Showing 1–50 of 64 results for author: Moore, M

Operation and performance of ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon time projection chamber

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, S. Abbaslu, F. Abd Alrahman, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, K. Adhikari, C. Adriano, K. Agudelo-Jaramillo, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, L. Aliaga Soplin, A. Alqaisi, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, R. Amarinei , et al. (1341 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In P… ▽ More ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In ProtoDUNE-DP the electric drift field is oriented in the vertical direction, causing the electrons to drift vertically towards the anode at the top. The ionization charge is then extracted into the gaseous argon above the liquid surface, amplified by Townsend avalanches, and collected by the charge readout planes. The detector experienced significant technical problems affecting the long-term operation of the Charge Readout Planes, formed by the Large Electron Multipliers, but other critical segments demonstrated required performance including the delivery of -300 kV to the TPC cathode, verification of replaceable charge read-out electronics, and operation of the photon detection system. ProtoDUNE-DP experience resulted in improved designs of the Vertical Drift LArTPC. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2026; v1 submitted 17 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 103 pages, 66 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-26-0466-LBNF

Prospects for Astrobiology and Technosignature Searches with the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time

Authors: Andjelka B Kovacevic, Nigel J. Mason, Aleksandra Ciprijanovic, Becky Long, Dominika Korczakowska, Maia Moore, Juulia Voulukka

Abstract: The Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will map sources in multiband colour--variability space. We present a prototype coherence-based framework for astrobiology and technosignature searches, in which candidates are treated as structured departures from natural astrophysical manifolds rather than isolated photometric outliers. We illustrate the framework with three si… ▽ More The Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will map sources in multiband colour--variability space. We present a prototype coherence-based framework for astrobiology and technosignature searches, in which candidates are treated as structured departures from natural astrophysical manifolds rather than isolated photometric outliers. We illustrate the framework with three simulated cases: five Kuiper Belt Object (KBO) surface/activity states, a grid of 649 synthetic exoplanet spectra with vegetation-red-edge-like (VRE) perturbations, and 500 synthetic multiband light curves, each projected into LSST-like observable space and analysed through colour geometry, chromatic variability, and cross-band coherence. Key results include a full-colour Mahalanobis distance $D\approx5.1$ for the weak-coma KBO state (${\sim}5σ$ in the five-dimensional colour vector), an indicative VRE coherence threshold at $f_{\rm crit}\approx0.13$, and an idealised stacking forecast reaching $5σ$ under optimistic assumptions. We show, using a small Gaia~DR3 stellar sample, that stellar colour and photometric stability may inform the prioritisation of Galactic regions for applying such coherence diagnostics. △ Less

Submitted 30 May, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: submitted to Advancing the Search for Technosignatures, Proceedings of IAU Symposium #404 (forthcoming)

Report number: FERMILAB-CONF-26-0344-CSAID

Warhead Verification with Neutron Beams and Electric Cryptography

Authors: Nolan Kowitt, Michael Moore, Kevin Sanchez, Mital Zalavadia, Areg Danagoulian

Abstract: Future arms control treaties may need to reliably verify warheads for dismantlement as part of the treaty verification process without exposing carefully guarded weapons information. Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis has been proposed as a strategy to verify the authenticity of nuclear warheads and warhead components slated for dismantlement in an arms control verification exercise. Most act… ▽ More Future arms control treaties may need to reliably verify warheads for dismantlement as part of the treaty verification process without exposing carefully guarded weapons information. Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis has been proposed as a strategy to verify the authenticity of nuclear warheads and warhead components slated for dismantlement in an arms control verification exercise. Most actinides have resonant neutron absorption lines in the eV region, so by measuring the energy resolved transmission of neutrons and observing the resulting isotope-specific absorption lines, the authenticity of a nuclear device can be verified. To ensure acceptance of this technique by treaty partners, the measurement should minimize information learned about the warhead, including both geometric and isotopic features. Past implementations of transmission analysis acquired and compared neutron time-of-flight spectra. We have developed an analog electric cryptographic measurement proof of concept system where only counts in specific resonance energy windows are observed. The system uses discrete analog components, producing a complete data acquisition and analysis circuit. By limiting the design to easily verifiable parts, the entire apparatus is transparent to authentication and certification. The information security provided by this analog measurement technique may make it the verification basis of future ambitious arms control treaties that explicitly stipulate the dismantlement of nuclear weapons. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Charge readout electronics for the DUNE horizontal drift far detector: design and performance in ProtoDUNE-HD

