnetic field conditions, which could be leveraged to make laser-driven microtube implosions an attractive platform for the study of magnetic fields in high energy density plasma in regimes where sign reversal either is or is not desired. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Strong surface magnetic field generation in relativistic short pulse laser-plasma interaction with an applied seed magnetic field

Authors: Kathleen Weichman, Alexander P. L. Robinson, Masakatsu Murakami, Alexey V. Arefiev

Abstract: While plasma often behaves diamagnetically, we demonstrate that the laser irradiation of a thin opaque target with an embedded target-transverse seed magnetic field $B_\mathrm{seed}$ can trigger the generation of an order-of-magnitude stronger magnetic field with opposite sign at the target surface. Strong surface field generation occurs when the laser pulse is relativistically intense and results… ▽ More While plasma often behaves diamagnetically, we demonstrate that the laser irradiation of a thin opaque target with an embedded target-transverse seed magnetic field $B_\mathrm{seed}$ can trigger the generation of an order-of-magnitude stronger magnetic field with opposite sign at the target surface. Strong surface field generation occurs when the laser pulse is relativistically intense and results from the currents associated with the cyclotron rotation of laser-heated electrons transiting through the target and the compensating current of cold electrons. We derive a predictive scaling for this surface field generation, $B_\mathrm{gen} \sim - 2 πB_\mathrm{seed} Δx/λ_0$, where $Δx$ is the target thickness and $λ_0$ is the laser wavelength, and conduct 1D and 2D particle-in-cell simulations to confirm its applicability over a wide range of conditions. We additionally demonstrate that both the seed and surface-generated magnetic fields can have a strong impact on application-relevant plasma dynamics, for example substantially altering the overall expansion and ion acceleration from a $μ$m-thick laser-irradiated target with a kilotesla-level seed magnetic field. △ Less

Submitted 16 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Time- and energy-resolved effects in the boron-10 based Multi-Grid and helium-3 based thermal neutron detectors

Authors: A. Backis, A. Khaplanov, R. Al Jebali, R. Ammer, I. Apostolidis, J. Birch, C. -C. Lai, P. P. Deen, M. Etxegarai, N. de Ruette, J. Freita Ramos, D. F. Förster, E. Haettner, R. Hall-Wilton, D. Hamilton, C. Höglund, P. M. Kadletz, K. Kanaki, E. Karnickis, O. Kirstein, S. Kolya, Z. Kraujalyte, A. Laloni, K. Livingston, O. Löhman , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The boron-10 based Multi-Grid detector is being developed as an alternative to helium-3 based neutron detectors. At the European Spallation Source, the detector will be used for time-of-flight neutron spectroscopy at cold to thermal neutron energies. The objective of this work is to investigate fine time- and energy-resolved effects of the Multi-Grid detector, down to a few $μ$eV, while comparing… ▽ More The boron-10 based Multi-Grid detector is being developed as an alternative to helium-3 based neutron detectors. At the European Spallation Source, the detector will be used for time-of-flight neutron spectroscopy at cold to thermal neutron energies. The objective of this work is to investigate fine time- and energy-resolved effects of the Multi-Grid detector, down to a few $μ$eV, while comparing it to the performance of a typical helium-3 tube. Furthermore, it is to characterize differences between the detector technologies in terms of internal scattering, as well as the time reconstruction of ~ $μ$s short neutron pulses. The data were taken at the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, where the Multi-Grid detector and a helium-3 tube were installed at the ESS test beamline, V20. Using a Fermi-chopper, the neutron beam of the reactor was chopped into a few tens of $μ$s wide pulses before reaching the detector, located a few tens of cm downstream. The data of the measurements show an agreement between the derived and calculated neutron detection efficiency curve. The data also provide fine details on the effect of internal scattering, and how it can be reduced. For the first time, the chopper resolution was comparable to the timing resolution of the Multi-Grid detector. This allowed a detailed study of time- and energy resolved effects, as well as a comparison with a typical helium-3 tube. △ Less

Submitted 14 January, 2021; v1 submitted 2 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Comments: 37 pages, 21 figures

Journal ref: Meas. Sci. Technol. 32 035903 (2021)

u-RANIA: a neutron detector based on μ-RWELL technology

Authors: I. Balossino, G. Bencivenni, P. Bielowka, G. Cibinetto, R. Farinelli, G. Felici, I. Garzia, M. Gatta, P. Giacomelli, M. Giovannetti, R. Hall Wilton, C. -C. Lai, L. Lavezzi, F. Messi, G. Mezzadri, G. Morello, M. Pinamonti, M. Poli Lener, L. Robinson, M. Scodeggio, P. -O. Svensson

Abstract: In the framework of the ATTRACT-uRANIA project, funded by the European Community, we are developing an innovative neutron imaging detector based on micro-Resistive WELL ($μ$ -RWELL) technology. The $μ$ -RWELL, based on the resistive detector concept, ensuring an efficient spark quenching mechanism, is a highly reliable device. It is composed by two main elements: a readout-PCB and a cathode. The a… ▽ More In the framework of the ATTRACT-uRANIA project, funded by the European Community, we are developing an innovative neutron imaging detector based on micro-Resistive WELL ($μ$ -RWELL) technology. The $μ$ -RWELL, based on the resistive detector concept, ensuring an efficient spark quenching mechanism, is a highly reliable device. It is composed by two main elements: a readout-PCB and a cathode. The amplification stage for this device is embedded in the readout board through a resistive layer realized by means of an industrial process with DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon). A thin layer of B$_4$C on the copper surface of the cathode allows the thermal neutrons detection through the release of $^7$Li and $α$ particles in the active volume. This technology has been developed to be an efficient and convenient alternative to the $^3$He shortage. The goal of the project is to prove the feasibility of such a novel neutron detector by developing and testing small planar prototypes with readout boards suitably segmented with strip or pad read out, equipped with existing electronics or readout in current mode. Preliminary results from the test with different prototypes, showing a good agreement with the simulation, will be presented together with construction details of the prototypes and the future steps of the project. △ Less

Submitted 17 August, 2020; v1 submitted 13 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: Prepared for the INSTR20 Conference Proceeding for JINST

Converting Hemodialysis (HD) membranes to Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) machines

