Showing 1–33 of 33 results for author: Vai, I

Application of LHC Gas Recuperation Systems for Methane Emission Control in Livestock Housing

Authors: Ilaria Vai, Francesco Alessandro Angiulli, Chiara Aimè, Maria Cristina Arena, Davide Biagini, Amin Bouzaiene, Alessandro Braghieri, Matteo Brunoldi, Domenico Calabrò, Simone Calzaferri, Alessandro Caserio, Elio Dinuccio, Daniele Dondi, Linda Finco, Giulia Giannandrea, Samuel Guelfo Gigli, Gabriele Giunta, Roberto Guida, Nithish Kumar Kameswaran, Beatrice Mandelli, Paolo Montagna, Cristina Riccardi, Paola Salvini, Claudio Scagliotti, Alessandro Tamigio , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The CH4rLiE (CH4 Livestock Emission) project investigates the technical feasibility of adapting gas recovery systems from high-energy physics to mitigate methane (CH4) emissions in livestock housing. This work presents a proof-of-principle based on the adaptation of CERN's gas recuperation systems for the capture of CH4 at low concentrations. A laboratory-scale prototype was developed to evaluate… ▽ More The CH4rLiE (CH4 Livestock Emission) project investigates the technical feasibility of adapting gas recovery systems from high-energy physics to mitigate methane (CH4) emissions in livestock housing. This work presents a proof-of-principle based on the adaptation of CERN's gas recuperation systems for the capture of CH4 at low concentrations. A laboratory-scale prototype was developed to evaluate the performance of various adsorbent materials under realistic conditions, including multi-stage humidity removal and pressurized gas flows. Experimental results obtained with the prototype led to the selection of commercial Z5 zeolite as the primary adsorbent due to its high adsorption capacity and stable regeneration performance through Vacuum Swing Adsorption cycles. The study demonstrates the feasibility of CH4 capture at concentrations down to 0.1%. Furthermore, it was observed that increasing the CH4 partial pressure enhances the adsorption capacity, with tests conducted up to approximately 5 bar. To bridge the gap between laboratory conditions and the representative 10-100 ppm levels found in dairy barn environments, a negative exponential extrapolation was applied to the experimental data. This allowed for the modeling of the adsorption behavior in the ultra-low concentration regime. These results validate the operational principle and provide the necessary parameters for the design of a full-scale system for field installation. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Advances in photocathode development for PICOSEC Micromegas precise-timing detectors

Authors: M. Lisowska, F. Guerra, A. Gurpinar, D. Zavazieva, R. Aleksan, S. Aune, J. Bortfeldt, A. Breskin, F. M. Brunbauer, M. Brunoldi, J. Datta, G. Fanourakis, S. Ferry, K. J. Floethner, M. Gallinaro, F. Garcia, I. Giomataris, D. Janssens, E. Jelinkova, A. Kallitsopoulou, I. Karakoulias, M. Kovacic, P. Legou, J. Liu, M. Lupberger , et al. (24 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PICOSEC Micromegas detector is a~precise-timing gaseous detector that combines a Cherenkov radiator, a~semi-transparent photocathode and a Micromegas amplification stage, targeting time resolutions of tens of picoseconds for minimum ionising particles (MIPs). Initial single-pad prototypes achieved time resolutions of $σ<25$ ps, demonstrating strong potential for High Energy Physics (HEP) appli… ▽ More The PICOSEC Micromegas detector is a~precise-timing gaseous detector that combines a Cherenkov radiator, a~semi-transparent photocathode and a Micromegas amplification stage, targeting time resolutions of tens of picoseconds for minimum ionising particles (MIPs). Initial single-pad prototypes achieved time resolutions of $σ<25$ ps, demonstrating strong potential for High Energy Physics (HEP) applications and beyond. The objective of this paper is a comprehensive characterisation of photocathodes, with a strong focus on robust materials while preserving excellent timing performance. The study includes laboratory measurements of optical and resistive properties, along with beam tests using 150 GeV/$c$ muons to evaluate the time resolution and photoelectron yield for various photocathodes. The best performance was obtained by a 5 nm Cesium Iodide (CsI) photocathode, reaching $σ= 10.9 \pm 0.3$ ps with more than 30 extracted photoelectrons, representing the most precise time resolution achieved by PICOSEC Micromegas to date. Metallic and carbon-based photocathodes, including Titanium (Ti), Boron Carbide (B$_4$C) and Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC), were also tested, with Ti and B$_4$C emerging as the most promising alternatives, achieving $σ\approx 30$ ps with about 5 extracted photoelectrons. These results demonstrate that improved robustness can be achieved while maintaining excellent time resolution, supporting the feasibility of using the PICOSEC Micromegas concept in future experiments. △ Less

Submitted 30 June, 2026; v1 submitted 20 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Timing performance of large prototype based on $\upmu$RWELL- PICOSEC detector technology with $10 \times 10\ \mathrm{cm}^{2}$ active area

Authors: A. Pandey, K. Gnanvo, B. Kross, J. McKisson, A. Weisenberger, W. Xi, J. Dutta, N. Shankman, L. Scharenberg, J. Alozy, Y. Angelis, S. Aune, R. Ballabriga, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, M. Brunoldi, M. Campbell, R. De Oliveira, G. Fanourakis, J. M. Fernandez-Tenllado, K. J. Flöthner, D. Fiorina, M. Gallinaro, F. Garcia, I. Giomataris , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The $\upmu$RWELL-PICOSEC detector, which combines a $\upmu$RWELL gaseous amplification structure with a Cherenkov radiator and photocathode, is a novel approach to acheive fast and precise timing in gaseous detectors. With timing precision at the level of tens of picoseconds, this technology is particularly suited for time-of-flight (TOF) applications in particle physics and potentially medical im… ▽ More The $\upmu$RWELL-PICOSEC detector, which combines a $\upmu$RWELL gaseous amplification structure with a Cherenkov radiator and photocathode, is a novel approach to acheive fast and precise timing in gaseous detectors. With timing precision at the level of tens of picoseconds, this technology is particularly suited for time-of-flight (TOF) applications in particle physics and potentially medical imaging. Beam tests with a 150~GeV/$c$ muon beam have been carried out on a large-area (10~$\times$~10~cm$^{2}$) prototype equipped with a cesium iodide (CsI) photocathode. Using an oscilloscope-based single-channel readout, timing measurements on two individual pads of the detector have yielded resolutions of $\approx$ 48 ps and $\approx$ 52 ps under different biasing conditions respectively. △ Less

Submitted 6 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Spatial resolution improvement of PICOSEC Micromegas precise timing detectors

Authors: F. M. Brunbauer, R. Aleksan, Y. Angelis, S. Aune, J. Bortfeldt, M. Brunoldi, J. Datta, D. Desforge, G. Fanourakis, D. Fiorina, K. J. Floethner, M. Gallinaro, F. Garcia, I. Giomataris, K. Gnanvo, Q. Huang, F. J. Iguaz, D. Janssens, A. Kallitsopoulou, I. Karakoulias, M. Kovacic, P. Legou, M. Lisowska, J. Liu, M. Lupberger , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The combination of a Cherenkov radiator with a semi-transparent photocathode and a Micromegas based amplification stage allows PICOSEC Micromegas detectors to achieve a time resolution of better than 15ps. While tileable prototypes with 10x10 channels feature 1x1 cm^2 readout pads, finer readout granularity can be used to improve the spatial resolution. We report on the study of high readout granu… ▽ More The combination of a Cherenkov radiator with a semi-transparent photocathode and a Micromegas based amplification stage allows PICOSEC Micromegas detectors to achieve a time resolution of better than 15ps. While tileable prototypes with 10x10 channels feature 1x1 cm^2 readout pads, finer readout granularity can be used to improve the spatial resolution. We report on the study of high readout granularity PICOSEC Micromegas prototypes which achieve around 0.5mm spatial resolution with 3.5mm large pads. No significant improvement was found when readout pad size was further reduced to 2.2mm. The timing resolution of the leading pad was found to be slightly degraded but remained better than 20ps for a medium granularity prototype. The achieved spatial resolution can enable PICOSEC Micromegas to be used as precise timing and moderate resolution tracking detector simultaneously. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Design, simulation and performance of the resistive-anode PICOSEC Micromegas detector