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, S. Abbaslu, F. Abd Alrahman, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, K. Adhikari, C. Adriano, K. Agudelo-Jaramillo, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, L. Aliaga Soplin, A. Alqaisi, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, R. Amarinei , et al. (1346 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment currently under construction, whose far detectors will be the largest liquid argon time projection chambers ever built. This detector design calls for custom-built cryogenic front-end electronics to meet its performance requirements. This paper describes the charge readout electronics that will be used i… ▽ More DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment currently under construction, whose far detectors will be the largest liquid argon time projection chambers ever built. This detector design calls for custom-built cryogenic front-end electronics to meet its performance requirements. This paper describes the charge readout electronics that will be used in the DUNE horizontal drift (HD) far detector and presents performance results using data from the ProtoDUNE-HD detector, a 770 ton liquid argon time projection chamber operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2024 that served as the final prototype of the DUNE HD design. △ Less

Submitted 12 August, 2026; v1 submitted 26 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted version

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-26-0270-LBNF, CERN-EP-2026-128

Journal ref: JINST 21 (2026) P08018

The Phase Transitions in a $p$ spin Glass Model: A Numerical Study

Authors: Prerak Gupta, Auditya Sharma, Bharadwaj Vedula, J. Yeo, M. A. Moore

Abstract: We investigate the balanced $M=4$, $p=4$ spin-glass model for a one-dimensional long-range proxy for the finite dimensional short-range $p$-spin glass model to examine the nature of the glass transition beyond mean-field theory. We perform large-scale Monte Carlo equilibrated simulations for both fully connected and power-law diluted versions of the model. The critical temperatures extracted from… ▽ More We investigate the balanced $M=4$, $p=4$ spin-glass model for a one-dimensional long-range proxy for the finite dimensional short-range $p$-spin glass model to examine the nature of the glass transition beyond mean-field theory. We perform large-scale Monte Carlo equilibrated simulations for both fully connected and power-law diluted versions of the model. The critical temperatures extracted from the finite-size scaling (FSS) analysis of spin-glass susceptibility are in good agreement with theoretical predictions for $σ= 0, 0.25$, and 0.55. For these values of the long-range exponent $σ$ (which is the power of the decrease of the interactions between the spins with their separation), one might have expected that mean-field theory would provide a good description of the system. However, the spin-overlap distribution and the value of the $λ$-parameter do not provide numerical evidence for a one-step replica symmetry breaking (1RSB) phase transition. Instead, our results indicate a direct transition from the paramagnetic state to a full replica symmetry broken phase, with a renormalized value of $λ\equiv ω_2/ω_1 < 1$ suggesting a continuous FRSB transition, despite this ratio being equal to 2 at mean-field level. A value of $λ> 1$ is required for the discontinuous 1RSB transition. We argue that strong finite-size effects and closely spaced transition temperatures remove the expected 1RSB transition for the system sizes which we can study. For values of the exponent $σ= 0.85$, which roughly corresponds to a three dimensional system, we find that the renormalized value of $λ$ is again less than 1, with no signs of either the 1RSB transition or the continuous FRSB transition, suggesting that the Kauzmann temperature $T_K$ in three dimensions might be zero and the complete absence of phase transitions in structural glasses. △ Less

Submitted 16 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 22 pages, 16 figures, 2 tables

Isotopic Measurements of SNM using a Portable Neutron Resonance Transmission System for Arms Control

Authors: Mital A. Zalavadia, Ethan A. Klein, Michael E. Moore, Jonathan A. Kulisek, Farheen Naqvi, Glen A. Warren, Areg Danagoulian