Authors: Abhimanyu Das, Matthew L. Robinson, D. M. Warsinger

Abstract: Crises like COVID-19 can create a massive unmet demand for rare blood oxygenation membrane machines for impaired lungs: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) machines. Meanwhile, Hemodialysis (HD) machines, which use membranes to supplement failing kidneys, are extremely common and widespread, with orders of magnitude more available than for ECMO machines. This short study examines whether th… ▽ More Crises like COVID-19 can create a massive unmet demand for rare blood oxygenation membrane machines for impaired lungs: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) machines. Meanwhile, Hemodialysis (HD) machines, which use membranes to supplement failing kidneys, are extremely common and widespread, with orders of magnitude more available than for ECMO machines. This short study examines whether the membranes for HD can be modified for use in blood oxygenation (ECMO). To do so, it considers mass transfer at the micro-scale level, and calculations for the macro-scale level such as blood pumping rates and O2 supply pressure. Overall, while this conversion may technically be possible, poor gas transport likely requires multiple HD membranes for one patient. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 9 pages, 1 figure

Multilayer $^{10}B$-RPC neutron imaging detector

Authors: L. M. S. Margato, A. Morozov, A. Blanco, P. Fonte, L. Lopes, K. Zeitelhack, R. Hall-Wilton, C. Höglund, L. Robinson, S. Schmidt, P. Svensson

Abstract: Resistive plate chambers (RPC) lined with $^{10}B_{4}$C neutron converters is a promising cost effective technology for position-sensitive thermal neutron detection capable to outperform $^{3}$He-based detectors in terms of spatial resolution and timing. However, as for the other types of gaseous detectors with a single layer of $^{10}B_{4}$C at normal beam incidence, the detection efficiency to t… ▽ More Resistive plate chambers (RPC) lined with $^{10}B_{4}$C neutron converters is a promising cost effective technology for position-sensitive thermal neutron detection capable to outperform $^{3}$He-based detectors in terms of spatial resolution and timing. However, as for the other types of gaseous detectors with a single layer of $^{10}B_{4}$C at normal beam incidence, the detection efficiency to thermal neutrons of a single-gap $^{10}B$-RPC is only about 6%. Aiming to overcome this limitation, we introduce a multi-layer $^{10}B$-RPCs detector with a stack of ten double-gap hybrid RPCs. A description of the detector design and the results of its characterization performed at the TREFF neutron beamline at the FRM II neutron facility are presented. The results demonstrate that the detection efficiency exceeds 60% for neutrons with a wavelength of 4.7 Å and the spatial resolution (FWHM) is about 0.25 mm and 0.35 mm in the X and Y direction, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 26 May, 2020; v1 submitted 3 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

The Multi-Blade Boron-10-based neutron detector performance using a focusing reflectometer

Authors: G. Mauri, I. Apostolidis, M. J. Christensen, A. Glavic, C. C. Lai, A. Laloni, F. Messi, A. Lindh Olsson, L. Robinson, J. Stahn, P. O. Svensson, R. Hall-Wilton, F. Piscitelli

Abstract: The Multi-Blade is a Boron-10-based neutron detector designed for neutron reflectometers and developed for the two instruments (Estia and FREIA) planned for the European Spallation Source in Sweden. A reflectometry demonstrator has been installed at the AMOR reflectometer at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI - Switzerland). The setup exploits the Selene guide concept and it can be considered a scale… ▽ More The Multi-Blade is a Boron-10-based neutron detector designed for neutron reflectometers and developed for the two instruments (Estia and FREIA) planned for the European Spallation Source in Sweden. A reflectometry demonstrator has been installed at the AMOR reflectometer at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI - Switzerland). The setup exploits the Selene guide concept and it can be considered a scaled-down demonstrator of Estia. The results of these tests are discussed. It will be shown how the characteristics of the Multi-Blade detector are features that allow the focusing reflectometry operation mode. Additionally the performance of the Multi-Blade, in terms of rate capability, exceeds current state-of-the-art technology. The improvements with respect to the previous prototypes are also highlighted; from background considerations to the linear and angular uniformity response of the detector. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020.

Comments: 32 pages, 28 figures

Journal ref: Journal of Instrumentation 15, P03010, (2020)

Energy gain by laser-accelerated electrons in a strong magnetic field

Authors: A. Arefiev, Z. Gong, A. P. L. Robinson

Abstract: The manuscript deals with electron acceleration by a laser pulse in a plasma with a static uniform magnetic field $B_*$. The laser pulse propagates perpendicular to the magnetic field lines with the polarization chosen such that $({\bf{E}}_{laser} \cdot {\bf{B}}_*) = 0$. The focus of the work is on the electrons with an appreciable initial transverse momentum that are unable to gain significant en… ▽ More The manuscript deals with electron acceleration by a laser pulse in a plasma with a static uniform magnetic field $B_*$. The laser pulse propagates perpendicular to the magnetic field lines with the polarization chosen such that $({\bf{E}}_{laser} \cdot {\bf{B}}_*) = 0$. The focus of the work is on the electrons with an appreciable initial transverse momentum that are unable to gain significant energy from the laser in the absence of the magnetic field due to strong dephasing. It is shown that the magnetic field can initiate an energy increase by rotating such an electron, so that its momentum becomes directed forward. The energy gain continues well beyond this turning point where the dephasing drops to a very small value. In contrast to the case of purely vacuum acceleration, the electron experiences a rapid energy increases with the analytically derived maximum energy gain dependent on the strength of the magnetic field and the phase velocity of the wave. The energy enhancement by the magnetic field can be useful at high laser amplitudes, $a_0 \gg 1$, where the acceleration similar to that in the vacuum is unable to produce energetic electrons over just tens of microns. A strong magnetic field helps leverage an increase in $a_0$ without a significant increase in the interaction length. △ Less

Submitted 4 October, 2019; originally announced October 2019.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. E 101, 043201 (2020)

Extreme Nonlinear Dynamics in Vacuum Laser Acceleration with a Crossed Beam Configuration

Authors: Alexander P. L. Robinson, Kavin Tangtartharakul, Kathleen Weichman, Alexey V. Arefiev

Abstract: A relatively simple model problem where a single electron moves in two relativistically-strong obliquely intersecting plane wave-packets is studied using a number of different numerical solvers. It is shown that, in general, even the most advanced solvers are unable to obtain converged solutions for more than about 100 fs in contrast to the single plane-wave problem, and that some basic metrics of… ▽ More A relatively simple model problem where a single electron moves in two relativistically-strong obliquely intersecting plane wave-packets is studied using a number of different numerical solvers. It is shown that, in general, even the most advanced solvers are unable to obtain converged solutions for more than about 100 fs in contrast to the single plane-wave problem, and that some basic metrics of the orbit show enormous sensitivity to the initial conditions. At a bare minimum this indicates an unusual degree of non-linearity, and may well indicate that the dynamics of this system are chaotic. △ Less

Submitted 18 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019.