Authors: Djunes Janssens, Antonija Utrobicic, Marinko Kovacic, Marta Lisowska, Eraldo Oliveri, Florian Brunbauer, Karl Floethner, Hans Muller, Rui De Oliveira, Giorgio Orlandini, Leszek Ropelewski, Lucian Scharenberg, Thomas Schneider, Miranda van Stenis, Rob Veenhof, Thomas Papaevangelou, Roy Aleksan, Stephane Aune, Thomas Gustavsson, Alexandra Kallitsopoulou, Philippe Legou, Michal Pomorski, Emmanuel Scorsone, Lukas Sohl, Mariam Kebbiri , et al. (30 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PICOSEC Micromegas detector is a Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector concept developed to achieve tens of picosecond timing resolution for charged particle detection by combining a Cherenkov radiator with a two-stage Micromegas amplification structure. To improve operational robustness, a resistive anode has been implemented using a DLC layer deposited on a Kapton substrate. While this design enhan… ▽ More The PICOSEC Micromegas detector is a Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector concept developed to achieve tens of picosecond timing resolution for charged particle detection by combining a Cherenkov radiator with a two-stage Micromegas amplification structure. To improve operational robustness, a resistive anode has been implemented using a DLC layer deposited on a Kapton substrate. While this design enhances detector stability, the resistive layer may influence rate capability, signal formation, and detector capacitance, altering timing performance. This work presents a comprehensive study of a resistive design, including an analytical model and finite-element simulations to quantify rate-dependent gain reduction due to ohmic voltage drop on the resistive layer. An analytical solution for the voltage across a finite-size resistive layer is derived, and a numerical model is developed to evaluate gain suppression under intense particle fluxes. The impact of the resistive layer on signal formation is investigated using time-dependent weighting fields and the Garfield++ simulation framework. The contribution of signal components induced by the resistive layer is quantified, and preservation of the signal leading edge is found for surface resistivities above 100 kohm per square. Single-channel resistive-anode prototypes were designed, constructed, and experimentally characterized. Laboratory measurements using single photoelectrons and power spectral density analysis show the predicted reduction in signal amplitude while preserving the leading edge. Muon beam tests with CsI and DLC photocathodes demonstrate a time resolution of 11.5 ps for CsI, comparable to 11.9 ps for the metallic-anode device, showing the suitability of the resistive design for precision timing applications. △ Less

Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 18 pages

Design and Performance of a 96-channel Resistive PICOSEC Micromegas Detector for ENUBET

Authors: A. Kallitsopoulou, S. Aune, Y. Angelis, R. Aleksan, A. Bonenfant, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, M. Brunoldi, J. Datta, D. Desforge, G. Fanourakis, D. Fiorina, K. J. Floethner, M. Gallinaro, F. Garcia, I. Giomataris, K. Gnanvo, F. J. Iguaz, D. Janssens, F. Jeanneau, M. Kebbiri, M. Kovacic, B. Kross, P. Legou, M. Lisowska , et al. (32 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PICOSEC-Micromegas (PICOSEC-MM) detector is a fast gaseous detector that achieves picosecond-level timing by coupling a Cherenkov radiator, typically an MgF2 crystal, to a Micromegas-based photodetector with a photocathode. This configuration allows the fast photoelectron-induced signal to suppress the intrinsic time jitter of gaseous detectors, enabling sub-20 ps timing precision while preser… ▽ More The PICOSEC-Micromegas (PICOSEC-MM) detector is a fast gaseous detector that achieves picosecond-level timing by coupling a Cherenkov radiator, typically an MgF2 crystal, to a Micromegas-based photodetector with a photocathode. This configuration allows the fast photoelectron-induced signal to suppress the intrinsic time jitter of gaseous detectors, enabling sub-20 ps timing precision while preserving the robustness and scalability of micro-pattern gaseous detector technologies. The 96-pad PICOSEC-MM detector is a large-area demonstrator optimized for precision timing in high-energy physics, building on research and development insights from earlier 7-pad resistive prototypes to validate scalability, uniformity, and robustness for the ENUBET project. It employs a 2.5 nm diamond-like carbon photocathode and a Micromegas board with a surface resistivity of 10 megaohms per square, and was characterized using 150 GeV/c muons at the CERN SPS beamline, with one-third of the active area instrumented per run. A dedicated alignment procedure for multi-pad PICOSEC-MM systems was used to reconstruct pad centers and merge measurements across regions, yielding a timing resolution of 43 ps and uniform signal arrival time distributions over the tested area. Mechanical flatness was identified as a key factor, with planarity tolerances within 10 micrometers required to maintain good timing resolution, and the successful operation of the 96-pad demonstrator confirms the scalability of the PICOSEC-MM concept toward robust, high-granularity, picosecond-level gaseous timing detectors for monitored neutrino beam experiments such as ENUBET. △ Less

Submitted 2 February, 2026; v1 submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Performance Optimization and Characterization of 7-pad Resistive PICOSEC Micromegas Detectors

Authors: A. Kallitsopoulou, R. Aleksan, S. Aune, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, M. Brunoldi, J. Datta, D. Desforge, G. Fanourakis, D. Fiorina, K. J. Floethner, M. Gallinaro, F. Garcia, I. Giomataris, K. Gnanvo, F. J. Iguaz, D. Janssens, F. Jeanneau, M. Kovacic, B. Kross, P. Legou, M. Lisowska, J. Liu, M. Lupberger, I. Maniatis , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a comprehensive characterization of resistive PICOSEC Micromegas detector prototypes, tested under identical conditions, constant drift gap, field configurations, and photocathode at the CERN SPS H4 beam line. This work provides a proof of concept for the use of resistive layer technology in gaseous timing detectors, demonstrating that robustness can be improved without compromising the… ▽ More We present a comprehensive characterization of resistive PICOSEC Micromegas detector prototypes, tested under identical conditions, constant drift gap, field configurations, and photocathode at the CERN SPS H4 beam line. This work provides a proof of concept for the use of resistive layer technology in gaseous timing detectors, demonstrating that robustness can be improved without compromising the excellent timing performance of PICOSEC Micromegas. Different resistive architectures and values were explored to optimize stability and ensure reliable long-term operation in challenging experimental environments. The prototype with a 10MΩ resistive layer achieved the best overall performance, with a timing resolution of 22.900 {\pm} 0.002 ps and a spatial resolution of 1.190 {\pm} 0.003 mm, while charge sharing across multiple pads enabled combined timing resolutions below 28 ps. A lower-resistivity (200kΩ) configuration exhibited enhanced charge spread, leading to minor systematic offsets in reconstructed pad centers, yet maintained robust timing and spatial performance. Capacitive charge-sharing architectures improved spatial resolution in some regions but suffered from signal attenuation and nonuniform charge distributions, resulting in slightly degraded timing (33.300 {\pm} 0.002 ps) and complex localization patterns. Mechanical precision, particularly readout planarity and photocathode alignment, was identified as critical for uniform detector response. These studies benchmark the potential of resistive layers for gaseous timing detectors and provide a foundation for scalable designs with optimized timing and spatial resolution across diverse experimental applications. △ Less

Submitted 19 June, 2026; v1 submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

