Showing 1–26 of 26 results for author: Schwarz, T

Milestoning Markov-jump dynamics: Stationary properties, thermodynamic consistency, kinetic hysteresis, and fluctuation symmetries

Authors: Tassilo Schwarz, David Hartich, Aljaž Godec

Abstract: We derive an exact coarse graining of generic Markov-jump processes into observable semi-Markov dynamics. Exact results for waiting-time distributions for jumps between observable states are derived and proved that these decompose into conditionally independent dwell and transition times. Dwell times are proved to be a local property of mesostates - they depend on the initial but not final state.… ▽ More We derive an exact coarse graining of generic Markov-jump processes into observable semi-Markov dynamics. Exact results for waiting-time distributions for jumps between observable states are derived and proved that these decompose into conditionally independent dwell and transition times. Dwell times are proved to be a local property of mesostates - they depend on the initial but not final state. Conversely, transition-path times depend on both states, trigger kinetic hysteresis, and, under suitable conditions on the hidden sub-network, are shown to obey a reflection symmetry. We characterize the stationary properties of the milestoned dynamics, prove its thermodynamic consistency, and demonstrate robustness to milestone positioning. Surprisingly, even in the limit of a time-scale separation rendering the observed dynamics approximately Markovian, the effect of kinetic hysteresis on the dissipation persists. A minimal example shows how the results lay the foundation for inferring affinities of hidden dissipative cycles from observations of transition-path times. △ Less

Submitted 15 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

3D atomistic imaging of polymer nanocomposites with Atom Probe Tomography: experimental methodology, preliminary results and future outlook

Authors: James O. Douglas, Reza Salehiyan, Aparna Saksena, Tim M. Schwarz, Baptiste Gault, Stella Pedrazzini, Emilio Martinez-Paneda, Łukasz Figiel

Abstract: The use of polymer nanocomposites as gas barrier materials has seen increasing interest, including applications involving hydrogen transport and storage. Better understanding of gas transport through those polymeric systems requires 3D nanoscale detection of distributions and the possible trapping of gas molecules within nanoparticles and polymer/nanoparticle interfaces While atom probe tomography… ▽ More The use of polymer nanocomposites as gas barrier materials has seen increasing interest, including applications involving hydrogen transport and storage. Better understanding of gas transport through those polymeric systems requires 3D nanoscale detection of distributions and the possible trapping of gas molecules within nanoparticles and polymer/nanoparticle interfaces While atom probe tomography (APT) offers promising means for such nanoscale characterisation, its use for polymers has been mainly limited to thin organic layers deposited onto substrates or pre-fabricated metal needle shaped specimens. This work provides the very first application of APT to bulk polymer nanocomposites. Particularly, site specific atom probe sample preparation by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) liftout has been shown for the first time in a model system of hexagonal boron nanoparticles within a PVDF polymer matrix, using a variety of FIB workflows including Xe FIB, Ga FIB, cryogenic Ga FIB and deuterium charging. Mass spectra from the bulk polymer and the nanoparticle were collected using pulsed laser atom probe using standard conditions and compared. Several challenges encountered during this research including damage of the polymeric matrix during sample preparation were extensively discussed in this paper. Once those challenges have been resolved (e.g. by developing site specific sample preparation protocols), the application of APT to polymer nanocomposites can open new options for nanoscale characterisation of those systems. △ Less

Submitted 18 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Complex-Weighted Convolutional Networks: Provable Expressiveness via Complex Diffusion

Authors: Cristina López Amado, Tassilo Schwarz, Yu Tian, Renaud Lambiotte

Abstract: Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse applications, yet they remain limited by oversmoothing and poor performance on heterophilic graphs. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel framework that equips graphs with a complex-weighted structure, assigning each edge a complex number to drive a diffusion process that extends random walks into the complex… ▽ More Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse applications, yet they remain limited by oversmoothing and poor performance on heterophilic graphs. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel framework that equips graphs with a complex-weighted structure, assigning each edge a complex number to drive a diffusion process that extends random walks into the complex domain. We prove that this diffusion is highly expressive: with appropriately chosen complex weights, any node-classification task can be solved in the steady state of a complex random walk. Building on this insight, we propose the Complex-Weighted Convolutional Network (CWCN), which learns suitable complex-weighted structures directly from data while enriching diffusion with learnable matrices and nonlinear activations. CWCN is simple to implement, requires no additional hyperparameters beyond those of standard GNNs, and achieves competitive performance on benchmark datasets. Our results demonstrate that complex-weighted diffusion provides a principled and general mechanism for enhancing GNN expressiveness, opening new avenues for models that are both theoretically grounded and practically effective. △ Less

Submitted 17 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 6 figures. Learning on Graphs Conference 2025

Low and high frequency noise in LEDs

Authors: Danylo Bohomolov, Vita Ivanova, Ulrich T. Schwarz

Abstract: LED degradation is usually associated with defects in the active region. Whereby the noise analysis can be a strong instrument to reveal them. The results of optical noise measurements for commercially available blue LED samples in a wide frequency range from kHz to MHz are reported. Noise spectra were decomposed into components according to the presented theoretical model which includes 1/f-type… ▽ More LED degradation is usually associated with defects in the active region. Whereby the noise analysis can be a strong instrument to reveal them. The results of optical noise measurements for commercially available blue LED samples in a wide frequency range from kHz to MHz are reported. Noise spectra were decomposed into components according to the presented theoretical model which includes 1/f-type noise, generation-recombination noise, and white noise. The 1/f$^γ$-type noise was modeled as a superposition of generation-recombination noise components at defects with a continuous wide distribution of relaxation lifetimes. The coincidence of the experimental results with 1/f$^γ$ model for the low frequency range is proved and a fitting is made. We identified three noise components that are highly current-dependent. The corresponding model of temperature dependence for the low-frequency range was developed. At low currents, the model partially matched the experimental results in the temperature range from 100 K to 300 K at low frequencies. However, high-frequency measurements showed deviations from the expected Lorentzian behavior. △ Less