Measurement of the scintillation and ionization response of liquid xenon at MeV energies in the EXO-200 experiment

Authors: EXO-200 Collaboration, :, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling, A. Dolgolenko , et al. (78 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Liquid xenon (LXe) is employed in a number of current and future detectors for rare event searches. We use the EXO-200 experimental data to measure the absolute scintillation and ionization yields generated by $γ$ interactions from $^{228}$Th (2615~keV), $^{226}$Ra (1764~keV) and $^{60}$Co (1332~keV and 1173~keV) calibration sources, over a range of electric fields. The $W$-value that defines the… ▽ More Liquid xenon (LXe) is employed in a number of current and future detectors for rare event searches. We use the EXO-200 experimental data to measure the absolute scintillation and ionization yields generated by $γ$ interactions from $^{228}$Th (2615~keV), $^{226}$Ra (1764~keV) and $^{60}$Co (1332~keV and 1173~keV) calibration sources, over a range of electric fields. The $W$-value that defines the recombination-independent energy scale is measured to be $11.5~\pm~0.5$~(syst.)~$\pm~0.1$~(stat.) eV. These data are also used to measure the recombination fluctuations in the number of electrons and photons produced by the calibration sources at the MeV-scale, which deviate from extrapolations of lower-energy data. Additionally, a semi-empirical model for the energy resolution of the detector is developed, which is used to constrain the recombination efficiency, i.e., the fraction of recombined electrons that result in the emission of a detectable photon. Detailed measurements of the absolute charge and light yields for MeV-scale electron recoils are important for predicting the performance of future neutrinoless double beta decay detectors. △ Less

Submitted 15 June, 2020; v1 submitted 12 August, 2019; originally announced August 2019.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 101, 065501 (2020)

Laser reflection as a catalyst for direct laser acceleration in multipicosecond laser-plasma interaction

Authors: Kathleen Weichman, Alexander P. L. Robinson, Farhat N. Beg, Alexey V. Arefiev

Abstract: We demonstrate that laser reflection acts as a catalyst for superponderomotive electron production in the preplasma formed by relativistic multipicosecond lasers incident on solid density targets. In 1D particle-in-cell simulations, high energy electron production proceeds via two stages of direct laser acceleration, an initial stochastic backward stage, and a final non-stochastic forward stage. T… ▽ More We demonstrate that laser reflection acts as a catalyst for superponderomotive electron production in the preplasma formed by relativistic multipicosecond lasers incident on solid density targets. In 1D particle-in-cell simulations, high energy electron production proceeds via two stages of direct laser acceleration, an initial stochastic backward stage, and a final non-stochastic forward stage. The initial stochastic stage, driven by the reflected laser pulse, provides the pre-acceleration needed to enable the final stage to be non-stochastic. Energy gain in the electrostatic potential, which has been frequently considered to enhance stochastic heating, is only of secondary importance. The mechanism underlying the production of high energy electrons by laser pulses incident on solid density targets is of direct relevance to applications involving multipicosecond laser-plasma interactions. △ Less

Submitted 2 January, 2020; v1 submitted 27 June, 2019; originally announced June 2019.

Generation of a strong reverse shock wave in the interaction of a high-contrast high-intensity femtosecond laser pulse with a silicon target

Authors: Kamalesh Jana, Amit D. Lad, Moniruzzaman Shaikh, V. Rakesh Kumar, Deep Sarkar, Yash M. Ved, John Pasley, Alex P. L. Robinson, G. Ravindra Kumar

Abstract: We present ultrafast pump-probe reflectivity and Doppler spectrometry of a silicon target at relativistic laser intensity. We observe an unexpected rise in reflectivity to a peak approximately $\sim$9 ps after the main pulse interaction with the target. This occurs after the reflectivity has fallen off from the initially high "plasma-mirror" phase. Simultaneously measured time-dependent Doppler sh… ▽ More We present ultrafast pump-probe reflectivity and Doppler spectrometry of a silicon target at relativistic laser intensity. We observe an unexpected rise in reflectivity to a peak approximately $\sim$9 ps after the main pulse interaction with the target. This occurs after the reflectivity has fallen off from the initially high "plasma-mirror" phase. Simultaneously measured time-dependent Doppler shift data show an increase in blue shift at the same time. Numerical simulations show that the aforementioned trends in the experimental measurements correspond to a strong shock wave propagating back towards the laser. The relativistic laser-plasma interaction indirectly heats the cool-dense ($n_{e}\geq10^{23} cm^{-3}$ and $T_{e} \sim 10 eV$) target material adjacent to the corona, by hot electron induced return current heating, raising its temperature to around 150eV and causing it to explode violently. The increase in reflectivity is caused by the transient steepening of the plasma density gradient at the probe critical surface due to this explosive behaviour. △ Less

Submitted 18 July, 2019; v1 submitted 3 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019.

Comments: 5 pages, 4 figures

Journal ref: Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 254103 (2019)

Boron-10 lined RPCs for sub-millimeter resolution thermal neutron detectors: Feasibility study in a thermal neutron beam

Authors: L. M. S. Margato, A. Morozov, A. Blanco, P. Fonte, F. A. F. Fraga, B. Guerard, R. Hall-Wilton, C. Höglund, A. Mangiarotti, L. Robinson, S. Schmidt, K. Zeitelhack

Abstract: The results of an experimental feasibility study of a position sensitive thermal neutron detector based on a resistive plate chamber (RPC) are presented. The detector prototype features a thin-gap (0.35 mm) hybrid RPC with an aluminium cathode lined with a 2 $μ$m thick $^{10}B{_4}C$ neutron converter layer enriched in $^{10}B$ and a float glass anode. A detection efficiency of ${\approx}$ 6.2… ▽ More The results of an experimental feasibility study of a position sensitive thermal neutron detector based on a resistive plate chamber (RPC) are presented. The detector prototype features a thin-gap (0.35 mm) hybrid RPC with an aluminium cathode lined with a 2 $μ$m thick $^{10}B{_4}C$ neutron converter layer enriched in $^{10}B$ and a float glass anode. A detection efficiency of ${\approx}$ 6.2 ${\%}$ was measured for the neutron beam ($λ$ =2.5 $Å$) at normal incidence. A spatial resolution better than 0.5 mm FWHM was demonstrated. △ Less

Submitted 25 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018.