MuCol Milestone Report No. 7: Consolidated Parameters

Authors: Rebecca Taylor, Antoine Chancé, Dario Augusto Giove, Natalia Milas, Roberto Losito, Donatella Lucchesi, Chris Rogers, Lucio Rossi, Daniel Schulte, Carlotta Accettura, Simon Adrian, Rohit Agarwal, Claudia Ahdida, Chiara Aime, Avni Aksoy, Gian Luigi Alberghi, Simon Albright, Siobhan Alden, Luca Alfonso, Muhammad Ali, Anna Rita Altamura, Nicola Amapane, Kathleen Amm, David Amorim, Paolo Andreetto , et al. (437 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This document is comprised of a collection of consolidated parameters for the key parts of the muon collider. These consolidated parameters follow on from the October 2024 Preliminary Parameters Report. Attention has been given to a high-level consistent set of baseline parameters throughout all systems of the complex, following a 10 TeV center-of-mass design. Additional details of the designs con… ▽ More This document is comprised of a collection of consolidated parameters for the key parts of the muon collider. These consolidated parameters follow on from the October 2024 Preliminary Parameters Report. Attention has been given to a high-level consistent set of baseline parameters throughout all systems of the complex, following a 10 TeV center-of-mass design. Additional details of the designs contributing to this baseline design are featured in the appendix. Likewise, explorative variations from this baseline set can be found in the appendix. The data is collected from a collaborative spreadsheet and transferred to overleaf. △ Less

Submitted 31 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

First complete characterization of an X-Ray tube through combined measurements and Geant4 simulations

Authors: Alessandro Braghieri, Matteo Brunoldi, Simone Calzaferri, Mario Pelliccioni, Paola Salvini, Alessandro Tamigio, Ilaria Vai, Paolo Vitulo

Abstract: X-ray tubes are sources of X-rays used in various fields, ranging from radiographic imaging in medical physics to the characterization of detectors in particle physics. This article presents a method for the complete characterization of the Mini-X2 X-Ray tube from AMETEK, an X-ray source later used to characterize gas detectors in laboratory. Using data provided by the manual, we derive key operat… ▽ More X-ray tubes are sources of X-rays used in various fields, ranging from radiographic imaging in medical physics to the characterization of detectors in particle physics. This article presents a method for the complete characterization of the Mini-X2 X-Ray tube from AMETEK, an X-ray source later used to characterize gas detectors in laboratory. Using data provided by the manual, we derive key operational parameters of the tube, such as the photon emission rate and the relationship between emissive power and supplied current. Based on this characterization, we determine the air dose rate as well as the absorbed dose rate within a given volume at various distances from the source. We derive this dose experimentally, theoretically and through simulations and find good agreement between these. To enable safe operation in a laboratory environment and to support experimental comparisons, a shielding system was developed. Finally, it will be illustrated how the shielding containing the Mini-X2 has been designed, exploiting the simulation power of the Geant4 software. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

The Muon Collider

Authors: Carlotta Accettura, Simon Adrian, Rohit Agarwal, Claudia Ahdida, Chiara Aime', Avni Aksoy, Gian Luigi Alberghi, Siobhan Alden, Luca Alfonso, Muhammad Ali, Anna Rita Altamura, Nicola Amapane, Kathleen Amm, David Amorim, Paolo Andreetto, Fabio Anulli, Ludovica Aperio Bella, Rob Appleby, Artur Apresyan, Pouya Asadi, Mohammed Attia Mahmoud, Bernhard Auchmann, John Back, Anthony Badea, Kyu Jung Bae , et al. (433 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Muons offer a unique opportunity to build a compact high-energy electroweak collider at the 10 TeV scale. A Muon Collider enables direct access to the underlying simplicity of the Standard Model and unparalleled reach beyond it. It will be a paradigm-shifting tool for particle physics representing the first collider to combine the high-energy reach of a proton collider and the high precision of an… ▽ More Muons offer a unique opportunity to build a compact high-energy electroweak collider at the 10 TeV scale. A Muon Collider enables direct access to the underlying simplicity of the Standard Model and unparalleled reach beyond it. It will be a paradigm-shifting tool for particle physics representing the first collider to combine the high-energy reach of a proton collider and the high precision of an electron-positron collider, yielding a physics potential significantly greater than the sum of its individual parts. A high-energy muon collider is the natural next step in the exploration of fundamental physics after the HL-LHC and a natural complement to a future low-energy Higgs factory. Such a facility would significantly broaden the scope of particle colliders, engaging the many frontiers of the high energy community. The last European Strategy for Particle Physics Update and later the Particle Physics Project Prioritisation Panel in the US requested a study of the muon collider, which is being carried on by the International Muon Collider Collaboration. In this comprehensive document we present the physics case, the state of the work on accelerator design and technology, and propose an R\&D project that can make the muon collider a reality. △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 406 pages, supplementary report to the European Strategy for Particle Physics - 2026 update

Capturing methane in a barn environment: the CH4 Livestock Emission (CH4rLiE) project

Authors: Francesco Alessandro Angiulli, Chiara Aimè, Maria Cristina Arena, Davide Biagini, Alessandro Braghieri, Matteo Brunoldi, Simone Calzaferri, Elio Dinuccio, Daniele Dondi, Linda Finco, Roberto Guida, Nithish Kumar Kameswaran, Beatrice Mandelli, Paolo Montagna, Cristina Riccardi, Paola Salvini, Alessandro Tamigio, Ilaria Vai, Dhanalakshmi Vadivel, Riccardo Verna, Paolo Vitulo

Abstract: The CH4 Livestock Emission (CH4rLiE) project explores the development of a prototype system for capturing methane emissions in barn environments, offering an alternative approach to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. Methane (CH4), with a global warming potential significantly higher than CO2 (GWP100 = 27), accounts for ~23% of anthropogenic climate impact. In 2021, The As… ▽ More The CH4 Livestock Emission (CH4rLiE) project explores the development of a prototype system for capturing methane emissions in barn environments, offering an alternative approach to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. Methane (CH4), with a global warming potential significantly higher than CO2 (GWP100 = 27), accounts for ~23% of anthropogenic climate impact. In 2021, The Assessment Report 6 of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change quantified CH4 livestock emissions in 123 Mt/yr, which, together with substantial N2O and CO2 emissions, contributed with a 12% to global emissions. Unlike strategies focused on altering animal feed, CH4rLiE investigates post-emission capture using porous materials, such as zeolites, to adsorb methane from barn air. The project draws on CERN's experience with gas recovery systems for particle detectors, adapting similar technologies to agricultural settings. Preliminary estimates, based on measured CH4 concentrations (~20 mg/m3) and partial air filtration in a 250-animal barn, suggest a low but detectable recovery potential, subject to validation through simulation and in-situ testing. Prototype development considers the potential for energy-efficient operation - possibly through pressure swing regeneration - and compatibility with existing ventilation infrastructure, though these aspects remain under evaluation. If methane concentrations in barns prove too diluted, the system may be better suited for environments with higher gas levels, such as pigsties or landfills. NH3 capture for fertilizer production is planned as a future enhancement. CH4rLiE aims to assess the feasibility of emission recovery in livestock settings without affecting animal welfare, contributing to sustainable farming practices, resource efficiency, and circular bioeconomy goals. △ Less

Submitted 1 December, 2025; v1 submitted 5 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Journal ref: Energy Nexus 20 (2025) 100604

PICOSEC Micromegas Precise-timing Detectors: Development towards Large-Area and Integration

Authors: Y. Meng, R. Aleksan, Y. Angelis, J. Bortfeld, F. Brunbauer, M. Brunoldi, E. Chatzianagnostou, J. Datt, K. Degmelt, G. Fanourakis, D. Fiorina, K. J. Floethner, M. Gallinaro, F. Garcia, I. Giomataris, K. Gnanvo, F. J. Iguaz, D. Janssens, A. Kallitsopoulou, M. Kovacic, B. Kross, P. Legou, Z. Li, M. Lisowska, J. Liu , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: PICOSEC Micromegas (MM) is a precise timing gaseous detector based on a Cherenkov radiator coupled with a semi-transparent photocathode and an MM amplifying structure. The detector conceprt was successfully demonstrated through a single-channel prototype, achieving sub-25 ps time resolution with Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs). A series of studies followed, aimed at developing robust, large-area… ▽ More PICOSEC Micromegas (MM) is a precise timing gaseous detector based on a Cherenkov radiator coupled with a semi-transparent photocathode and an MM amplifying structure. The detector conceprt was successfully demonstrated through a single-channel prototype, achieving sub-25 ps time resolution with Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs). A series of studies followed, aimed at developing robust, large-area, and scalable detectors with high time resolution, complemented by specialized fast-response readout electronics. This work presents recent advancements towards large-area resistive PICOSEC MM, including 10 $\times$ 10 $\text{cm}^2$ area prototypes and a 20 $\times$ 20 $\text{cm}^2$ prototype, which features the jointing of four photocathodes. The time resolution of these detector prototypes was tested during the test beam, achieved a timing performance of around 25 ps for individual pads in MIPs. Meanwhile, customized electronics have been developed dedicated to the high-precision time measurement of the large-area PICOSEC MM. The performance of the entire system was evaluated during the test beam, demonstrating its capability for large-area integration. These advancements highlight the potential of PICOSEC MM to meet the stringent requirements of future particle physics experiments. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