Submitted 8 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Journal ref: Phys. Status Solidi A, 222 (2025): 2400869

Atom probe tomography of hydrated biomacromolecules: preliminary results

Authors: Shuo Zhang, Leonardo Shoji Aota, Mahander P. Singh, Eric V. Woods, Fantine Périer Jouet, Tim M. Schwarz, Baptiste Gault

Abstract: The folding and structure of biomacromolecules depend on the 3D distributions of their constituents, which ultimately controls their functionalities and interactions with other biomacromolecules. Atom probe tomography (APT) with its unparalleled compositional sensitivity at nanoscale spatial resolution, could provide complementary information to cryo-electron microscopy, yet routine APT analysis o… ▽ More The folding and structure of biomacromolecules depend on the 3D distributions of their constituents, which ultimately controls their functionalities and interactions with other biomacromolecules. Atom probe tomography (APT) with its unparalleled compositional sensitivity at nanoscale spatial resolution, could provide complementary information to cryo-electron microscopy, yet routine APT analysis of biomacromolecules in their native state remains challenging. Here, a ferritin solution was used as a model system. Following plunge freezing in liquid nitrogen, cryogenic lift-out and cryo-APT analysis were performed. Elements from the ferritin core and shell are detected yet particles seem destroyed. We hence demonstrate the feasibility of preparing and analyzing bulk hydrated biological samples using APT, however, the cooling was too slow to vitrify the solution. This caused irrecoverable damage to the protein shell surrounding the ferritin particles due to ice crystal formation. We report on preliminary data from high-pressure frozen (HPF) deionized (DI) water, demonstrating a proof-ofprinciple experiments that intact biomacromolecules could be analyzed through a similar workflow in the future. We report on many trials (and errors) on the use of different materials for substrates and different substrate geometries, and provide a perspective on the challenges we faced to facilitate future studies across the community. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Unlocking Spin Dynamics: Spin-Orbit Coupling Driven Spin State Interconversion in Carbazole-Containing TADF Emitters

Authors: Annika Morgenstern, Jonas Weiser, Lucas Schreier, Konstantin Gabel, Tom Gabler, Alexander Ehm, Nadine Schwierz, Ulrich T. Schwarz, Kirsten Zeitler, Dietrich R. T. Zahn, Christian Wiebeler, Georgeta Salvan

Abstract: The determination of transport mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is crucial for optimizing device performance. Magnetic field measurements enable the differentiation of spin state interconversion mechanisms, but data interpretation remains challenging. Here, experimental and theoretical investigations were combined to provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying proces… ▽ More The determination of transport mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is crucial for optimizing device performance. Magnetic field measurements enable the differentiation of spin state interconversion mechanisms, but data interpretation remains challenging. Here, experimental and theoretical investigations were combined to provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying processes. This study systematically compares three cyanoarene-based emitters with different singlet-triplet gaps to explore factors influencing reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). The comparison of all-$^1$H and all-$^2$H 4CzIPN isotopologues confirms that RISC is governed by spin-orbit coupling (SOC) rather than hyperfine interactions. Magnetic field-dependent measurements reveal that charge transport in OLED devices is driven by triplet-charge annihilation in 3CzClIPN and 4CzIPN, while triplet-triplet annihilation dominates for 5CzBN. Theoretical calculations further indicate that SOC-mediated RISC in 3CzClIPN and 4CzIPN can additionally occur via a $T_2$ intermediate state with an activation energy distinct from the singlet-triplet energy gap. A temperature-dependent analysis of the devices was conducted to quantify this activation energy and compare it with the computational findings. These findings establish key correlations between activation energy, spin dynamics, and magnetic field effects in TADF emitters, advancing our understanding of excitonic processes in OLEDs. △ Less

Submitted 25 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 45 pages (including Supplementary Information (SI)), 34 Figures (13 manuscript, 21 SI)

A High-Precision, Fast, Robust, and Cost-Effective Muon Detector Concept for the FCC-ee

Authors: F. Anulli, H. Beauchemin, C. Bini, A. Bross, M. Corradi, T. Dai, D. Denisov, E. C. Dukes, C. Ferretti, P. Fleischmann, M. Franklin, J. Freeman, J. Ge, L. Guan, Y. Guo, C. Herwig, S. -C. Hsu, J. Huth, D. Levin, C. Li, H. -C. Lin, H. Lubatti, C. Luci, V. Martinez Outschoorn, K. Nelson , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We propose a high-precision, fast, robust and cost-effective muon detector concept for an FCC-ee experiment. This design combines precision drift tubes with fast plastic scintillator strips to enable both spatial and timing measurements. The drift tubes deliver two-dimensional position measurements perpendicular to the tubes with a resolution around 100~$μ$m. Meanwhile, the scintillator strips, re… ▽ More We propose a high-precision, fast, robust and cost-effective muon detector concept for an FCC-ee experiment. This design combines precision drift tubes with fast plastic scintillator strips to enable both spatial and timing measurements. The drift tubes deliver two-dimensional position measurements perpendicular to the tubes with a resolution around 100~$μ$m. Meanwhile, the scintillator strips, read out with the wavelength-shifting fibers and silicon photomultipliers, provide fast timing information with a precision of 200~ps or better and measure the third coordinate along the tubes with a resolution of about 1~mm. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: Input to the update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, 8 pages, 1 figure