Highly collimated electron acceleration by longitudinal laser fields in a hollow-core target

Authors: Z. Gong, A. P. L. Robinson, X. Q. Yan, A. V. Arefiev

Abstract: The substantial angular divergence of electron beams produced by direct laser acceleration is often considered as an inherent negative feature of the mechanism. The divergence however arises primarily because the standard approach relies on transverse electron oscillations and their interplay with the transverse electric fields of the laser pulse. We propose a conceptually different approach to di… ▽ More The substantial angular divergence of electron beams produced by direct laser acceleration is often considered as an inherent negative feature of the mechanism. The divergence however arises primarily because the standard approach relies on transverse electron oscillations and their interplay with the transverse electric fields of the laser pulse. We propose a conceptually different approach to direct laser acceleration that leverages longitudinal laser electric fields that are present in a tightly focused laser beam. A structured hollow-core target is used to enhance the longitudinal fields and maintain them over a distance much longer than the Rayleigh length by guiding the laser pulse. Electrons are injected by the transverse laser electric field into the channel and then they are accelerated forward by the pulse, creating an electron current. The forces from electric and magnetic fields of this electron population compensate each other, creating a favorable configuration without a strong restoring force. We use two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations to demonstrate that a low divergence energetic electron beam with an opening angle of less than 5$^\circ$ can be generated in this configuration. Most of the energy is transferred to the electrons by the longitudinal laser electric field and, given a sufficient acceleration distance, super-ponderomotive energies can be realized without sacrificing the collimation. △ Less

Submitted 20 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 15 pages, 6 figures

Deep Neural Networks for Energy and Position Reconstruction in EXO-200

Authors: S. Delaquis, M. J. Jewell, I. Ostrovskiy, M. Weber, T. Ziegler, J. Dalmasson, L. J. Kaufman, T. Richards, J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, R. Bayerlein, D. Beck, V. Belov, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels , et al. (69 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We apply deep neural networks (DNN) to data from the EXO-200 experiment. In the studied cases, the DNN is able to reconstruct the relevant parameters - total energy and position - directly from raw digitized waveforms, with minimal exceptions. For the first time, the developed algorithms are evaluated on real detector calibration data. The accuracy of reconstruction either reaches or exceeds what… ▽ More We apply deep neural networks (DNN) to data from the EXO-200 experiment. In the studied cases, the DNN is able to reconstruct the relevant parameters - total energy and position - directly from raw digitized waveforms, with minimal exceptions. For the first time, the developed algorithms are evaluated on real detector calibration data. The accuracy of reconstruction either reaches or exceeds what was achieved by the conventional approaches developed by EXO-200 over the course of the experiment. Most existing DNN approaches to event reconstruction and classification in particle physics are trained on Monte Carlo simulated events. Such algorithms are inherently limited by the accuracy of the simulation. We describe a unique approach that, in an experiment such as EXO-200, allows to successfully perform certain reconstruction and analysis tasks by training the network on waveforms from experimental data, either reducing or eliminating the reliance on the Monte Carlo. △ Less

Submitted 30 August, 2018; v1 submitted 25 April, 2018; originally announced April 2018.

Comments: Accepted version. 33 pages, 28 figures

Journal ref: 2018 JINST 13 P08023

Neutron reflectometry with the Multi-Blade 10B-based detector

Authors: G. Mauri, F. Messi, M. Anastasopoulos, T. Arnold, A. Glavic, C. Höglund, T. Ilves, I. Lopez Higuera, P. Pazmandi, D. Raspino, L. Robinson, S. Schmidt, P. Svensson, D. Varga, R. Hall-Wilton, F. Piscitelli

Abstract: The Multi-Blade is a Boron-10-based gaseous detector developed for neutron reflectometry instruments at the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Sweden. The main challenges for neutron reflectometry detectors are the instantaneous counting rate and spatial resolution. The Multi-Blade has been tested on the CRISP reflectometer at the ISIS neutron and muon source in UK. A campaign of scientific measu… ▽ More The Multi-Blade is a Boron-10-based gaseous detector developed for neutron reflectometry instruments at the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Sweden. The main challenges for neutron reflectometry detectors are the instantaneous counting rate and spatial resolution. The Multi-Blade has been tested on the CRISP reflectometer at the ISIS neutron and muon source in UK. A campaign of scientific measurements has been performed to study the Multi-Blade response in real instrumental conditions. The results of these tests are discussed in this manuscript. △ Less

Submitted 18 April, 2018; v1 submitted 11 April, 2018; originally announced April 2018.

Comments: 15 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: Proceedings of the Royal Society A 474 2018

Characterization of the Multi-Blade 10B-based detector at the CRISP reflectometer at ISIS for neutron reflectometry at ESS

Authors: F. Piscitelli, G. Mauri, F. Messi, M. Anastasopoulos, T. Arnold, A. Glavic, C. Höglund, T. Ilves, I. Lopez Higuera, P. Pazmandi, D. Raspino, L. Robinson, S. Schmidt, P. Svensson, D. Varga, R. Hall-Wilton

Abstract: The Multi-Blade is a Boron-10-based gaseous thermal neutron detector developed to face the challenge arising in neutron reflectometry at neutron sources. Neutron reflectometers are challenging instruments in terms of instantaneous counting rate and spatial resolution. This detector has been designed according to the requirements given by the reflectometers at the European Spallation Source (ESS) i… ▽ More The Multi-Blade is a Boron-10-based gaseous thermal neutron detector developed to face the challenge arising in neutron reflectometry at neutron sources. Neutron reflectometers are challenging instruments in terms of instantaneous counting rate and spatial resolution. This detector has been designed according to the requirements given by the reflectometers at the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Sweden. The Multi-Blade has been installed and tested on the CRISP reflectometer at the ISIS neutron and muon source in UK. The results on the detailed detector characterization are discussed in this manuscript. △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2018; originally announced March 2018.