MuCol Milestone Report No. 5: Preliminary Parameters

Authors: Carlotta Accettura, Simon Adrian, Rohit Agarwal, Claudia Ahdida, Chiara Aimé, Avni Aksoy, Gian Luigi Alberghi, Siobhan Alden, Luca Alfonso, Nicola Amapane, David Amorim, Paolo Andreetto, Fabio Anulli, Rob Appleby, Artur Apresyan, Pouya Asadi, Mohammed Attia Mahmoud, Bernhard Auchmann, John Back, Anthony Badea, Kyu Jung Bae, E. J. Bahng, Lorenzo Balconi, Fabrice Balli, Laura Bandiera , et al. (369 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This document is comprised of a collection of updated preliminary parameters for the key parts of the muon collider. The updated preliminary parameters follow on from the October 2023 Tentative Parameters Report. Particular attention has been given to regions of the facility that are believed to hold greater technical uncertainty in their design and that have a strong impact on the cost and power… ▽ More This document is comprised of a collection of updated preliminary parameters for the key parts of the muon collider. The updated preliminary parameters follow on from the October 2023 Tentative Parameters Report. Particular attention has been given to regions of the facility that are believed to hold greater technical uncertainty in their design and that have a strong impact on the cost and power consumption of the facility. The data is collected from a collaborative spreadsheet and transferred to overleaf. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

PICOSEC-Micromegas Detector, an innovative solution for Lepton Time Tagging

Authors: A. Kallitsopoulou, R. Aleksan, Y. Angelis, S. Aune, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, M. Brunoldi, E. Chatzianagnostou, J. Datta, D. Desforge, G. Fanourakis, D. Fiorina, K. J. Floethner, M. Gallinaro, F. Garcia, I. Giomataris, K. Gnanvo, F. J. Iguaz, D. Janssens, M. Kovacic, B. Kross, P. Legou, M. Lisowska, J. Liu, M. Lupberger , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PICOSEC-Micromegas (PICOSEC-MM) detector is a novel gaseous detector designed for precise timing resolution in experimental measurements. It eliminates time jitter from charged particles in ionization gaps by using extreme UV Cherenkov light emitted in a crystal, detected by a Micromegas photodetector with an appropriate photocathode. The first single-channel prototype tested in 150 GeV/c muon… ▽ More The PICOSEC-Micromegas (PICOSEC-MM) detector is a novel gaseous detector designed for precise timing resolution in experimental measurements. It eliminates time jitter from charged particles in ionization gaps by using extreme UV Cherenkov light emitted in a crystal, detected by a Micromegas photodetector with an appropriate photocathode. The first single-channel prototype tested in 150 GeV/c muon beams achieved a timing resolution below 25 ps, a significant improvement compared to standard Micropattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs). This work explores the specifications for applying these detectors in monitored neutrino beams for the ENUBET Project. Key aspects include exploring resistive technologies, resilient photocathodes, and scalable electronics. New 7-pad resistive detectors are designed to handle the particle flux. In this paper, two potential scenarios are briefly considered: tagging electromagnetic showers with a timing resolution below 30 ps in an electromagnetic calorimeter as well as individual particles (mainly muons) with about 20 ps respectively. △ Less

Submitted 29 October, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Journal ref: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment,1069,169920,2024

Interim report for the International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC)

Authors: C. Accettura, S. Adrian, R. Agarwal, C. Ahdida, C. Aimé, A. Aksoy, G. L. Alberghi, S. Alden, N. Amapane, D. Amorim, P. Andreetto, F. Anulli, R. Appleby, A. Apresyan, P. Asadi, M. Attia Mahmoud, B. Auchmann, J. Back, A. Badea, K. J. Bae, E. J. Bahng, L. Balconi, F. Balli, L. Bandiera, C. Barbagallo , et al. (362 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) [1] was established in 2020 following the recommendations of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) and the implementation of the European Strategy for Particle Physics-Accelerator R&D Roadmap by the Laboratory Directors Group [2], hereinafter referred to as the the European LDG roadmap. The Muon Collider Study (MuC) covers the accele… ▽ More The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) [1] was established in 2020 following the recommendations of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) and the implementation of the European Strategy for Particle Physics-Accelerator R&D Roadmap by the Laboratory Directors Group [2], hereinafter referred to as the the European LDG roadmap. The Muon Collider Study (MuC) covers the accelerator complex, detectors and physics for a future muon collider. In 2023, European Commission support was obtained for a design study of a muon collider (MuCol) [3]. This project started on 1st March 2023, with work-packages aligned with the overall muon collider studies. In preparation of and during the 2021-22 U.S. Snowmass process, the muon collider project parameters, technical studies and physics performance studies were performed and presented in great detail. Recently, the P5 panel [4] in the U.S. recommended a muon collider R&D, proposed to join the IMCC and envisages that the U.S. should prepare to host a muon collider, calling this their "muon shot". In the past, the U.S. Muon Accelerator Programme (MAP) [5] has been instrumental in studies of concepts and technologies for a muon collider. △ Less

Submitted 28 January, 2025; v1 submitted 17 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: This document summarises the International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) progress and status of the Muon Collider R&D programme

Photocathode characterisation for robust PICOSEC Micromegas precise-timing detectors

Authors: M. Lisowska, R. Aleksan, Y. Angelis, S. Aune, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, M. Brunoldi, E. Chatzianagnostou, J. Datta, K. Dehmelt, G. Fanourakis, S. Ferry, D. Fiorina, K. J. Floethner, M. Gallinaro, F. Garcia, I. Giomataris, K. Gnanvo, F. J. Iguaz, D. Janssens, A. Kallitsopoulou, M. Kovacic, B. Kross, C. C. Lai, P. Legou , et al. (33 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PICOSEC Micromegas detector is a~precise-timing gaseous detector based on a~Cherenkov radiator coupled with a~semi-transparent photocathode and a~Micromegas amplifying structure, targeting a~time resolution of tens of picoseconds for minimum ionising particles. Initial single-pad prototypes have demonstrated a~time resolution below 25 ps, prompting ongoing developments to adapt the concept for… ▽ More The PICOSEC Micromegas detector is a~precise-timing gaseous detector based on a~Cherenkov radiator coupled with a~semi-transparent photocathode and a~Micromegas amplifying structure, targeting a~time resolution of tens of picoseconds for minimum ionising particles. Initial single-pad prototypes have demonstrated a~time resolution below 25 ps, prompting ongoing developments to adapt the concept for High Energy Physics applications, where sub-nanosecond precision is essential for event separation, improved track reconstruction and particle identification. The achieved performance is being transferred to robust multi-channel detector modules suitable for large-area detection systems requiring excellent timing precision. To enhance the robustness and stability of the PICOSEC Micromegas detector, research on robust carbon-based photocathodes, including Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) and Boron Carbide (B4C), is pursued. Results from prototypes equipped with DLC and B4C photocathodes exhibited a~time resolution of approximately 32 ps and 34.5 ps, respectively. Efforts dedicated to improve detector robustness and stability enhance the feasibility of the PICOSEC Micromegas concept for large experiments, ensuring sustained performance while maintaining excellent timing precision. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2024; v1 submitted 13 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