Consistent time reversal and reliable and accurate inference in the presence of memory

Authors: Tassilo Schwarz, Anatoly B. Kolomeisky, Aljaž Godec

Abstract: Thermodynamic inference from coarse observations remains a key challenge. Memory, in particular correlations between consecutively observed mesostates, blur signatures of irreversibility and must be accounted for in defining physical time-reversal, which remains an open problem. We derive an experimentally accessible k-th order estimator for the entropy production rate. Using novel measure-theoret… ▽ More Thermodynamic inference from coarse observations remains a key challenge. Memory, in particular correlations between consecutively observed mesostates, blur signatures of irreversibility and must be accounted for in defining physical time-reversal, which remains an open problem. We derive an experimentally accessible k-th order estimator for the entropy production rate. Using novel measure-theoretic techniques we prove necessary and sufficient conditions for guaranteed lower bounds on the dissipation even in the strongly non-Markovian setting. The proof reveals that estimators saturated in the order unravel the duration of memory which needs to be considered in defining physically consistent time-reversal. We show that Markovian estimators in absence of a time-scale separation lead to artifacts, which convey no physical meaning. Similarly, estimators not saturated in the order may overestimate the dissipation. The necessity of correctly accounting for memory in thermodynamic inference from strongly non-Markovian observations underscores the still underappreciated challenges and intricacies in defining and understanding irreversibility in presence of memory. Our results will hopefully stimulate experiments systematically considering thermodynamic inference on multiple scales consistently accounting for memory. △ Less

Submitted 23 December, 2025; v1 submitted 15 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Mapping the path to Cryogenic Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of biomolecules

Authors: Eric V. Woods, Tim M. Schwarz, Mahander P. Singh, Shuo Zhang, Se-Ho Kim, Ayman A. El-Zoka, Lothar Gremer, Dieter Willbold, Ingrid McCarroll, B. Gault

Abstract: The understanding of protein structure, folding, and interaction with other proteins remains one of the grand challenges of modern biology. Tremendous progress has been made thanks to X-ray- or electron-based techniques that have provided atomic configurations of proteins, and their solvation shell. These techniques though require a large number of similar molecules to provide an average view, and… ▽ More The understanding of protein structure, folding, and interaction with other proteins remains one of the grand challenges of modern biology. Tremendous progress has been made thanks to X-ray- or electron-based techniques that have provided atomic configurations of proteins, and their solvation shell. These techniques though require a large number of similar molecules to provide an average view, and lack detailed compositional information that might play a major role in the biochemical activity of these macromolecules. Based on its intrinsic performance and recent impact in materials science, atom probe tomography (APT) has been touted as a potential novel tool to analyse biological materials, including proteins. However, analysis of biomolecules in their native, hydrated state by APT have not yet been routinely achieved, and the technique's true capabilities remain to be demonstrated. Here, we present and discuss systematic analyses of individual amino-acids in frozen aqueous solutions on two different nanoporous metal supports across a wide range of analysis conditions. Using a ratio of the molecular ions of water as a descriptor for the conditions of electrostatic field, we study the fragmentation and behavior of those amino acids. We discuss the importance sample support, specimen preparation route, acquisition conditions and data analysis, to pave the way towards establishing guidelines for cryo-APT analysis of biomolecules. △ Less

Submitted 19 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Nanoporous gold thin films as substrates to analyze liquids by cryo-atom probe tomography

Authors: E. V. Woods, A. Saksena, A. A. El-Zoka, L. T. Stephenson, T. M. Schwarz, M. P. Singh, L. S. Aota, S. -H. Kim, J. Schneider, B. Gault

Abstract: Cryogenic atom probe tomography (cryo-APT) is being developed to enable nanoscale compositional analyses of frozen liquids. Yet, the availability of readily available substrates that allow for the fixation of liquids while providing sufficient strength to their interface, is still an issue. Here we propose the use of 1-2 microns thick binary alloy film of gold-silver (AuAg) sputtered onto flat sil… ▽ More Cryogenic atom probe tomography (cryo-APT) is being developed to enable nanoscale compositional analyses of frozen liquids. Yet, the availability of readily available substrates that allow for the fixation of liquids while providing sufficient strength to their interface, is still an issue. Here we propose the use of 1-2 microns thick binary alloy film of gold-silver (AuAg) sputtered onto flat silicon, with sufficient adhesion without an additional layer. Through chemical dealloying, we successfully fabricate a nanoporous substrate, with open-pore structure, which is mounted on a microarray of Si posts by lift out in the focused-ion beam, allowing for cryogenic fixation of liquids. We present cryo-APT results obtained after cryogenic sharpening, vacuum cryo-transfer and analysis of pure water on top and inside the nanoporous film. We demonstrate that this new substrate has the requisite characteristics for facilitating cryo-APT of frozen liquids, with a relatively lower volume of precious metals. This complete workflow represents an improved approach for frozen liquid analysis, from preparation of the films to the successful fixation of the liquid in the porous network, to cryo-atom probe tomography. △ Less