Abstract: Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis (NRTA) was explored as an arms control verification approach to support potential future nuclear weapon limiting treaties. A compact and portable neutron Time of Flight (ToF) system was developed to enable proof-of-concept NRTA measurements of special nuclear material (SNM). Using a short 2-meter flight path, the NRT system is sensitive to cross-section reso… ▽ More Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis (NRTA) was explored as an arms control verification approach to support potential future nuclear weapon limiting treaties. A compact and portable neutron Time of Flight (ToF) system was developed to enable proof-of-concept NRTA measurements of special nuclear material (SNM). Using a short 2-meter flight path, the NRT system is sensitive to cross-section resonances of isotopes such as 235U, 238U, 239Pu and 240Pu between 1-100 eV incident neutron energies due to their physical nuclear structure. The detected neutron ToF spectrum exhibits transmission dips at resonance energies that are characteristic of SNM isotopic composition in the inspected item. The proof-of-concept measurements of Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), Depleted Uranium (DU), and Reactor Grade Plutonium (RGPu) confirmed the characteristic resonance features within two hours of data collection time. Analysis via the REFIT resonance fitting tool accurately predicted the 235U enrichment and Pu isotopic composition within 5% and 6% of the known values, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 9 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Regime shifts and transformations in social-ecological systems: Advancing critical frontiers for safe and just futures

Authors: Juan C. Rocha, Caroline Schil, Emilie A. L. Lindkvist, Reinette Biggs, Thorsten Blenckner, Anne-Sophie Crépin, Ingo Fetzer, Carl Folke, Amanda Jiménez-Aceituno, Nielja Knecht, Jan J. Kuiper, Steven J. Lade, Carla Lanyon-Garrido, Romi Lotcheris, Romina Martin, Vanessa Masterson, Petr Matous, Michele-Lee Moore, Magnus Nyström, Per Olsson, Laura M. Pereira, Garry Peterson, André Pinto da Silva, Sasha Quahe, Maja Schlüter , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Current research challenges in sustainability science require us to consider nonlinear changes e.g. shifts that do not happen gradually but can be sudden and difficult to predict. Central questions are therefore how we can prevent harmful shifts, promote desirable ones, and better anticipate both. The regime shifts and transformations literature is well-equipped to address these questions. Yet, ev… ▽ More Current research challenges in sustainability science require us to consider nonlinear changes e.g. shifts that do not happen gradually but can be sudden and difficult to predict. Central questions are therefore how we can prevent harmful shifts, promote desirable ones, and better anticipate both. The regime shifts and transformations literature is well-equipped to address these questions. Yet, even though both research streams stem from the same intellectual roots, they have developed along different paths, with limited exchange between the two, missing opportunities for cross- fertilisation. We here review the definitions and history of both research streams to disentangle common grounds and differences. We propose avenues for future research and highlight how stronger integration of both research streams could support the development of more powerful approaches to help us navigate toward safe and just futures. △ Less

Submitted 16 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 2 figures

Operation of a Modular 3D-Pixelated Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber in a Neutrino Beam

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, S. Abbaslu, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, C. Adriano, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti , et al. (1299 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector prototypes a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprised of a two-by-two array of four modules, each f… ▽ More The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector prototypes a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprised of a two-by-two array of four modules, each further segmented into two optically-isolated LArTPCs. The 2x2 Demonstrator features a number of pioneering technologies, including a low-profile resistive field shell to establish drift fields, native 3D ionization pixelated imaging, and a high-coverage dielectric light readout system. The 2.4 tonne active mass detector is flanked upstream and downstream by supplemental solid-scintillator tracking planes, repurposed from the MINERvA experiment, which track ionizing particles exiting the argon volume. The antineutrino beam data collected by the detector over a 4.5 day period in 2024 include over 30,000 neutrino interactions in the LAr active volume-the first neutrino interactions reported by a DUNE detector prototype. During its physics-quality run, the 2x2 Demonstrator operated at a nominal drift field of 500 V/cm and maintained good LAr purity, with a stable electron lifetime of approximately 1.25 ms. This paper describes the detector and supporting systems, summarizes the installation and commissioning, and presents the initial validation of collected NuMI beam and off-beam self-triggers. In addition, it highlights observed interactions in the detector volume, including candidate muon anti-neutrino events. △ Less

Submitted 17 June, 2026; v1 submitted 6 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-25-0537-LBNF