A Novel Diamond-like Carbon based photocathode for PICOSEC Micromegas detectors

Authors: X. Wang, R. Aleksan, Y. Angelis, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, M. Brunoldi, E. Chatzianagnostou, J. Datta, K. Degmelt, G. Fanourakis, D. Fiorina, K. J. Floethner, M. Gallinaro, F. Garcia, I. Giomataris, K. Gnanvo, F. J. Iguaz, D. Janssens, A. Kallitsopoulou, M. Kovacic, B. Kross, P. Legou, M. Lisowska, J. Liu, I. Maniatis , et al. (26 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PICOSEC Micromegas (MM) detector is a precise timing gaseous detector based on a MM detector operating in a two-stage amplification mode and a Cherenkov radiator. Prototypes equipped with cesium iodide (CsI) photocathodes have shown promising time resolutions as precise as 24 picoseconds (ps) for Minimum Ionizing Particles. However, due to the high hygroscopicity and susceptibility to ion bomb… ▽ More The PICOSEC Micromegas (MM) detector is a precise timing gaseous detector based on a MM detector operating in a two-stage amplification mode and a Cherenkov radiator. Prototypes equipped with cesium iodide (CsI) photocathodes have shown promising time resolutions as precise as 24 picoseconds (ps) for Minimum Ionizing Particles. However, due to the high hygroscopicity and susceptibility to ion bombardment of the CsI photocathodes, alternative photocathode materials are needed to improve the robustness of PICOSEC MM. Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) film have been introduced as a novel robust photocathode material, which have shown promising results. A batch of DLC photocathodes with different thicknesses were produced and evaluated using ultraviolet light. The quantum efficiency measurements indicate that the optimized thickness of the DLC photocathode is approximately 3 nm. Furthermore, DLC photocathodes show good resistance to ion bombardment in aging test compared to the CsI photocathode. Finally, a PICOSEC MM prototype equipped with DLC photocathodes was tested in muon beams. A time resolution of around 42 ps with a detection efficiency of 97% for 150 GeV/c muons were obtained. These results indicate the great potential of DLC as a photocathode for the PICOSEC MM detector. △ Less

Submitted 30 July, 2024; v1 submitted 12 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Single channel PICOSEC Micromegas detector with improved time resolution

Authors: A. Utrobicic, R. Aleksan, Y. Angelis, J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, M. Brunoldi, E. Chatzianagnostou, J. Datta, K. Dehmelt, G. Fanourakis, D. Fiorina, K. J. Floethner, M. Gallinaro, F. Garcia, I. Giomataris, K. Gnanvo, F. J. Iguaz, D. Janssens, A. Kallitsopoulou, M. Kovacic, B. Kross, P. Legou, M. Lisowska, J. Liu, M. Lupberger , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper presents design guidelines and experimental verification of a single-channel PICOSEC Micromegas (MM) detector with an improved time resolution. The design encompasses the detector board, vessel, auxiliary mechanical parts, and electrical connectivity for high voltage (HV) and signals, focusing on improving stability, reducing noise, and ensuring signal integrity to optimize timing perfo… ▽ More This paper presents design guidelines and experimental verification of a single-channel PICOSEC Micromegas (MM) detector with an improved time resolution. The design encompasses the detector board, vessel, auxiliary mechanical parts, and electrical connectivity for high voltage (HV) and signals, focusing on improving stability, reducing noise, and ensuring signal integrity to optimize timing performance. A notable feature is the simple and fast reassembly procedure, facilitating quick replacement of detector internal components that allows for an efficient measurement strategy involving different detector components. The paper also examines the influence of parasitics on the output signal integrity. To validate the design, a prototype assembly and three interchangeable detector boards with varying readout pad diameters were manufactured. The detectors were initially tested in the laboratory environment. Finally, the timing performance of detectors with different pad sizes was verified using a Minimum Ionizing Particle (MIP) beam test. Notably, a record time resolution for a PICOSEC Micromegas detector technology with a CsI photocathode of 12.5$\pm$0.8 ps was achieved with a 10 mm diameter readout pad size detector. △ Less

Submitted 9 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Towards a Muon Collider

Authors: Carlotta Accettura, Dean Adams, Rohit Agarwal, Claudia Ahdida, Chiara Aimè, Nicola Amapane, David Amorim, Paolo Andreetto, Fabio Anulli, Robert Appleby, Artur Apresyan, Aram Apyan, Sergey Arsenyev, Pouya Asadi, Mohammed Attia Mahmoud, Aleksandr Azatov, John Back, Lorenzo Balconi, Laura Bandiera, Roger Barlow, Nazar Bartosik, Emanuela Barzi, Fabian Batsch, Matteo Bauce, J. Scott Berg , et al. (272 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders desi… ▽ More A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2023; v1 submitted 15 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 118 pages, 103 figures

Quality Control of Mass-Produced GEM Detectors for the CMS GE1/1 Muon Upgrade

Authors: M. Abbas, M. Abbrescia, H. Abdalla, A. Abdelalim, S. AbuZeid, A. Agapitos, A. Ahmad, A. Ahmed, W. Ahmed, C. Aimè, C. Aruta, I. Asghar, P. Aspell, C. Avila, J. Babbar, Y. Ban, R. Band, S. Bansal, L. Benussi, T. Beyrouthy, V. Bhatnagar, M. Bianco, S. Bianco, K. Black, L. Borgonovi , et al. (157 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The series of upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider, culminating in the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, will enable a significant expansion of the physics program of the CMS experiment. However, the accelerator upgrades will also make the experimental conditions more challenging, with implications for detector operations, triggering, and data analysis. The luminosity of the proton-proton co… ▽ More The series of upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider, culminating in the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, will enable a significant expansion of the physics program of the CMS experiment. However, the accelerator upgrades will also make the experimental conditions more challenging, with implications for detector operations, triggering, and data analysis. The luminosity of the proton-proton collisions is expected to exceed $2-3\times10^{34}$~cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ for Run 3 (starting in 2022), and it will be at least $5\times10^{34}$~cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ when the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider is completed for Run 4. These conditions will affect muon triggering, identification, and measurement, which are critical capabilities of the experiment. To address these challenges, additional muon detectors are being installed in the CMS endcaps, based on Gas Electron Multiplier technology. For this purpose, 161 large triple-Gas Electron Multiplier detectors have been constructed and tested. Installation of these devices began in 2019 with the GE1/1 station and will be followed by two additional stations, GE2/1 and ME0, to be installed in 2023 and 2026, respectively. The assembly and quality control of the GE1/1 detectors were distributed across several production sites around the world. We motivate and discuss the quality control procedures that were developed to standardize the performance of the detectors, and we present the final results of the production. Out of 161 detectors produced, 156 detectors passed all tests, and 144 detectors are now installed in the CMS experiment. The various visual inspections, gas tightness tests, intrinsic noise rate characterizations, and effective gas gain and response uniformity tests allowed the project to achieve this high success rate. △ Less

Submitted 22 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 45 pages, 39 figures, submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

A Muon Collider Facility for Physics Discovery

Authors: D. Stratakis, N. Mokhov, M. Palmer, N. Pastrone, T. Raubenheimer, C. Rogers, D. Schulte, V. Shiltsev, J. Tang, A. Yamamoto, C. Aimè, M. A. Mahmoud, N. Bartosik, E. Barzi, A. Bersani, A. Bertolin, M. Bonesini, B. Caiffi, M. Casarsa, M. G. Catanesi, A. Cerri, C. Curatolo, M. Dam, H. Damerau, E. De Matteis , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Muon colliders provide a unique route to deliver high energy collisions that enable discovery searches and precision measurements to extend our understanding of the fundamental laws of physics. The muon collider design aims to deliver physics reach at the highest energies with costs, power consumption and on a time scale that may prove favorable relative to other proposed facilities. In this conte… ▽ More Muon colliders provide a unique route to deliver high energy collisions that enable discovery searches and precision measurements to extend our understanding of the fundamental laws of physics. The muon collider design aims to deliver physics reach at the highest energies with costs, power consumption and on a time scale that may prove favorable relative to other proposed facilities. In this context, a new international collaboration has formed to further extend the design concepts and performance studies of such a machine. This effort is focused on delivering the elements of a $\sim$10 TeV center of mass (CM) energy design to explore the physics energy frontier. The path to such a machine may pass through lower energy options. Currently a 3 TeV CM stage is considered. Other energy stages could also be explored, e.g. an s-channel Higgs Factory operating at 125 GeV CM. We describe the status of the R&D and design effort towards such a machine and lay out a plan to bring these concepts to maturity as a tool for the high energy physics community. △ Less