Submitted 22 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

In-situ metallic coating of atom probe specimen for enhanced yield, performance, and increased field-of-view

Authors: Tim M. Schwarz, Eric Woods, Mahander P. Singh, Chanwon Jung, Leonardo S. Aota, Kyuseon Jang, Mathias Krämer, Se-Ho Kim, Ingrid McCarroll, Baptiste Gault

Abstract: Atom probe tomography requires needle-shaped specimens with a diameter typically below 100 nm, making them both very fragile and reactive, and defects (notches at grain boundaries or precipitates) are known to affect the yield and data quality. The use of a conformal coating directly on the sharpened specimen has been proposed to increase yield and reduce background. However, to date, these coatin… ▽ More Atom probe tomography requires needle-shaped specimens with a diameter typically below 100 nm, making them both very fragile and reactive, and defects (notches at grain boundaries or precipitates) are known to affect the yield and data quality. The use of a conformal coating directly on the sharpened specimen has been proposed to increase yield and reduce background. However, to date, these coatings have been applied ex-situ and mostly are not uniformly. Here, we report on the controlled focused ion beam in-situ deposition of a thin metal film on specimens immediately after specimen preparation. Different metallic targets e.g. Cr were attached to a micromanipulator via a conventional lift-out method and sputtered using the Ga or Xe ions. We showcase the many advantages of coating specimens from metallic to non-metallic materials. We have identified an increase in data quality and yield, an improvement of the mass resolution, as well as an increase in the effective field-of-view enabling visualization of the entire original specimen, including the complete surface oxide layer. The ease of implementation of the approach makes it very attractive for generalizing its use across a very wide range of atom probe analyses. △ Less

Submitted 17 January, 2024; v1 submitted 14 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

A versatile and reproducible cryo-sample preparation methodology for atom probe studies

Authors: Eric V. Woods, Mahander P. Singh, Se-Ho Kim, Tim M. Schwarz, James O. Douglas, Ayman El-Zoka, Finn Giulani, Baptiste Gault

Abstract: Repeatable and reliable site-specific preparation of specimens for atom probe tomography (APT) at cryogenic temperatures has proven challenging. A generalized workflow is required for cryogenic-specimen preparation including lift-out via focused-ion beam and in-situ deposition of capping layers, to strengthen specimens that will be exposed to high electric field and stresses during field evaporati… ▽ More Repeatable and reliable site-specific preparation of specimens for atom probe tomography (APT) at cryogenic temperatures has proven challenging. A generalized workflow is required for cryogenic-specimen preparation including lift-out via focused-ion beam and in-situ deposition of capping layers, to strengthen specimens that will be exposed to high electric field and stresses during field evaporation in APT, and protect them from environment during transfer into the atom probe. Here, we build on existing protocols, and showcase preparation and analysis of a variety of metals, oxides and supported frozen liquids and battery materials. We demonstrate reliable in-situ deposition of a metallic capping layer that significantly improve the atom probe data quality for challenging material systems, particularly battery cathode materials which are subjected to delithiation during the atom probe analysis itself. Our workflow designed is versatile and transferable widely to other instruments. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Construction of Precision sMDT Detector for ATLAS Muon Spectrometer Upgrade

Authors: D. Amidei, N. Anderson, A. Chen, E. Carpenter, L. Cooperrider, T. Dai, E. Diehl, C. Ferretti, Y. Guo, J. Li, X. Meng, K. Nelson, V. Pillsbury, E. Salzer, T. Schwarz, L. Simpson, Z. Wang, C. Weaverdyck, C. Wei, Z. Yang, M. Yuan, B. Zhou, J. Zhu

Abstract: This paper describes the small-diameter monitored drift-tube detector construction at the University of Michigan as a contribution to the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer upgrade for the high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Measurements of the first 30 chambers built at Michigan show that the drift tube wire position accuracy meets the specification of 20 microns. The positions of the platforms f… ▽ More This paper describes the small-diameter monitored drift-tube detector construction at the University of Michigan as a contribution to the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer upgrade for the high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Measurements of the first 30 chambers built at Michigan show that the drift tube wire position accuracy meets the specification of 20 microns. The positions of the platforms for alignment and magnetic field sensors are all installed well within the required precision. The cosmic ray test measurements show single wire tracking resolution of 100 +- 7 microns with an average detection efficiency above 99 %. The infrastructure, tooling, techniques, and procedures for chamber production are described in detail. The results from the chamber quality control tests of the first 30 constructed chambers are reported. △ Less

Submitted 1 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 35 pages, 41 figures

Development and test of a mini-Data Acquisition system for the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade of the ATLAS Monitored Drift Tube detector

Authors: Yuxiang Guo, Xueye Hu, Thomas Schwarz, Bing Zhou, Junjie Zhu

Abstract: New front-end electronics including ASICs and FPGA boards are under development for the ATLAS Monitored Drift Tube (MDT) detector to handle the large data rates and harsh environment expected at high-luminosity LHC runs. A mobile Data Acquisition (miniDAQ) system is designed to perform integration tests of these front-end electronics. In addition, it will be used for surface commissioning of 96 sm… ▽ More New front-end electronics including ASICs and FPGA boards are under development for the ATLAS Monitored Drift Tube (MDT) detector to handle the large data rates and harsh environment expected at high-luminosity LHC runs. A mobile Data Acquisition (miniDAQ) system is designed to perform integration tests of these front-end electronics. In addition, it will be used for surface commissioning of 96 small-radius MDT (sMDT) chambers and for integration and commissioning of new front-end electronics on the present ATLAS MDT chambers. Details of the miniDAQ hardware and firmware are described in this article. The miniDAQ system is also used to read out new front-end electronics on an sMDT prototype chamber using cosmic muons and results obtained are shown. △ Less