Journal ref: Instruments 2026, 10(1), 18

Reconstruction of cosmic-ray muon events with CUORE

Authors: CUORE Collaboration, D. Q. Adams, C. Alduino, K. Alfonso, A. Armatol, F. T. Avignone III, O. Azzolini, G. Bari, F. Bellini, G. Benato, M. Beretta, M. Biassoni, A. Branca, D. Brandani, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, J. Camilleri, A. Caminata, A. Campani, J. Cao, S. Capelli, L. Cappelli, L. Cardani, P. Carniti, N. Casali , et al. (96 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the in-situ 3D reconstruction of through-going muons in the CUORE experiment, a cryogenic calorimeter array searching for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay, leveraging the segmentation of the detector. Due to the slow time response of the detector, time-of-flight estimation is not feasible. Therefore, the track reconstruction is performed using a multi-objective optimization algori… ▽ More We report the in-situ 3D reconstruction of through-going muons in the CUORE experiment, a cryogenic calorimeter array searching for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay, leveraging the segmentation of the detector. Due to the slow time response of the detector, time-of-flight estimation is not feasible. Therefore, the track reconstruction is performed using a multi-objective optimization algorithm that relies on geometrical information from the detector as a whole. We measure the integral flux of cosmic-ray muons underground at the {\it Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso}, and find our value to be in good agreement with other experiments that have performed a similar measurement. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of 3D particle tracking and reconstruction of through-going muons with per-event angular determination in a millikelvin cryogenic detector array. The analysis performed for this work will be critical for validating the muon-related background in CUPID, a next-generation $0νββ$ experiment, and for follow-up studies on detector response and on delayed products induced by cosmic-ray muons. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2026; v1 submitted 5 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Accepted by EPJC. Manuscript updated with minor corrections from the peer-review process

Spatial and Temporal Evaluations of the Liquid Argon Purity in ProtoDUNE-SP

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, S. Abbaslu, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, C. Adriano, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti , et al. (1301 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) rely on highly pure argon to ensure that ionization electrons produced by charged particles reach readout arrays. ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) was an approximately 700-ton liquid argon detector intended to prototype the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Far Detector Horizontal Drift module. It contains two drift volumes bisected by… ▽ More Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) rely on highly pure argon to ensure that ionization electrons produced by charged particles reach readout arrays. ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) was an approximately 700-ton liquid argon detector intended to prototype the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Far Detector Horizontal Drift module. It contains two drift volumes bisected by the cathode plane assembly, which is biased to create an almost uniform electric field in both volumes. The DUNE Far Detector modules must have robust cryogenic systems capable of filtering argon and supplying the TPC with clean liquid. This paper will explore comparisons of the argon purity measured by the purity monitors with those measured using muons in the TPC from October 2018 to November 2018. A new method is introduced to measure the liquid argon purity in the TPC using muons crossing both drift volumes of ProtoDUNE-SP. For extended periods on the timescale of weeks, the drift electron lifetime was measured to be above 30 ms using both systems. A particular focus will be placed on the measured purity of argon as a function of position in the detector. △ Less

Submitted 27 August, 2025; v1 submitted 11 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Report number: CERN-EP-2025-157, FERMILAB-PUB-25-0445-V

Journal ref: JINST (2025) 20 P09008

SubMIT: A Physics Analysis Facility at MIT

Authors: Josh Bendavid, Mariarosaria D'Alfonso, Jan Eysermans, Chad Freer, Maxim Goncharov, Matthew Heine, Luca Lavezzo, Marianne Moore, Christoph Paus, Xuejian Shen, David Walter, Zhangqier Wang

Abstract: The recently completed SubMIT platform is a small set of servers that provide interactive access to substantial data samples at high speeds, enabling sophisticated data analyses with very fast turnaround times. Additionally, it seamlessly integrates massive processing resources for large-scale tasks by connecting to a set of powerful batch processing systems. It serves as an ideal prototype for an… ▽ More The recently completed SubMIT platform is a small set of servers that provide interactive access to substantial data samples at high speeds, enabling sophisticated data analyses with very fast turnaround times. Additionally, it seamlessly integrates massive processing resources for large-scale tasks by connecting to a set of powerful batch processing systems. It serves as an ideal prototype for an Analysis Facility tailored to meet the demanding data and computational requirements anticipated during the High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider. The key features that make this facility so powerful include highly optimized data access with a minimum of 100Gbps networking per server, a large managed NVMe storage system, and a substantial spinning-disk Ceph file system. The platform integrates a diverse set of high multicore CPU machines for tasks benefiting from the multithreading and GPU resources for example for neural network training. SubMIT also provides and supports a flexible environment for users to manage their own software needs for example by using containers. This article describes the facility, its users, and a few complementary, generic and real-life analyses that are used to benchmark its various capabilities. △ Less