Comments: 28 pages, 22 figures

Journal ref: JINST 13 P05009 (2018)

Search for nucleon decays with EXO-200

Authors: J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, R. Bayerlein, D. Beck, V. Belov, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels, M. Danilov, S. J. Daugherty, J. Daughhetee, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, T. Didberidze , et al. (70 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A search for instability of nucleons bound in $^{136}$Xe nuclei is reported with 223 kg$\cdot$yr exposure of $^{136}$Xe in the EXO-200 experiment. Lifetime limits of 3.3$\times 10^{23}$ and 1.9$\times 10^{23}$ yrs are established for nucleon decay to $^{133}$Sb and $^{133}$Te, respectively. These are the most stringent to date, exceeding the prior decay limits by a factor of 9 and 7, respectively. A search for instability of nucleons bound in $^{136}$Xe nuclei is reported with 223 kg$\cdot$yr exposure of $^{136}$Xe in the EXO-200 experiment. Lifetime limits of 3.3$\times 10^{23}$ and 1.9$\times 10^{23}$ yrs are established for nucleon decay to $^{133}$Sb and $^{133}$Te, respectively. These are the most stringent to date, exceeding the prior decay limits by a factor of 9 and 7, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 11 April, 2018; v1 submitted 20 October, 2017; originally announced October 2017.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 97, 072007 (2018)

Efficient ion acceleration and dense electron-positron plasma creation in ultra-high intensity laser-solid interactions

Authors: D. Del Sorbo, D. R. Blackman, R. Capdessus, K. Small, C. Slade-Lowther, W. Luo, M. J. Duff, A. P. L. Robinson, P. McKenna, Z. -M. Sheng, J. Pasley, C. P. Ridgers

Abstract: The radiation pressure of next generation ultra-high intensity ($>10^{23}$ W/cm$^{2}$) lasers could efficiently accelerate ions to GeV energies. However, nonlinear quantum-electrodynamic effects play an important role in the interaction of these laser pulses with matter. Here we show that these effects may lead to the production of an extremely dense ($\sim10^{24}$ cm$^{-3}$) pair-plasma which abs… ▽ More The radiation pressure of next generation ultra-high intensity ($>10^{23}$ W/cm$^{2}$) lasers could efficiently accelerate ions to GeV energies. However, nonlinear quantum-electrodynamic effects play an important role in the interaction of these laser pulses with matter. Here we show that these effects may lead to the production of an extremely dense ($\sim10^{24}$ cm$^{-3}$) pair-plasma which absorbs the laser pulse consequently reducing the accelerated ion energy and energy conversion efficiency by up to 30-50\% \& 50-65\%, respectively. Thus we identify the regimes of laser-matter interaction where either ions are efficiently accelerated or dense pair-plasmas are produced as a guide for future experiments. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2018; v1 submitted 13 June, 2017; originally announced June 2017.

Journal ref: D Del Sorbo et al 2018 New J. Phys. 20 033014

Multi-Grid Detector for Neutron Spectroscopy: Results Obtained on Time-of-Flight Spectrometer CNCS

Authors: M. Anastasopoulos, R. Bebb, K. Berry, J. Birch, T. Bryś, J. -C. Buffet, J. -F. Clergeau, P. P. Deen, G. Ehlers, P. van Esch, S. M. Everett, B. Guerard, R. Hall-Wilton, K. Herwig, L. Hultman, C. Höglund, I. Iruretagoiena, F. Issa, J. Jensen, A. Khaplanov, O. Kirstein, I. Lopez-Higuera, F. Piscitelli, L. Robinson, S. Schmidt , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Multi-Grid detector technology has evolved from the proof-of-principle and characterisation stages. Here we report on the performance of the Multi-Grid detector, the MG.CNCS prototype, which has been installed and tested at the Cold Neutron Chopper Spectrometer, CNCS at SNS. This has allowed a side-by-side comparison to the performance of $^3$He detectors on an operational instrument. The demo… ▽ More The Multi-Grid detector technology has evolved from the proof-of-principle and characterisation stages. Here we report on the performance of the Multi-Grid detector, the MG.CNCS prototype, which has been installed and tested at the Cold Neutron Chopper Spectrometer, CNCS at SNS. This has allowed a side-by-side comparison to the performance of $^3$He detectors on an operational instrument. The demonstrator has an active area of 0.2 m$^2$. It is specifically tailored to the specifications of CNCS. The detector was installed in June 2016 and has operated since then, collecting neutron scattering data in parallel to the He-3 detectors of CNCS. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of this data, in particular on instrument energy resolution, rate capability, background and relative efficiency. Stability, gamma-ray and fast neutron sensitivity have also been investigated. The effect of scattering in the detector components has been measured and provides input to comparison for Monte Carlo simulations. All data is presented in comparison to that measured by the $^3$He detectors simultaneously, showing that all features recorded by one detector are also recorded by the other. The energy resolution matches closely. We find that the Multi-Grid is able to match the data collected by $^3$He, and see an indication of a considerable advantage in the count rate capability. Based on these results, we are confident that the Multi-Grid detector will be capable of producing high quality scientific data on chopper spectrometers utilising the unprecedented neutron flux of the ESS. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2017; v1 submitted 10 March, 2017; originally announced March 2017.

Comments: submitted to JINST

The Multi-Blade Boron-10-based Neutron Detector for high intensity Neutron Reflectometry at ESS

Authors: Francesco Piscitelli, Francesco Messi, Michail Anastasopoulos, Tomasz Bryś, Faye Chicken, Eszter Dian, Janos Fuzi, Carina Höglund, Gabor Kiss, Janos Orban, Peter Pazmandi, Linda Robinson, Laszlo Rosta, Susann Schmidt, Dezso Varga, Tibor Zsiros, Richard Hall-Wilton

Abstract: The Multi-Blade is a Boron-10-based gaseous detector introduced to face the challenge arising in neutron reflectometry at pulsed neutron sources. Neutron reflectometers are the most challenging instruments in terms of instantaneous counting rate and spatial resolution. This detector has been designed to cope with the requirements set for the reflectometers at the upcoming European Spallation Sourc… ▽ More The Multi-Blade is a Boron-10-based gaseous detector introduced to face the challenge arising in neutron reflectometry at pulsed neutron sources. Neutron reflectometers are the most challenging instruments in terms of instantaneous counting rate and spatial resolution. This detector has been designed to cope with the requirements set for the reflectometers at the upcoming European Spallation Source (ESS) in Sweden. Based on previous results obtained at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) in France, an improved demonstrator has been built at ESS and tested at the Budapest Neutron Centre (BNC) in Hungary and at the Source Testing Facility (STF) at the Lund University in Sweden. A detailed description of the detector and the results of the tests are discussed in this manuscript. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2017; originally announced January 2017.