Submitted 15 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 23 pages, 3 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2201.07895

Promising Technologies and R&D Directions for the Future Muon Collider Detectors

Authors: Sergo Jindariani, Federico Meloni, Nadia Pastrone, Chiara Aimè, Nazar Bartosik, Emanuela Barzi, Alessandro Bertolin, Alessandro Braghieri, Laura Buonincontri, Simone Calzaferri, Massimo Casarsa, Maria Gabriella Catanesi, Alessandro Cerri, Grigorios Chachamis, Anna Colaleo, Camilla Curatolo, Giacomo Da Molin, Jean-Pierre Delahaye, Biagio Di Micco, Tommaso Dorigo, Filippo Errico, Davide Fiorina, Alessio Gianelle, Carlo Giraldin, John Hauptman , et al. (36 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Among the post-LHC generation of particle accelerators, the muon collider represents a unique machine with capability to provide very high energy leptonic collisions and to open the path to a vast and mostly unexplored physics programme. However, on the experimental side, such great physics potential is accompanied by unprecedented technological challenges, due to the fact that muons are unstable… ▽ More Among the post-LHC generation of particle accelerators, the muon collider represents a unique machine with capability to provide very high energy leptonic collisions and to open the path to a vast and mostly unexplored physics programme. However, on the experimental side, such great physics potential is accompanied by unprecedented technological challenges, due to the fact that muons are unstable particles. Their decay products interact with the machine elements and produce an intense flux of background particles that eventually reach the detector and may degrade its performance. In this paper, we present technologies that have a potential to match the challenging specifications of a muon collider detector and outline a path forward for the future R&D efforts. △ Less

Submitted 14 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Contribution to Snowmass 2021, 27 pages, 15 figures

MPGDs for tracking and Muon detection at future high energy physics colliders

Authors: K. Black, A. Colaleo, C. Aimè, M. Alviggi, C. Aruta, M. Bianco, I. Balossino, G. Bencivenni, M. Bertani, A. Braghieri, V. Cafaro, S. Calzaferri, M. T. Camerlingo, V. Canale, G. Cibinetto, M. Corbetta, V. D'Amico, E. De Lucia, M. Della Pietra, C. Di Donato, R. Di Nardo, D. Domenici, F. Errico, P. Everaerts, F. Fallavollita , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In the next years, the energy and intensity frontiers of the experimental Particle Physics will be pushed forward with the upgrade of existing accelerators (LHC at CERN) and the envisaged construction of new machines at energy scales up to hundreds TeV or with unprecedented intensity (FCC-hh, FCC-ee, ILC, Muon Collider). Large size, cost-effective, high-efficiency detection systems in high backgro… ▽ More In the next years, the energy and intensity frontiers of the experimental Particle Physics will be pushed forward with the upgrade of existing accelerators (LHC at CERN) and the envisaged construction of new machines at energy scales up to hundreds TeV or with unprecedented intensity (FCC-hh, FCC-ee, ILC, Muon Collider). Large size, cost-effective, high-efficiency detection systems in high background environments are required in order to accomplish the physics program. MPGDs offer a diversity of technologies that allow them to meet the required performance challenges at future facilities thanks to the specific advantages that each technology provides. MPGDs allow stable operation, with environmentally friendly gas mixtures, at very high background particle flux with high detection efficiency and excellent spatial resolution. These features make MPGD one of the primary choices as precise muon tracking and trigger system in general-purpose detectors at future HEP colliders. In addition, the low material budget and the flexibility of the base material make MPGDs suitable for the development of very light, full cylindrical fine tracking inner trackers at lepton colliders. On-going R&Ds aim at pushing the detector performance at the limits of each technology. We are working in continuing to consolidate the construction and stable operation of large-size detectors, able to cope with large particle fluxes. In this white paper, we describe some of the most prominent MPGD technologies, their performance measurements, the challenges faced in the most recent applications, and the areas of improvement towards efficient tracking and Muon detection at future high energy physics colliders. △ Less

Submitted 12 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Contribution to Snowmass 2021

Performance of a Triple-GEM Demonstrator in $pp$ Collisions at the CMS Detector

Authors: M. Abbas, M. Abbrescia, H. Abdalla, A. Abdelalim, S. AbuZeid, A. Agapitos, A. Ahmad, A. Ahmed, W. Ahmed, C. Aimè, C. Aruta, I. Asghar, P. Aspell, C. Avila, J. Babbar, Y. Ban, R. Band, S. Bansal, L. Benussi, V. Bhatnagar, M. Bianco, S. Bianco, K. Black, L. Borgonovi, O. Bouhali , et al. (156 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: After the Phase-2 high-luminosity upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the collision rate and therefore the background rate will significantly increase, particularly in the high $η$ region. To improve both the tracking and triggering of muons, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration plans to install triple-layer Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors in the CMS muon endcaps. Demonstr… ▽ More After the Phase-2 high-luminosity upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the collision rate and therefore the background rate will significantly increase, particularly in the high $η$ region. To improve both the tracking and triggering of muons, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration plans to install triple-layer Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors in the CMS muon endcaps. Demonstrator GEM detectors were installed in CMS during 2017 to gain operational experience and perform a preliminary investigation of detector performance. We present the results of triple-GEM detector performance studies performed in situ during normal CMS and LHC operations in 2018. The distribution of cluster size and the efficiency to reconstruct high $p_T$ muons in proton--proton collisions are presented as well as the measurement of the environmental background rate to produce hits in the GEM detector. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2021; v1 submitted 20 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures

Modeling the triple-GEM detector response to background particles for the CMS Experiment

Authors: M. Abbas, M. Abbrescia, H. Abdalla, A. Abdelalim, S. AbuZeid, A. Agapitos, A. Ahmad, A. Ahmed, W. Ahmed, C. Aimè, C. Aruta, I. Asghar, P. Aspell, C. Avila, I. Azhgirey, J. Babbar, Y. Ban, R. Band, S. Bansal, L. Benussi, V. Bhatnagar, M. Bianco, S. Bianco, K. Black, L. Borgonovi , et al. (164 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: An estimate of environmental background hit rate on triple-GEM chambers is performed using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and compared to data taken by test chambers installed in the CMS experiment (GE1/1) during Run-2 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The hit rate is measured using data collected with proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV and a luminosity of 1.5$\times10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The… ▽ More An estimate of environmental background hit rate on triple-GEM chambers is performed using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and compared to data taken by test chambers installed in the CMS experiment (GE1/1) during Run-2 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The hit rate is measured using data collected with proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV and a luminosity of 1.5$\times10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The simulation framework uses a combination of the FLUKA and Geant4 packages to obtain the hit rate. FLUKA provides the radiation environment around the GE1/1 chambers, which is comprised of the particle flux with momentum direction and energy spectra ranging from $10^{-11}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for neutrons, $10^{-3}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for $γ$'s, $10^{-2}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for $e^{\pm}$, and $10^{-1}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for charged hadrons. Geant4 provides an estimate of detector response (sensitivity) based on an accurate description of detector geometry, material composition and interaction of particles with the various detector layers. The MC simulated hit rate is estimated as a function of the perpendicular distance from the beam line and agrees with data within the assigned uncertainties of 10-14.5%. This simulation framework can be used to obtain a reliable estimate of background rates expected at the High Luminosity LHC. △ Less

Submitted 8 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 16 pages, 9 figures, 6 tables