Submitted 2 May, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Exploring the keV-scale physics potential of CUORE

Authors: CUORE Collaboration, D. Q. Adams, C. Alduino, K. Alfonso, A. Armatol, F. T. Avignone III, O. Azzolini, G. Bari, F. Bellini, G. Benato, M. Beretta, M. Biassoni, A. Branca, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, J. Camilleri, A. Caminata, A. Campani, J. Cao, C. Capelli, S. Capelli, L. Cappelli, L. Cardani, P. Carniti, N. Casali , et al. (98 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the analysis techniques developed to explore the keV-scale energy region of the CUORE experiment, based on more than 2 tonne yr of data collected over 5 years. By prioritizing a stricter selection over a larger exposure, we are able to optimize data selection for thresholds at 10 keV and 3 keV with 691 kg yr and 11 kg yr of data, respectively. We study how the performance varies among t… ▽ More We present the analysis techniques developed to explore the keV-scale energy region of the CUORE experiment, based on more than 2 tonne yr of data collected over 5 years. By prioritizing a stricter selection over a larger exposure, we are able to optimize data selection for thresholds at 10 keV and 3 keV with 691 kg yr and 11 kg yr of data, respectively. We study how the performance varies among the 988-detector array with different detector characteristics and data taking conditions. We achieve an average baseline resolution of 2.54 $\pm$ 0.14 keV FWHM and 1.18 $\pm$ 0.02 keV FWHM for the data selection at 10 keV and 3 keV, respectively. The analysis methods employed reduce the overall background by about an order of magnitude, reaching 2.06 $\pm$ 0.05 counts/(keV kg days) and 16 $\pm$ 2 counts/(keV kg days) at the thresholds of 10 keV and 3 keV. We evaluate for the first time the near-threshold reconstruction efficiencies of the CUORE experiment, and find these to be 26 $\pm$ 4 \% and 50 $\pm$ 2 \% at 3 keV and 10 keV, respectively. This analysis provides crucial insights into rare decay studies, new physics searches, and keV-scale background modeling with CUORE. We demonstrate that tonne-scale cryogenic calorimeters can operate across a wide energy range, from keV to MeV, establishing their scalability as versatile detectors for rare event and dark matter physics. These findings also inform the optimization of future large mass cryogenic calorimeters to enhance the sensitivity to low-energy phenomena. △ Less

Submitted 4 February, 2026; v1 submitted 29 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

The detection of marine microseismic activity with the CUORE tonne-scale cryogenic experiment

Authors: D. Q. Adams, C. Alduino, K. Alfonso, A. Armatol, F. T. Avignone, O. Azzolini, G. Bari, F. Bellini, G. Benato, M. Beretta, M. Biassoni, A. Branca, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, J. Camilleri, A. Caminata, A. Campani, J. Cao, C. Capelli, S. Capelli, L. Cappelli, L. Cardani, P. Carniti, N. Casali, E. Celi , et al. (104 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Vibrations from experimental setups and the environment are a persistent source of noise for low-temperature calorimeters searching for rare events, including neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay or dark matter interactions. Such noise can significantly limit experimental sensitivity to the physics case under investigation. Here we report the first detection of marine microseismic vibrations us… ▽ More Vibrations from experimental setups and the environment are a persistent source of noise for low-temperature calorimeters searching for rare events, including neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay or dark matter interactions. Such noise can significantly limit experimental sensitivity to the physics case under investigation. Here we report the first detection of marine microseismic vibrations using mK-scale calorimeters. This study employs a multi-device analysis correlating data from CUORE, the leading experiment in the search for $0νββ$ decay with mK-scale calorimeters and the Copernicus Earth Observation program, revealing the seasonal impact of Mediterranean Sea activity on CUORE's energy thresholds, resolution, and sensitivity over four years. The detection of marine microseisms underscores the need to address faint environmental noise in ultra-sensitive experiments. Understanding how such noise couples to the detector and developing mitigation strategies is essential for next-generation experiments. We demonstrate one such strategy: a noise decorrelation algorithm implemented in CUORE using auxiliary sensors, which reduces vibrational noise and improves detector performance. Enhancing sensitivity to $0νββ$ decay and to rare events with low-energy signatures requires identifying unresolved noise sources, advancing noise reduction methods, and improving vibration suppression systems, all of which inform the design of next-generation rare event experiments. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2026; v1 submitted 13 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: Published version (open access, CC BY 4.0)