Comments: 32 pages, 18 figures

Journal ref: JINST 12 (3) P03013 (2017)

Beyond the ponderomotive limit: direct laser acceleration of relativistic electrons in sub-critical plasmas

Authors: A. V. Arefiev, V. N. Khudik, A. P. L. Robinson, G. Shvets, L. Willingale, M. Schollmeier

Abstract: We examine a regime in which a linearly-polarized laser pulse with relativistic intensity irradiates a sub-critical plasma for much longer than the characteristic electron response time. A steady-state channel is formed in the plasma in this case with quasi-static transverse and longitudinal electric fields. These relatively weak fields significantly alter the electron dynamics. The longitudinal e… ▽ More We examine a regime in which a linearly-polarized laser pulse with relativistic intensity irradiates a sub-critical plasma for much longer than the characteristic electron response time. A steady-state channel is formed in the plasma in this case with quasi-static transverse and longitudinal electric fields. These relatively weak fields significantly alter the electron dynamics. The longitudinal electric field reduces the longitudinal dephasing between the electron and the wave, leading to an enhancement of the electron energy gain from the pulse. The energy gain in this regime is ultimately limited by the superluminosity of the wave fronts induced by the plasma in the channel. The transverse electric field alters the oscillations of the transverse electron velocity, allowing it to remain anti-parallel to laser electric field and leading to a significant energy gain. The energy enhancement is accompanied by development of significant oscillations perpendicular to the plane of the driven motion, making trajectories of energetic electrons three-dimensional. Proper electron injection into the laser beam can further boost the electron energy gain. △ Less

Submitted 28 February, 2016; originally announced February 2016.

A method to achieve rapid localised deep heating in a laser irradiated solid density target

Authors: Holger Schmitz, Alex P. L. Robinson

Abstract: Rapid heating of small buried regions by laser generated fast electrons may be useful for applications such as XUV radiation sources or as drivers for shock experiments. In non-structured targets the heating profile possesses a global maximum near the front surface. This paper presents a new target design that uses resistive guiding to concentrate the fast electron current density at a finite dept… ▽ More Rapid heating of small buried regions by laser generated fast electrons may be useful for applications such as XUV radiation sources or as drivers for shock experiments. In non-structured targets the heating profile possesses a global maximum near the front surface. This paper presents a new target design that uses resistive guiding to concentrate the fast electron current density at a finite depth inside the target. The choice of geometry uses principles of non-imaging optics. A global temperature maximum at depths up to 50μm into the target is achieved. Although theoretical calculations suggest that small source sizes should perform better than large ones, simulations show that a large angular spread at high intensities results in significant losses of the fast electrons to the sides. A systematic parameter scan suggests an optimal laser intensity. A ratio of 1.6 is demonstrated between the maximum ion temperature and the ion temperature at the front surface. △ Less

Submitted 29 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016.

Spontaneous emergence of non-planar electron orbits during direct laser acceleration by a linearly polarized laser pulse

Authors: A. V. Arefiev, V. N. Khudik, A. P. L. Robinson, G. Shvets, L. Willingale

Abstract: An electron irradiated by a linearly polarized relativistic intensity laser pulse in a cylindrical plasma channel can gain significant energy from the pulse. The laser electric and magnetic fields drive electron oscillations in a plane making it natural to expect the electron trajectory to be flat. We show that strong modulations of the relativistic $γ$-factor associated with the energy enhancemen… ▽ More An electron irradiated by a linearly polarized relativistic intensity laser pulse in a cylindrical plasma channel can gain significant energy from the pulse. The laser electric and magnetic fields drive electron oscillations in a plane making it natural to expect the electron trajectory to be flat. We show that strong modulations of the relativistic $γ$-factor associated with the energy enhancement cause the free oscillations perpendicular to the plane of the driven motion to become unstable. As a consequence, out of plane displacements grow to become comparable to the amplitude of the driven oscillations and the electron trajectory becomes essentially three-dimensional, even if at an early stage of the acceleration it was flat. The development of the instability profoundly affects the x-ray emission, causing considerable divergence of the radiation perpendicular to the plane of the driven oscillations, while also reducing the overall emitted energy. △ Less

Submitted 20 October, 2015; originally announced October 2015.

First Measurements with New High-Resolution Gadolinium-GEM Neutron Detectors

Authors: Dorothea Pfeiffer, Filippo Resnati, Jens Birch, Maddi Etxegarai, Richard Hall-Wilton, Carina Höglund, Lars Hultman, Isabel Llamas-Jansa, Eraldo Oliveri, Esko Oksanen, Linda Robinson, Leszek Ropelewski, Susann Schmidt, Christina Streli, Patrik Thuiner

Abstract: European Spallation Source instruments like the macromolecular diffractometer, NMX, require an excellent neutron detection efficiency, high-rate capabilities, time resolution, and an unprecedented spatial resolution in the order of a few hundred micrometers over a wide angular range of the incoming neutrons. For these instruments solid converters in combination with Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors… ▽ More European Spallation Source instruments like the macromolecular diffractometer, NMX, require an excellent neutron detection efficiency, high-rate capabilities, time resolution, and an unprecedented spatial resolution in the order of a few hundred micrometers over a wide angular range of the incoming neutrons. For these instruments solid converters in combination with Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) are a promising option. A GEM detector with gadolinium converter was tested on a cold neutron beam at the IFE research reactor in Norway. The μTPC analysis, proven to improve the spatial resolution in the case of $^{10}$B converters, is extended to gadolinium based detectors. For the first time, a Gd-GEM was successfully operated to detect neutrons with a measured efficiency of 11.8% at a wavelength of 2 Å and a position resolution better than 250 μm. △ Less

Submitted 2 May, 2016; v1 submitted 8 October, 2015; originally announced October 2015.

Comments: 18 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables

Beamed neutron emission driven by laser accelerated light ions

Authors: S. Kar, A. Green, H. Ahmed, A. Alejo, A. P. L. Robinson, M. Cerchez, R. Clarke, D. Doria, S. Dorkings, J. Fernandez, S. R. Mirfyazi, P. McKenna, K. Naughton, D. Neely, P. Norreys, C. Peth, H. Powell, J. A. Ruiz, J. Swain, O. Willi, M. Borghesi

Abstract: We report on the experimental observation of beam-like neutron emission with peak flux of the order of 10^9 n/sr, from light nuclei reactions in a pitcher-catcher scenario, by employing MeV ions driven by high power laser. The spatial profile of the neutron beam, fully captured for the first time by employing a CR39 nuclear track detector, shows a FWHM divergence angle of 70 degrees, with a peak f… ▽ More We report on the experimental observation of beam-like neutron emission with peak flux of the order of 10^9 n/sr, from light nuclei reactions in a pitcher-catcher scenario, by employing MeV ions driven by high power laser. The spatial profile of the neutron beam, fully captured for the first time by employing a CR39 nuclear track detector, shows a FWHM divergence angle of 70 degrees, with a peak flux nearly an order of magnitude higher than the isotropic component elsewhere. The observed beamed flux of neutrons is highly favourable for a wide range of applications, and indeed for further transport and moderation to thermal energies. A systematic study employing various combinations of pitcher-catcher materials indicates the dominant reactions being d(p, n+p)^1H and d(d,n)^3He. Albeit insufficient cross-section data are available for modelling, the observed anisotropy in the neutrons' spatial and spectral profiles are most likely related to the directionality and high energy of the projectile ions. △ Less

Submitted 16 July, 2015; originally announced July 2015.