Diamond-Like Carbon for the Fast Timing MPGD

Authors: Anna Colaleo, Giuseppe De Robertis, Francesco Licciulli, Marcello Maggi, Antonio Ranieri, Federica Simone, Antonio Valentini, Rosamaria Venditti, Piet Verwilligen, Maura Cesaria, Lucio Calcagnile, Anna Paola Caricato, Massimo Di Giulio, Antonella Lorusso, Daniela Manno, Maurizio Martino, Alessio Perrone, Gianluca Quarta, Antonio Serra, Martina Ressegotti, Cristina Riccardi, Paola Salvini, Paolo Vitulo, Ilaria Vai, Christos Roskas , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The present generation of Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) are radiation hard detectors, capable of detecting efficiently particle rates of several MHz/cm$^2$ , while exhibiting good spatial resolution ($\leq$ 50 $μ$m) and modest time resolution of 5-10 ns, which satisfies the current generation of experiments (High Luminosity LHC upgrades of CMS and ATLAS) but it is not sufficient for bunc… ▽ More The present generation of Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) are radiation hard detectors, capable of detecting efficiently particle rates of several MHz/cm$^2$ , while exhibiting good spatial resolution ($\leq$ 50 $μ$m) and modest time resolution of 5-10 ns, which satisfies the current generation of experiments (High Luminosity LHC upgrades of CMS and ATLAS) but it is not sufficient for bunch crossing identification of fast timing systems at FCC- hh. Thanks to the application of thin resistive films such as Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) a new detector concept was conceived: Fast Timing MPGD (FTM). In the FTM the drift volume of the detector has been divided in several layers each with their own amplification structure. The use of resistive electrodes makes the entire structure transparent for electrical signals. After some first initial encouraging results, progress has been slowed down due to problems with the wet-etching of DLC-coated polyimide foils. To solve these problems a more in-depth knowledge of the internal stress of the DLC together with the DLC-polyimide adhesion is required. We will report on the production of DLC films produced in Italy with Ion Beam Sputtering and Pulsed Laser Deposition, where we are searching to improve the adhesion of the thin DLC films, combined with a very high uniformity of the resistivity values. △ Less

Submitted 31 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Comments: MPGD2019 proceedings, presented by Piet Verwilligen

R&D towards the CMS RPC Phase-2 upgrade

Authors: A. Fagot, A. Cimmino, S. Crucy, M. Gul, A. A. O. Rios, M. Tytgat, N. Zaganidis, S. Aly, Y. Assran, A. Radi, A. Sayed, G. Singh, M. Abbrescia, G. Iaselli, M. Maggi, G. Pugliese, P. Verwilligen, W. Van Doninck, S. Colafranceschi, A. Sharma, L. Benussi, S. Bianco, D. Piccolo, F. Primavera, V. Bhatnagar , et al. (71 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The high pseudo-rapidity region of the CMS muon system is covered by Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) only and lacks redundant coverage despite the fact that it is a challenging region for muons in terms of backgrounds and momentum resolution. In order to maintain good efficiency for the muon trigger in this region additional RPCs are planned to be installed in the two outermost stations at low angle… ▽ More The high pseudo-rapidity region of the CMS muon system is covered by Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) only and lacks redundant coverage despite the fact that it is a challenging region for muons in terms of backgrounds and momentum resolution. In order to maintain good efficiency for the muon trigger in this region additional RPCs are planned to be installed in the two outermost stations at low angle named RE3/1 and RE4/1. These stations will use RPCs with finer granularity and good timing resolution to mitigate background effects and to increase the redundancy of the system. △ Less

Submitted 14 June, 2016; originally announced June 2016.

Comments: 13th Workshop on Resistive Plate Chambers and related detectors, 22-26 February 2016, Ghent University, Belgium

High rate, fast timing Glass RPC for the high η CMS muon detectors

Authors: F. Lagarde, M. Gouzevitch, I. Laktineh, V. Buridon, X. Chen, C. Combaret, A. Eynard, L. Germani, G. Grenier, H. Mathez, L. Mirabito, A. Petrukhin, A. Steen, W. Tromeuraa, Y. Wang, A. Gongab, N. Moreau, C. de la Taille, F. Dulucqac, A. Cimmino, S. Crucy, A. Fagot, M. Gul, A. A. O. Rios, M. Tytgat , et al. (86 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The HL-LHC phase is designed to increase by an order of magnitude the amount of data to be collected by the LHC experiments. To achieve this goal in a reasonable time scale the instantaneous luminosity would also increase by an order of magnitude up to $6.10^{34} cm^{-2} s^{-1}$ . The region of the forward muon spectrometer ($|η| > 1.6$) is not equipped with RPC stations. The increase of the expec… ▽ More The HL-LHC phase is designed to increase by an order of magnitude the amount of data to be collected by the LHC experiments. To achieve this goal in a reasonable time scale the instantaneous luminosity would also increase by an order of magnitude up to $6.10^{34} cm^{-2} s^{-1}$ . The region of the forward muon spectrometer ($|η| > 1.6$) is not equipped with RPC stations. The increase of the expected particles rate up to $2 kHz/cm^{2}$ (including a safety factor 3) motivates the installation of RPC chambers to guarantee redundancy with the CSC chambers already present. The actual RPC technology of CMS cannot sustain the expected background level. The new technology that will be chosen should have a high rate capability and provides a good spatial and timing resolution. A new generation of Glass-RPC (GRPC) using low-resistivity (LR) glass is proposed to equip at least the two most far away of the four high $η$ muon stations of CMS. First the design of small size prototypes and studies of their performance in high-rate particles flux is presented. Then the proposed designs for large size chambers and their fast-timing electronic readout are examined and preliminary results are provided. △ Less

Submitted 22 July, 2016; v1 submitted 4 June, 2016; originally announced June 2016.

Comments: 14 pages, 11 figures, Conference proceeding for the 2016 Resistive Plate Chambers and Related Detectors

Performance of Resistive Plate Chambers installed during the first long shutdown of the CMS experiment

Authors: M. Shopova, A. Aleksandrov, R. Hadjiiska, P. Iaydjiev, G. Sultanov, M. Rodozov, S. Stoykova, Y. Assran, A. Sayed, A. Radi, S. Aly, G. Singh, M. Abbrescia, G. Iaselli, M. Maggi, G. Pugliese, P. Verwilligen, W. Van Doninck, S. Colafranceschi, A. Sharma, L. Benussi, S. Bianco, D. Piccolo, F. Primavera, A. Cimmino , et al. (71 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The CMS experiment, located at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, has a redundant muon system composed by three different detector technologies: Cathode Strip Chambers (in the forward regions), Drift Tubes (in the central region) and Resistive Plate Chambers (both its central and forward regions). All three are used for muon reconstruction and triggering. During the first long shutdown (LS1) of the L… ▽ More The CMS experiment, located at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, has a redundant muon system composed by three different detector technologies: Cathode Strip Chambers (in the forward regions), Drift Tubes (in the central region) and Resistive Plate Chambers (both its central and forward regions). All three are used for muon reconstruction and triggering. During the first long shutdown (LS1) of the LHC (2013-2014) the CMS muon system has been upgraded with 144 newly installed RPCs on the forth forward stations. The new chambers ensure and enhance the muon trigger efficiency in the high luminosity conditions of the LHC Run2. The chambers have been successfully installed and commissioned. The system has been run successfully and experimental data has been collected and analyzed. The performance results of the newly installed RPCs will be presented. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2016; originally announced May 2016.

