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Beam-test evaluation of pre-production Low Gain Avalanche Detectors for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector
Authors:
A. Aboulhorma,
M. Ait Tamlihat,
H. M. Alfanda,
O. Atanova,
N. Atanov,
I. Azzouzi,
J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa,
T. Beau,
D. Benchekroun,
F. Bendebba,
G. Bergamin,
Y. Bimgdi,
A. Blot,
A. Boikov,
J. Bonis,
D. Boumediene,
C. Brito,
A. S. Brogna,
A. M. Burger,
L. Cadamuro,
Y. Cai,
N. Cartalade,
R. Casanova Mohr,
R. Cherkaoui El Moursli,
Y. Che
, et al. (207 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment as part of the Phase-II upgrade for the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). It will mitigate pile-up effects in the forward region, and measure per bunch luminosity. The design of HGTD is based on Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) sensors. This paper presents the results of beam-test campaigns conduc…
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The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment as part of the Phase-II upgrade for the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). It will mitigate pile-up effects in the forward region, and measure per bunch luminosity. The design of HGTD is based on Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) sensors. This paper presents the results of beam-test campaigns conducted at CERN and DESY in 2023 and 2024 on single LGADs from HGTD pre-production test structures, before and after neutron irradiation up to fluences of $2.5 \times 10^{15}~\mathrm{n_{eq}/cm^2}$. The tested LGADs can meet HGTD requirements in terms of charge collection, time resolution, and hit efficiency, even under HL-LHC end-of-life conditions, supporting their deployment in the final detector.
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Submitted 30 January, 2026; v1 submitted 1 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Thermal Cycling Reliability of Hybrid Pixel Sensor Modules for The ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector
Authors:
Y. Li,
A. Aboulhorma,
M. Ait Tamlihat,
H. M. Alfanda,
N. Atanov,
O. Atanova,
I. Azzouzi,
J. Barreiro Guimarães Da Costa,
T. Beau,
D. Benchekroun,
F. Bendebba,
Y. Bimgdi,
A. Blot,
A. Boikov,
J. Bonis,
D. Boumediene,
C. Brito,
A. S. Brogna,
A. M. Burger,
L. Cadamuro,
Y. Cai,
N. Cartalade,
R. Casanova Mohr,
Y. Che,
X. Chen
, et al. (203 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The reliability of bump connection structures has become a critical aspect of future silicon detectors for particle physics. The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) for the ATLAS experiment at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider will require 8032 hybrid pixel sensor modules, composed of two Low Gain Avalanche Diode sensors bump-bonded to two readout ASICs and glued to a passive PCB. The…
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The reliability of bump connection structures has become a critical aspect of future silicon detectors for particle physics. The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) for the ATLAS experiment at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider will require 8032 hybrid pixel sensor modules, composed of two Low Gain Avalanche Diode sensors bump-bonded to two readout ASICs and glued to a passive PCB. The detector will operate at low temperature (-30 degrees Celsius) to mitigate the impact of irradiation. The thermomechanical reliability of flip-chip bump connections in HGTD modules is a critical concern, particularly due to their characteristically lower bump density (pixel pitch dimensions of 1.3 mm by 1.3 mm). This paper elaborates on the challenges arising from this design characteristic. Finite element analysis and experimental testing were employed to investigate failure modes in the flip-chip bump structures under thermal cycling from -45 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius and to guide the module redesign. The optimized design demonstrates significantly enhanced robustness and is projected to fulfill the full lifetime requirements of the HGTD.
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Submitted 17 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Low Level Radio-Frequency system used for testing the RFQ prototype of MYRRHA
Authors:
C. Joly,
W. Sarlin,
Y. Gargouri,
J. Lesrel,
J-F. Yaniche,
S. Berthelot,
A. Escalda,
G. Ferry,
B-Y. Ky,
M. Pereira,
J. Belmans,
F. Davin,
W. De Cock,
P. Della Faille,
F. Pompon,
D. Vandeplassche
Abstract:
Within the framework of the European, project MYRTE (MYRRHA Research and Transmutation Endeavour) of the H2020 program, a 4-Rods RFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupole) has been designed at 176.1 MHz RFQ for accelerating up to 4 mA protons in CW (Continuous Wave) operation from 30 keV up to 1.5 MeV. A LLRF prototype has been developed to regulate the amplitude and the phase of the accelerator field into…
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Within the framework of the European, project MYRTE (MYRRHA Research and Transmutation Endeavour) of the H2020 program, a 4-Rods RFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupole) has been designed at 176.1 MHz RFQ for accelerating up to 4 mA protons in CW (Continuous Wave) operation from 30 keV up to 1.5 MeV. A LLRF prototype has been developed to regulate the amplitude and the phase of the accelerator field into the RFQ and the frequency of the RFQ controlling the motor of the frequency tuner. The facility at Louvain-La-Neuve will be presented with a focus on the LLRF system used and some preliminary results.
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Submitted 1 October, 2019; v1 submitted 18 September, 2019;
originally announced September 2019.
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AGATA - Advanced Gamma Tracking Array
Authors:
S. Akkoyun,
A. Algora,
B. Alikhani,
F. Ameil,
G. de Angelis,
L. Arnold,
A. Astier,
A. Ataç,
Y. Aubert,
C. Aufranc,
A. Austin,
S. Aydin,
F. Azaiez,
S. Badoer,
D. L. Balabanski,
D. Barrientos,
G. Baulieu,
R. Baumann,
D. Bazzacco,
F. A. Beck,
T. Beck,
P. Bednarczyk,
M. Bellato,
M. A. Bentley,
G. Benzoni
, et al. (329 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA) is a European project to develop and operate the next generation gamma-ray spectrometer. AGATA is based on the technique of gamma-ray energy tracking in electrically segmented high-purity germanium crystals. This technique requires the accurate determination of the energy, time and position of every interaction as a gamma ray deposits its energy within the…
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The Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA) is a European project to develop and operate the next generation gamma-ray spectrometer. AGATA is based on the technique of gamma-ray energy tracking in electrically segmented high-purity germanium crystals. This technique requires the accurate determination of the energy, time and position of every interaction as a gamma ray deposits its energy within the detector volume. Reconstruction of the full interaction path results in a detector with very high efficiency and excellent spectral response. The realization of gamma-ray tracking and AGATA is a result of many technical advances. These include the development of encapsulated highly-segmented germanium detectors assembled in a triple cluster detector cryostat, an electronics system with fast digital sampling and a data acquisition system to process the data at a high rate. The full characterization of the crystals was measured and compared with detector-response simulations. This enabled pulse-shape analysis algorithms, to extract energy, time and position, to be employed. In addition, tracking algorithms for event reconstruction were developed. The first phase of AGATA is now complete and operational in its first physics campaign. In the future AGATA will be moved between laboratories in Europe and operated in a series of campaigns to take advantage of the different beams and facilities available to maximize its science output. The paper reviews all the achievements made in the AGATA project including all the necessary infrastructure to operate and support the spectrometer.
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Submitted 17 September, 2012; v1 submitted 24 November, 2011;
originally announced November 2011.