Submitted 26 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: 10 pages, 12 figures

The modular Atom Probe Concept

Authors: Patrick Stender, Helena Solodenko, Andreas Weigel, Irdi Balla, Tim Maximilian Schwarz, Jonas Ott, Manuel Roussell, Rüya Duran, Sebastian Eich, Mohammad Al-Shakran, Timo Jacob, Guido Schmitz

Abstract: Atomic probe tomography (APT), based on the work of Erwin Mueller, is able to generate three-dimensional chemical maps in atomic resolution. The required instruments for APT have evolved over the last 20 years from an experimental to an established method of materials analysis. Here, we describe the realization of a new instrument concept that allows the direct attachment of APT to a dual beam SEM… ▽ More Atomic probe tomography (APT), based on the work of Erwin Mueller, is able to generate three-dimensional chemical maps in atomic resolution. The required instruments for APT have evolved over the last 20 years from an experimental to an established method of materials analysis. Here, we describe the realization of a new instrument concept that allows the direct attachment of APT to a dual beam SEM microscope with the main achievement of fast and direct sample transfer. New operational modes are enabled regarding sample geometry, alignment of tips and microelectrode. The instrument is optimized to handle cryo-samples at all stages of preparation and storage. The instrument comes with its own software for evaluation and reconstruction. The performance in terms of mass resolution, aperture angle, and detection efficiency is demonstrated with a few application examples. △ Less

Submitted 7 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Optical transceivers for event triggers in the ATLAS phase-I upgrade

Authors: L. Zhang, C. Chen, I. Cohen, E. Cruda, D. Gong, S. Hou, X. Hu, X. Huang, J. -H. Li, C. Liu, T. Liu, L. Murphy, T. Schwarz, H. Sun, X. Sun, J. Thomas, Z. Wang, J. Ye, W. Zhang

Abstract: The ATLAS phase-I upgrade aims to enhance event trigger performance in the Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeter and the forward muon spectrometer. The trigger signals are transmitted by optical transceivers at 5.12 Gbps per channel in a radiation field. We report the design, quality control in production and ageing test of the transceivers fabricated with the LOCld laser driver and multi-mode 850 nm ver… ▽ More The ATLAS phase-I upgrade aims to enhance event trigger performance in the Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeter and the forward muon spectrometer. The trigger signals are transmitted by optical transceivers at 5.12 Gbps per channel in a radiation field. We report the design, quality control in production and ageing test of the transceivers fabricated with the LOCld laser driver and multi-mode 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The modules are packaged in miniature formats of dual-channel transmitter (MTx) and transceiver (MTRx) for the LAr. The transmitters are also packaged in small form-factor pluggable (SFP) for the muon spectrometer. In production, the LOCld chips and VCSELs in TOSA package were examined before assembly. All of the modules were tested and selected during production for quality control based on the eye-diagram parameters measured at 5.12 Gbps. The yield is 98 % for both the MTx and MTRx on a total 4.7k modules. The uniformity of transmitter channels of a MTx was assured by choosing the TOSA components with approximately equal light powers. The ageing effect is monitored in burn-in of a small batch of transmitter modules with bit-error test and eye-diagrams measured periodically. The observables are stable with the light power degradation within 5 % over a period of more than 6k hours. △ Less

Submitted 25 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Comments: 6 pages, 10 figures

A Multi-Layer SEU Mitigation Strategy to Improve FPGA Design Robustness for the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer Upgrade

Authors: Xueye Hu, Jinhong Wang, Reid Pinkham, Suen Hou, Thomas Schwarz, Bing Zhou

Abstract: We present a multi-layer single-event upset mitigation strategy implemented in a low-cost Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA. The implementation is targeted for a trigger data router for the ATLAS muon spectrometer upgrade. The mitigation strategy employs three layers of protection to improve overall FPGA design robustness: use of triple-modular redundancy for FPGA fabric logic and embedded soft-error mitigation… ▽ More We present a multi-layer single-event upset mitigation strategy implemented in a low-cost Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA. The implementation is targeted for a trigger data router for the ATLAS muon spectrometer upgrade. The mitigation strategy employs three layers of protection to improve overall FPGA design robustness: use of triple-modular redundancy for FPGA fabric logic and embedded soft-error mitigation in the first layer; further enhancement with multi-boot FPGA reconfiguration across multiple copies of configuration memory in the second layer; and FPGA power cycling and configuration memory re-initialization in the third layer. The effectiveness of this scheme has been evaluated at two different neutron facilities, LANSCE and NCSR Demokritos, with 800 MeV and 25 MeV beam energies, respectively. Testing was performed with a similar configuration to that planned for final operation. We discuss the testing strategy and summarize the test results to estimate the expected data loss over 10 years of operation in the ATLAS experiment. △ Less

Submitted 16 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019.