Comments: 5 pages, 6 figures, proceeding to The XIII workshop on Resistive Plate Chambers and Related Detectors (RPC2016)

Report number: CMS CR-2016/090

Radiation Tests of Real-Sized Prototype RPCs for the Future CMS RPC Upscope

Authors: K. S. Lee, S. Choi, B. S. Hong, M. Jo, J. W. Kang, M. Kang, H. Kim, K. Lee, S. K. Parka, A. Cimmino, S. Crucy, A. Fagot, M. Gul, A. A. O. Rios, M. Tytgat, N. Zaganidis, S. Ali, Y. Assran, A. Radi, A. Sayed, G. Singh, M. Abbrescia, G. Iaselli, M. Maggi, G. Pugliese , et al. (71 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on a systematic study of double-gap and four-gap phenolic resistive plate chambers (RPCs) for future high-η RPC triggers in the CMS. In the present study, we constructed real-sized double-gap and four-gap RPCs with gap thicknesses of 1.6 and 0.8 mm, respectively, with 2-mm-thick phenolic high-pressure-laminated (HPL) plates. We examined the prototype RPCs for cosmic rays and 100 GeV muon… ▽ More We report on a systematic study of double-gap and four-gap phenolic resistive plate chambers (RPCs) for future high-η RPC triggers in the CMS. In the present study, we constructed real-sized double-gap and four-gap RPCs with gap thicknesses of 1.6 and 0.8 mm, respectively, with 2-mm-thick phenolic high-pressure-laminated (HPL) plates. We examined the prototype RPCs for cosmic rays and 100 GeV muons provided by the SPS H4 beam line at CERN. We applied maximum gamma rates of 1.5 kHz cm-2 provided by 137Cs sources at Korea University and the GIF++ irradiation facility installed at the SPS H4 beam line to examine the rate capabilities of the prototype RPCs. In contrast to the case of the four-gap RPCs, we found the relatively high threshold was conducive to effectively suppressing the rapid increase of strip cluster sizes of muon hits with high voltage, especially when measuring the narrow-pitch strips. The gamma-induced currents drawn in the four-gap RPC were about one-fourth of those drawn in the double-gap RPC. The rate capabilities of both RPC types, proven through the present testing using gamma-ray sources, far exceeded the maximum rate expected in the new high-η endcap RPCs planned for future phase-II LHC runs. △ Less

Submitted 4 May, 2016; v1 submitted 2 May, 2016; originally announced May 2016.

Comments: Conference proceeding for the 2016 Resistive Plate Chambers and Related Detectors 8 pages, 9 figures

A novel application of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors in MPGD

Authors: D. Abbaneo, M. Abbas, M. Abbrescia, A. A. Abdelalim, M. Abi Akl, O. Aboamer, D. Acosta, A. Ahmad, W. Ahmed, W. Ahmed, A. Aleksandrov, R. Aly, P. Altieri, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, P. Aspell, Y. Assran, I. Awan, S. Bally, Y. Ban, S. Banerjee, V. Barashko, P. Barria, G. Bencze, N. Beni, L. Benussi , et al. (133 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a novel application of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors in the construction and characterisation of Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD), with particular attention to the realisation of the largest triple (Gas electron Multiplier) GEM chambers so far operated, the GE1/1 chambers of the CMS experiment at LHC. The GE1/1 CMS project consists of 144 GEM chambers of about 0.5 m2 active are… ▽ More We present a novel application of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors in the construction and characterisation of Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD), with particular attention to the realisation of the largest triple (Gas electron Multiplier) GEM chambers so far operated, the GE1/1 chambers of the CMS experiment at LHC. The GE1/1 CMS project consists of 144 GEM chambers of about 0.5 m2 active area each, employing three GEM foils per chamber, to be installed in the forward region of the CMS endcap during the long shutdown of LHC in 2108-2019. The large active area of each GE1/1 chamber consists of GEM foils that are mechanically stretched in order to secure their flatness and the consequent uniform performance of the GE1/1 chamber across its whole active surface. So far FBGs have been used in high energy physics mainly as high precision positioning and re-positioning sensors and as low cost, easy to mount, low space consuming temperature sensors. FBGs are also commonly used for very precise strain measurements in material studies. In this work we present a novel use of FBGs as flatness and mechanical tensioning sensors applied to the wide GEM foils of the GE1/1 chambers. A network of FBG sensors have been used to determine the optimal mechanical tension applied and to characterise the mechanical tension that should be applied to the foils. We discuss the results of the test done on a full-sized GE1/1 final prototype, the studies done to fully characterise the GEM material, how this information was used to define a standard assembly procedure and possible future developments. △ Less

Submitted 28 December, 2015; originally announced December 2015.

Comments: 4 pages, 4 figures, presented by Luigi Benussi at MPGD 2015 (Trieste, Italy). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1512.08481

Report number: INFN-15-10/LNF

Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors as flatness and mechanical stretching sensors

Authors: D. Abbaneo, M. Abbas, M. Abbrescia, A. A. Abdelalim, M. Abi Akl, O. Aboamer, D. Acosta, A. Ahmad, W. Ahmed, W. Ahmed, A. Aleksandrov, R. Aly, P. Altieri, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, P. Aspell, Y. Assran, I. Awan, S. Bally, Y. Ban, S. Banerjee, V. Barashko, P. Barria, G. Bencze, N. Beni, L. Benussi , et al. (133 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A novel approach which uses Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors has been utilised to assess and monitor the flatness of Gaseous Electron Multipliers (GEM) foils. The setup layout and preliminary results are presented. A novel approach which uses Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors has been utilised to assess and monitor the flatness of Gaseous Electron Multipliers (GEM) foils. The setup layout and preliminary results are presented. △ Less

Submitted 28 December, 2015; originally announced December 2015.

Comments: Two pages, one figure. Presented by Luigi Benussi (corresponding author) to Elba 2015 conference

Report number: Frascati Preprint INFN-15-09/LNF

Performance of a Large-Area GEM Detector Prototype for the Upgrade of the CMS Muon Endcap System

Authors: D. Abbaneo, M. Abbas, M. Abbrescia, A. A. Abdelalim, M. Abi Akl, W. Ahmed, W. Ahmed, P. Altieri, R. Aly, C. Asawatangtrakuldee, A. Ashfaq, P. Aspell, Y. Assran, I. Awan, S. Bally, Y. Ban, S. Banerjee, P. Barria, L. Benussi, V. Bhopatkar, S. Bianco, J. Bos, O. Bouhali, S. Braibant, S. Buontempo , et al. (113 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology is being considered for the forward muon upgrade of the CMS experiment in Phase 2 of the CERN LHC. Its first implementation is planned for the GE1/1 system in the $1.5 < \midη\mid < 2.2$ region of the muon endcap mainly to control muon level-1 trigger rates after the second long LHC shutdown. A GE1/1 triple-GEM detector is read out by 3,072 radial strips wi… ▽ More Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology is being considered for the forward muon upgrade of the CMS experiment in Phase 2 of the CERN LHC. Its first implementation is planned for the GE1/1 system in the $1.5 < \midη\mid < 2.2$ region of the muon endcap mainly to control muon level-1 trigger rates after the second long LHC shutdown. A GE1/1 triple-GEM detector is read out by 3,072 radial strips with 455 $μ$rad pitch arranged in eight $η$-sectors. We assembled a full-size GE1/1 prototype of 1m length at Florida Tech and tested it in 20-120 GeV hadron beams at Fermilab using Ar/CO$_{2}$ 70:30 and the RD51 scalable readout system. Four small GEM detectors with 2-D readout and an average measured azimuthal resolution of 36 $μ$rad provided precise reference tracks. Construction of this largest GEM detector built to-date is described. Strip cluster parameters, detection efficiency, and spatial resolution are studied with position and high voltage scans. The plateau detection efficiency is [97.1 $\pm$ 0.2 (stat)]\%. The azimuthal resolution is found to be [123.5 $\pm$ 1.6 (stat)] $μ$rad when operating in the center of the efficiency plateau and using full pulse height information. The resolution can be slightly improved by $\sim$ 10 $μ$rad when correcting for the bias due to discrete readout strips. The CMS upgrade design calls for readout electronics with binary hit output. When strip clusters are formed correspondingly without charge-weighting and with fixed hit thresholds, a position resolution of [136.8 $\pm$ 2.5 stat] $μ$rad is measured, consistent with the expected resolution of strip-pitch/$\sqrt{12}$ = 131.3 $μ$rad. Other $η$-sectors of the detector show similar response and performance. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2014; v1 submitted 30 November, 2014; originally announced December 2014.

Comments: 8 pages, 32 figures, submitted to Proc. 2014 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symposium, Seattle, WA, reference added