Comments: 6 pages, 7 figures

Novel Aspects of Direct Laser Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons

Authors: A. V. Arefiev, A. P. L. Robinson, V. N. Khudik

Abstract: We examine the impact of several factors on electron acceleration by a laser pulse and the resulting electron energy gain. Specifically, we consider the role played by: 1) static longitudinal electric field; 2) static transverse electric field; 3) electron injection into the laser pulse; and 4) static longitudinal magnetic field. It is shown that all of these factors lead, under certain conditions… ▽ More We examine the impact of several factors on electron acceleration by a laser pulse and the resulting electron energy gain. Specifically, we consider the role played by: 1) static longitudinal electric field; 2) static transverse electric field; 3) electron injection into the laser pulse; and 4) static longitudinal magnetic field. It is shown that all of these factors lead, under certain conditions, to a considerable electron energy gain from the laser pulse. In contrast with other mechanisms such as wakefield acceleration, the static electric fields in this case do not directly transfer substantial energy to the electron. Instead, they reduce the longitudinal dephasing between the electron and the laser beam, which then allows the electron to gain extra energy from the beam. The mechanisms discussed here are relevant to experiments with under-dense gas jets, as well as to experiments with solid-density targets involving an extended pre-plasma. △ Less

Submitted 24 February, 2015; originally announced February 2015.

Journal ref: J. Plasma Phys. 81 (2015) 475810404

Neutron Position Sensitive Detectors for the ESS

Authors: Oliver Kirstein, Richard Hall-Wilton, Irina Stefanescu, Maddi Etxegarai, Michail Anastasopoulos, Kevin Fissum, Anna Gulyachkina, Carina Höglund, Mewlude Imam, Kalliopi Kanaki, Anton Khaplanov, Thomas Kittelmann, Scott Kolya, Björn Nilsson, Luis Ortega, Dorothea Pfeiffer, Francesco Piscitelli, Judith Freita Ramos, Linda Robinson, Julius Scherzinger

Abstract: The European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden will become the world's leading neutron source for the study of materials. The instruments are being selected from conceptual proposals submitted by groups from around Europe. These instruments present numerous challenges for detector technology in the absence of the availability of Helium-3, which is the default choice for detectors for instrum… ▽ More The European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden will become the world's leading neutron source for the study of materials. The instruments are being selected from conceptual proposals submitted by groups from around Europe. These instruments present numerous challenges for detector technology in the absence of the availability of Helium-3, which is the default choice for detectors for instruments built until today and due to the extreme rates expected across the ESS instrument suite. Additionally a new generation of source requires a new generation of detector technologies to fully exploit the opportunities that this source provides. The detectors will be sourced from partners across Europe through numerous in-kind arrangements; a process that is somewhat novel for the neutron scattering community. This contribution presents briefly the current status of detectors for the ESS, and outlines the timeline to completion. For a conjectured instrument suite based upon instruments recommended for construction, a recently updated snapshot of the current expected detector requirements is presented. A strategy outline as to how these requirements might be tackled by novel detector developments is shown. In terms of future developments for the neutron community, synergies should be sought with other disciples, as recognized by various recent initiatives in Europe, in the context of the fundamentally multi-disciplinary nature of detectors. This strategy has at its basis the in-kind and collaborative partnerships necessary to be able to produce optimally performant detectors that allow the ESS instruments to be world-leading. This foresees and encourages a high level of collaboration and interdependence at its core, and rather than each group being all-rounders in every technology, the further development of centres of excellence across Europe for particular technologies and niches. △ Less

Submitted 23 November, 2014; originally announced November 2014.

Comments: 8 pages, 1 figure. Proceedings from the 23rd International Workshop on Vertex Detectors, 15-19 September 2014, Macha Lake, The Czech Republic. PoS(Vertex2014)029

Temporal resolution criterion for correctly simulating relativistic electron motion in a high-intensity laser field

Authors: Alexey V. Arefiev, Ginevra E. Cochran, Douglass W. Schumacher, Alexander P. L. Robinson, Guangye Chen

Abstract: Particle-in-cell codes are now standard tools for studying ultra-intense laser-plasma interactions. Motivated by direct laser acceleration of electrons in sub-critical plasmas, we examine temporal resolution requirements that must be satisfied to accurately calculate electron dynamics in strong laser fields. Using the motion of a single electron in a perfect plane electromagnetic wave as a test pr… ▽ More Particle-in-cell codes are now standard tools for studying ultra-intense laser-plasma interactions. Motivated by direct laser acceleration of electrons in sub-critical plasmas, we examine temporal resolution requirements that must be satisfied to accurately calculate electron dynamics in strong laser fields. Using the motion of a single electron in a perfect plane electromagnetic wave as a test problem, we show surprising deterioration of the numerical accuracy with increasing wave amplitude $a_0$ for a given time-step. We go on to show analytically that the time-step must be significantly less than $λ/c a_ 0$ to achieve good accuracy. We thus propose adaptive electron sub-cycling as an efficient remedy. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2014; v1 submitted 30 October, 2014; originally announced October 2014.

New mechanisms for generating super-ponderomotive electrons in laser-irradiated targets

Authors: A. V. Arefiev, A. P. L. Robinson, V. N. Khudik, B. N. Breizman, M. Schollmeier

Abstract: It is shown that static longitudinal and transverse electric fields can significantly alter electron acceleration by a long laser beam in a sub-critical plasma, enabling generation of super-ponderomotive electrons. The role of the plasma fields in this regime is not to directly transfer substantial energy to the electron, but rather to reduce the axial dephasing rate between the electron and the l… ▽ More It is shown that static longitudinal and transverse electric fields can significantly alter electron acceleration by a long laser beam in a sub-critical plasma, enabling generation of super-ponderomotive electrons. The role of the plasma fields in this regime is not to directly transfer substantial energy to the electron, but rather to reduce the axial dephasing rate between the electron and the laser beam. The reduced dephasing in both cases leads to a subsequent enhancement of the axial momentum and total electron energy. These mechanisms can be relevant to experiments with solid-density targets where a sub-critical plasma layer occurs as a result of a considerable prepulse. △ Less

Submitted 1 September, 2014; originally announced September 2014.