Comments: submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics research A

Pressurized rf cavities in ionizing beams

Authors: B. Freemire, A. V. Tollestrup, K. Yonehara, M. Chung, Y. Torun, R. P. Johnson, G. Flanagan, P. M. Hanlet, M. G. Collura, M. R. Jana, M. Leonova, A. Moretti, T. Schwarz

Abstract: A muon collider or Higgs factory requires significant reduction of the six dimensional emittance of the beam prior to acceleration. One method to accomplish this involves building a cooling channel using high pressure gas filled radio frequency cavities. The performance of such a cavity when subjected to an intense particle beam must be investigated before this technology can be validated. To this… ▽ More A muon collider or Higgs factory requires significant reduction of the six dimensional emittance of the beam prior to acceleration. One method to accomplish this involves building a cooling channel using high pressure gas filled radio frequency cavities. The performance of such a cavity when subjected to an intense particle beam must be investigated before this technology can be validated. To this end, a high pressure gas filled radio frequency (rf) test cell was built and placed in a 400 MeV beam line from the Fermilab linac to study the plasma evolution and its effect on the cavity. Hydrogen, deuterium, helium and nitrogen gases were studied. Additionally, sulfur hexafluoride and dry air were used as dopants to aid in the removal of plasma electrons. Measurements were made using a variety of beam intensities, gas pressures, dopant concentrations, and cavity rf electric fields, both with and without a 3 T external solenoidal magnetic field. Energy dissipation per electron-ion pair, electron-ion recombination rates, ion-ion recombination rates, and electron attachment times to $SF_6$ and $O_2$ were measured. △ Less

Submitted 5 January, 2018; originally announced January 2018.

Comments: 15 pp

Report number: Fermilab-Pub-16-297-AD-APC

Journal ref: Phys.Rev.Accel.Beams 19,062004 (2016)

Search for low-mass WIMPs in a 0.6 kg day exposure of the DAMIC experiment at SNOLAB

Authors: A. Aguilar-Arevalo, D. Amidei, X. Bertou, M. Butner, G. Cancelo, A. Castañeda Vázquez, B. A. Cervantes Vergara, A. E. Chavarria, C. R. Chavez, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, J. C. D'Olivo, J. Estrada, G. Fernandez Moroni, R. Gaïor, Y. Guandincerri, K. P. Hernández Torres, F. Izraelevitch, A. Kavner, B. Kilminster, I. Lawson, A. Letessier-Selvon, J. Liao, J. Molina, J. R. Peña, P. Privitera , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results of a dark matter search performed with a 0.6 kg day exposure of the DAMIC experiment at the SNOLAB underground laboratory. We measure the energy spectrum of ionization events in the bulk silicon of charge-coupled devices down to a signal of 60 eV electron equivalent. The data are consistent with radiogenic backgrounds, and constraints on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic… ▽ More We present results of a dark matter search performed with a 0.6 kg day exposure of the DAMIC experiment at the SNOLAB underground laboratory. We measure the energy spectrum of ionization events in the bulk silicon of charge-coupled devices down to a signal of 60 eV electron equivalent. The data are consistent with radiogenic backgrounds, and constraints on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic-scattering cross section are accordingly placed. A region of parameter space relevant to the potential signal from the CDMS-II Si experiment is excluded using the same target for the first time. This result obtained with a limited exposure demonstrates the potential to explore the low-mass WIMP region (<10 GeV/$c^{2}$) of the upcoming DAMIC100, a 100 g detector currently being installed in SNOLAB. △ Less

Submitted 9 November, 2016; v1 submitted 25 July, 2016; originally announced July 2016.

Comments: 11 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 94, 082006 (2016)

Measurement of the $B_c^{\pm}$ production cross section in $p\bar{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=1.96$ TeV

Authors: CDF Collaboration, T. Aaltonen, S. Amerio, D. Amidei, A. Anastassov, A. Annovi, J. Antos, G. Apollinari, J. A. Appel, T. Arisawa, A. Artikov, J. Asaadi, W. Ashmanskas, B. Auerbach, A. Aurisano, F. Azfar, W. Badgett, T. Bae, A. Barbaro-Galtieri, V. E. Barnes, B. A. Barnett, P. Barria, P. Bartos, M. Bauce, F. Bedeschi , et al. (374 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We describe a measurement of the ratio of the cross sections times branching fractions of the $B_c^+$ meson in the decay mode $B_c^+ \rightarrow J/ψμν$ to the $B^+$ meson in the decay mode $B^+ \rightarrow J/ψK^+$ in proton-antiproton collisions at center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=1.96$ TeV. The measurement is based on the complete CDF Run II data set, which comes from an integrated luminosity of… ▽ More We describe a measurement of the ratio of the cross sections times branching fractions of the $B_c^+$ meson in the decay mode $B_c^+ \rightarrow J/ψμν$ to the $B^+$ meson in the decay mode $B^+ \rightarrow J/ψK^+$ in proton-antiproton collisions at center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=1.96$ TeV. The measurement is based on the complete CDF Run II data set, which comes from an integrated luminosity of $8.7\,{\rm fb}^{-1}$. The ratio of the production cross sections times branching fractions for $B_c^+$ and $B_c^+$ mesons with momentum transverse to the beam greater than $6~\textrm{GeV}/c$ and rapidity magnitude smaller than 0.6 is $0.211\pm 0.012~\mbox{(stat)}^{+0.021}_{-0.020}~\mbox{(syst)}$. Using the known $B^+ \rightarrow J/ψK^+$ branching fraction, the known $B^+$ production cross section, and a selection of the predicted $B_c^+ \rightarrow J/ψμν$ branching fractions, the range for the total $B_c^+$ production cross section is estimated. △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2016; v1 submitted 15 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016.

Comments: 28 pages, 25 figures, and 20 tables. This version is consistent with paper published in Phys. Rev. D on March 1, 2016

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-16-008-E-PPD

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 93, 052001 (2016)

The DAMIC dark matter experiment

Authors: A. Aguilar-Arevalo, D. Amidei, X. Bertou, D. Bole, M. Butner, G. Cancelo, A. Castañeda Vázquez, A. E. Chavarria, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, S. Dixon, J. C. D'Olivo, J. Estrada, G. Fernandez Moroni, K. P. Hernández Torres, F. Izraelevitch, A. Kavner, B. Kilminster, I. Lawson, J. Liao, M. López, J. Molina, G. Moreno-Granados, J. Pena, P. Privitera, Y. Sarkis , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The DAMIC (Dark Matter in CCDs) experiment uses high resistivity, scientific grade CCDs to search for dark matter. The CCD's low electronic noise allows an unprecedently low energy threshold of a few tens of eV that make it possible to detect silicon recoils resulting from interactions of low mass WIMPs. In addition the CCD's high spatial resolution and the excellent energy response results in ver… ▽ More The DAMIC (Dark Matter in CCDs) experiment uses high resistivity, scientific grade CCDs to search for dark matter. The CCD's low electronic noise allows an unprecedently low energy threshold of a few tens of eV that make it possible to detect silicon recoils resulting from interactions of low mass WIMPs. In addition the CCD's high spatial resolution and the excellent energy response results in very effective background identification techniques. The experiment has a unique sensitivity to dark matter particles with masses below 10 GeV/c$^2$. Previous results have demonstrated the potential of this technology, motivating the construction of DAMIC100, a 100 grams silicon target detector currently being installed at SNOLAB. In this contribution, the mode of operation and unique imaging capabilities of the CCDs, and how they may be exploited to characterize and suppress backgrounds will be discussed, as well as physics results after one year of data taking. △ Less

Submitted 7 October, 2015; originally announced October 2015.

Comments: Presented at the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2015), The Hague, The Netherlands

FPGA Implementation of a Fixed Latency Scheme in a Signal Packet Router for the Upgrade of ATLAS Forward Muon Trigger Electronics

Authors: Jinhong Wang, Xueye Hu, Thomas Schwarz, Junjie Zhu, J. W. Chapman, Tiesheng Dai, Bing Zhou

Abstract: We propose a new fixed latency scheme for Xilinx gigabit transceivers that will be used in the upgrade of the ATLAS forward muon spectrometer at the Large Hadron Collider. The fixed latency scheme is implemented in a 4.8 Gbps link between a frontend data serializer ASIC and a packet router. To achieve fixed latency, we use IO delay and dedicated carry in resources in a Xilinx FPGA, while minimally… ▽ More We propose a new fixed latency scheme for Xilinx gigabit transceivers that will be used in the upgrade of the ATLAS forward muon spectrometer at the Large Hadron Collider. The fixed latency scheme is implemented in a 4.8 Gbps link between a frontend data serializer ASIC and a packet router. To achieve fixed latency, we use IO delay and dedicated carry in resources in a Xilinx FPGA, while minimally relying on the embedded features of the FPGA transceivers. The scheme is protocol independent and can be adapted to FPGA from other vendors with similar resources. This paper presents a detailed implementation of the fixed latency scheme, as well as simulations of the real environment in the ATLAS forward muon region. △ Less

Submitted 20 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 8 pages, 8 figures, accepted by IEEE - Transactions on Nuclear Science

Measurement of radioactive contamination in the high-resistivity silicon CCDs of the DAMIC experiment

Authors: A. Aguilar-Arevalo, D. Amidei, X. Bertou, D. Bole, M. Butner, G. Cancelo, A. Castañeda Vázquez, A. E. Chavarria, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, S. Dixon, J. C. D'Olivo, J. Estrada, G. Fernandez Moroni, K. P. Hernández Torres, F. Izraelevitch, A. Kavner, B. Kilminster, I. Lawson, J. Liao, M. López, J. Molina, G. Moreno-Granados, J. Pena, P. Privitera, Y. Sarkis , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present measurements of radioactive contamination in the high-resistivity silicon charge-coupled devices (CCDs) used by the DAMIC experiment to search for dark matter particles. Novel analysis methods, which exploit the unique spatial resolution of CCDs, were developed to identify $α$ and $β$ particles. Uranium and thorium contamination in the CCD bulk was measured through $α$ spectroscopy, wit… ▽ More We present measurements of radioactive contamination in the high-resistivity silicon charge-coupled devices (CCDs) used by the DAMIC experiment to search for dark matter particles. Novel analysis methods, which exploit the unique spatial resolution of CCDs, were developed to identify $α$ and $β$ particles. Uranium and thorium contamination in the CCD bulk was measured through $α$ spectroscopy, with an upper limit on the $^{238}$U ($^{232}$Th) decay rate of 5 (15) kg$^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$ at 95% CL. We also searched for pairs of spatially correlated electron tracks separated in time by up to tens of days, as expected from $^{32}$Si-$^{32}$P or $^{210}$Pb-$^{210}$Bi sequences of $β$ decays. The decay rate of $^{32}$Si was found to be $80^{+110}_{-65}$ kg$^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$ (95% CI). An upper limit of $\sim$35 kg$^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$ (95% CL) on the $^{210}$Pb decay rate was obtained independently by $α$ spectroscopy and the $β$ decay sequence search. These levels of radioactive contamination are sufficiently low for the successful operation of CCDs in the forthcoming 100 g DAMIC detector. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2015; v1 submitted 8 June, 2015; originally announced June 2015.