Comments: The Eighth International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA 2013); September 8-13, 2013; Nara, Japan

Fast electron propagation in Ti foils irradiated with sub-picosecond laser pulses at $Iλ^{2} > 10^{18}$ Wcm$^{-2} μm^{2}$

Authors: M Makita, G Nersisyan, K McKeever, T Dzelzainis, S White, B Kettle, B Dromey, D Doria, M Zepf, CLS Lewis, D Riley, S. B. Hansen, A. P. L. Robinson

Abstract: We have studied the propagation of fast electrons through laser irradiated Ti foils by monitoring the emission of hard X-rays and K-α radiation from bare foils and foils backed by a thick epoxy layer. Key observations include strong refluxing of electrons and divergence of the electron beam in the foil with evidence of magnetic field collimation. Our diagnostics have allowed us to estimate the fas… ▽ More We have studied the propagation of fast electrons through laser irradiated Ti foils by monitoring the emission of hard X-rays and K-α radiation from bare foils and foils backed by a thick epoxy layer. Key observations include strong refluxing of electrons and divergence of the electron beam in the foil with evidence of magnetic field collimation. Our diagnostics have allowed us to estimate the fast electron temperature and fraction of laser energy converted to fast electrons. We have observed clear differences between the fast electron temperatures observed with bare and epoxy backed targets which may be due to the effects of refluxing. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2014; originally announced April 2014.

Journal ref: PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 21, 023113 (2014)

Rapid Embedded Wire Heating via Resistive Guiding of Laser-Generated Fast Electrons as a Hydrodynamic Driver

Authors: A. P. L. Robinson, H. Schmitz, J. Pasley

Abstract: Resistively guiding laser-generated fast electron beams in targets consisting of a resistive wire embedded in lower $Z$ material should allow one to rapidly heat the wire to over 100eV over a substantial distance without strongly heating the surrounding material. On the multi-ps timescale this can drive hydrodynamic motion in the surrounding material. Thus ultra-intense laser solid interactions ha… ▽ More Resistively guiding laser-generated fast electron beams in targets consisting of a resistive wire embedded in lower $Z$ material should allow one to rapidly heat the wire to over 100eV over a substantial distance without strongly heating the surrounding material. On the multi-ps timescale this can drive hydrodynamic motion in the surrounding material. Thus ultra-intense laser solid interactions have the potential as a controlled driver of radiation hydrodynamics in solid density material. In this paper we assess the laser and target parameters needed to achieve such rapid and controlled heating of the embedded wire. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2014; originally announced January 2014.

Journal ref: Physics of Plasmas, 20, 122701 (2013)

Micron-Scale Mapping of Megagauss Magnetic Fields in Petawatt Laser-Solid Interactions

Authors: Gourab Chatterjee, Prashant Kumar Singh, A. P. L. Robinson, N. Booth, O. Culfa, R. J. Dance, L. A. Gizzi, R. J. Gray, J. S. Green, P. Koester, G. Ravindra Kumar, L. Labate, Amit D. Lad, K. L. Lancaster, J. Pasley, N. C. Woolsey, P. P. Rajeev

Abstract: We report spatially and temporally resolved measurements of magnetic fields generated by petawatt laser-solid interactions with high spatial resolution, using optical polarimetry. The polarimetric measurements map the megagauss magnetic field profiles generated by the fast electron currents at the target rear. The magnetic fields at the rear of a 50 $μ$m thick aluminum target exhibit distinct and… ▽ More We report spatially and temporally resolved measurements of magnetic fields generated by petawatt laser-solid interactions with high spatial resolution, using optical polarimetry. The polarimetric measurements map the megagauss magnetic field profiles generated by the fast electron currents at the target rear. The magnetic fields at the rear of a 50 $μ$m thick aluminum target exhibit distinct and unambiguous signatures of electron beam filamentation. These results are corroborated by hybrid simulations. △ Less

Submitted 30 July, 2013; originally announced July 2013.

Comments: 5 pages, 5 figures

Theory of Fast Electron Transport for Fast Ignition

Authors: A. P. L. Robinson, D. J. Strozzi, J. R. Davies, L. Gremillet, J. J. Honrubia, T. Johzaki, R. J. Kingham, M. Sherlock, A. A. Solodov

Abstract: Fast Ignition Inertial Confinement Fusion is a variant of inertial fusion in which DT fuel is first compressed to high density and then ignited by a relativistic electron beam generated by a fast (< 20 ps) ultra-intense laser pulse, which is usually brought in to the dense plasma via the inclusion of a re-entrant cone. The transport of this beam from the cone apex into the dense fuel is a critical… ▽ More Fast Ignition Inertial Confinement Fusion is a variant of inertial fusion in which DT fuel is first compressed to high density and then ignited by a relativistic electron beam generated by a fast (< 20 ps) ultra-intense laser pulse, which is usually brought in to the dense plasma via the inclusion of a re-entrant cone. The transport of this beam from the cone apex into the dense fuel is a critical part of this scheme, as it can strongly influence the overall energetics. Here we review progress in the theory and numerical simulation of fast electron transport in the context of Fast Ignition. Important aspects of the basic plasma physics, descriptions of the numerical methods used, a review of ignition-scale simulations, and a survey of schemes for controlling the propagation of fast electrons are included. Considerable progress has taken place in this area, but the development of a robust, high-gain FI `point design' is still an ongoing challenge. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2013; originally announced April 2013.

Comments: 78 pages, 27 figures, review article submitted to Nuclear Fusion

Elliptical Magnetic Mirror generated via Resistivity Gradients for Fast Ignition ICF

Authors: A. P. L. Robinson, H. Schmitz

Abstract: The elliptical magnetic mirror scheme for guiding fast electrons for Fast Ignition proposed by Schmitz (H.Schmitz et al., {\it Plasma Phys.Control.Fusion},{\bf 54} 085016 (2012)) is studied for conditions on the multi-kJ scale which are much closer to full-scale Fast Ignition. When scaled up, the elliptical mirror scheme is still highly beneficial to Fast Ignition. An increase in the coupling effi… ▽ More The elliptical magnetic mirror scheme for guiding fast electrons for Fast Ignition proposed by Schmitz (H.Schmitz et al., {\it Plasma Phys.Control.Fusion},{\bf 54} 085016 (2012)) is studied for conditions on the multi-kJ scale which are much closer to full-scale Fast Ignition. When scaled up, the elliptical mirror scheme is still highly beneficial to Fast Ignition. An increase in the coupling effiency by a factor of 3--4 is found over a wide range of fast electron divergence half-angles. △ Less

Submitted 13 March, 2013; originally announced March 2013.