Comments: 18 pages, 20 figures

Journal ref: JINST 10 (2015) P08014

DAMIC at SNOLAB

Authors: Alvaro Chavarria, Javier Tiffenberg, Alexis Aguilar-Arevalo, Dan Amidei, Xavier Bertou, Gustavo Cancelo, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, Juan Estrada, Guillermo Fernandez Moroni, Federico Izraelevitch, Ben Kilminster, Yashmanth Langisetty, Junhui Liao, Jorge Molina, Paolo Privitera, Carolina Salazar, Youssef Sarkis, Vic Scarpine, Tom Schwarz, Miguel Sofo Haro, Frederic Trillaud, Jing Zhou

Abstract: We introduce the fully-depleted charge-coupled device (CCD) as a particle detector. We demonstrate its low energy threshold operation, capable of detecting ionizing energy depositions in a single pixel down to 50 eVee. We present results of energy calibrations from 0.3 keVee to 60 keVee, showing that the CCD is a fully active detector with uniform energy response throughout the silicon target, goo… ▽ More We introduce the fully-depleted charge-coupled device (CCD) as a particle detector. We demonstrate its low energy threshold operation, capable of detecting ionizing energy depositions in a single pixel down to 50 eVee. We present results of energy calibrations from 0.3 keVee to 60 keVee, showing that the CCD is a fully active detector with uniform energy response throughout the silicon target, good resolution (Fano ~0.16), and remarkable linear response to electron energy depositions. We show the capability of the CCD to localize the depth of particle interactions within the silicon target. We discuss the mode of operation and unique imaging capabilities of the CCD, and how they may be exploited to characterize and suppress backgrounds. We present the first results from the deployment of 250 um thick CCDs in SNOLAB, a prototype for the upcoming DAMIC100. DAMIC100 will have a target mass of 0.1 kg and should be able to directly test the CDMS-Si signal within a year of operation. △ Less

Submitted 30 June, 2014; originally announced July 2014.

Comments: 13 pages, 12 figures, proceedings prepared for 13th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP2013)

DAMIC: a novel dark matter experiment

Authors: The DAMIC Collaboration, Alexis A. Aguilar-Arevalo, Xavier Bertou, Melissa J. Butner, Gustavo Cancelo, Alvaro Chavarria, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, Juan Cruz Estrada Vigil, Guillermo Fernandez Moroni, Federico Izraelevitch, Ben Kilminster, Ian T. Lawson, Fernando Marsal, Jorge Molina, Paolo Privitera, Tom Schwarz, Miguel Sofo Haro, Javier Tiffenberg, Frederic Trillaud, Jing Zhou

Abstract: DAMIC (Dark Matter in CCDs) is a novel dark matter experiment that has unique sensitivity to dark matter particles with masses below 10 GeV. Due to its low electronic readout noise (R.M.S. ~3 e-) this instrument is able to reach a detection threshold below 0.5 keV nuclear recoil energy, making the search for dark matter particles with low masses possible. We report on early results and experience… ▽ More DAMIC (Dark Matter in CCDs) is a novel dark matter experiment that has unique sensitivity to dark matter particles with masses below 10 GeV. Due to its low electronic readout noise (R.M.S. ~3 e-) this instrument is able to reach a detection threshold below 0.5 keV nuclear recoil energy, making the search for dark matter particles with low masses possible. We report on early results and experience gained from a detector that has been running at SNOLAB from Dec 2012. We also discuss the measured and expected backgrounds and present the plan for future detectors to be installed in 2014. △ Less

Submitted 24 October, 2013; originally announced October 2013.

Comments: 4 pages, 6 figures, ICRC2013

Superfluorescent emission in electrically pumped semiconductor laser

Authors: D. L. Boiko, X. Zeng, T. Stadelmann, S. Grossmann, A. Hoogerwerf, T. Weig, U. T. Schwarz, L. Sulmoni, J. -M. Lamy, N. Grandjean

Abstract: We report superfluorescent (SF) emission in electrically pumped InGaN/InGaN QW lasers with saturable absorber. In particular, we observe a superlinear growth of the peak power of SF pulses with increasing amplitude of injected current pulses and attribute it to cooperative pairing of electron-hole (e-h) radiative recombinations. The phase transitions from amplified spontaneous emission to superflu… ▽ More We report superfluorescent (SF) emission in electrically pumped InGaN/InGaN QW lasers with saturable absorber. In particular, we observe a superlinear growth of the peak power of SF pulses with increasing amplitude of injected current pulses and attribute it to cooperative pairing of electron-hole (e-h) radiative recombinations. The phase transitions from amplified spontaneous emission to superfluorescence and then to lasing regime is confirmed by observing (i) abrupt peak power growth accompanied by spectral broadening, (ii) spectral shape with hyperbolic secant envelope and (iii) red shift of central wavelength of SF emission pulse. The observed red shift of SF emission is shown to be caused by the pairing of e-h pairs in an indirect cooperative X-transition. △ Less

Submitted 11 February, 2013; v1 submitted 1 February, 2013; originally announced February 2013.

Comments: 18 pages, 7 figures