Journal ref: Communications Physics 9, 121 (2026)

Performance of a SiPM-based, plastic scintillator muon veto prototype for CUPID

Authors: Maya Moore, Samantha Pagan, Emily G. Pottebaum, Jorge A. Torres, Aaron Chizhik, Celín Hidalgo, Karsten M. Heeger, Reina H. Maruyama, Iris Ponce, Pranava T. Surukuchi, James Wilhelmi

Abstract: CUPID will be a next-generation experiment searching for neutrinoless double beta decay in the inverted mass ordering regime. The reduction of backgrounds in the region of interest is critical to the performance of the experiment. Despite its underground location, muon-induced events will be a non-negligible source of background for CUPID, and their mitigation will be critical in reaching CUPID's… ▽ More CUPID will be a next-generation experiment searching for neutrinoless double beta decay in the inverted mass ordering regime. The reduction of backgrounds in the region of interest is critical to the performance of the experiment. Despite its underground location, muon-induced events will be a non-negligible source of background for CUPID, and their mitigation will be critical in reaching CUPID's target sensitivity. This mitigation will be achieved with a muon veto system, which must fit within the physical constraints of the existing infrastructure while maximizing geometrical coverage. We present the design, construction, and characterization of prototypes for a modular system of plastic scintillator panels with embedded plastic wavelength-shifting fibers connected to silicon photomultipliers for the CUPID muon veto. The 100$\, \times \,$50$\, \times \, $2.5\,cm$^3$ panel prototype presented here exhibited a light yield of ($55.9 \,\pm \,1.5$)\,p.e./MeV with a position reconstruction resolution of 25$\,\times \,$25\,cm$^2$. This design also achieves a muon detection efficiency of $(98\,\pm \,1)\%$. We compare the light yield, uniformity, and position reconstruction potential of different prototype designs. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2025; v1 submitted 9 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: Accepted by JINST

Journal ref: 2025 JINST 20 P08020

European Contributions to Fermilab Accelerator Upgrades and Facilities for the DUNE Experiment

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade , et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) to the FNAL accelerator chain and the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will provide the world's most intense neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) enabling a wide-ranging physics program. This document outlines the significant contributions made by European national laboratories and institutes towards realizing the first phase o… ▽ More The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) to the FNAL accelerator chain and the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will provide the world's most intense neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) enabling a wide-ranging physics program. This document outlines the significant contributions made by European national laboratories and institutes towards realizing the first phase of the project with a 1.2 MW neutrino beam. Construction of this first phase is well underway. For DUNE Phase II, this will be closely followed by an upgrade of the beam power to > 2 MW, for which the European groups again have a key role and which will require the continued support of the European community for machine aspects of neutrino physics. Beyond the neutrino beam aspects, LBNF is also responsible for providing unique infrastructure to install and operate the DUNE neutrino detectors at FNAL and at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The cryostats for the first two Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber detector modules at SURF, a contribution of CERN to LBNF, are central to the success of the ongoing execution of DUNE Phase I. Likewise, successful and timely procurement of cryostats for two additional detector modules at SURF will be critical to the success of DUNE Phase II and the overall physics program. The DUNE Collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This paper is being submitted to the 'Accelerator technologies' and 'Projects and Large Experiments' streams. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE detector technologies and R&D, and DUNE software and computing, are also being submitted to other streams. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Submitted to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics

DUNE Software and Computing Research and Development

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade , et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The ambitious physics program of Phase I and Phase II of DUNE is dependent upon deployment and utilization of significant computing res… ▽ More The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The ambitious physics program of Phase I and Phase II of DUNE is dependent upon deployment and utilization of significant computing resources, and successful research and development of software (both infrastructure and algorithmic) in order to achieve these scientific goals. This submission discusses the computing resources projections, infrastructure support, and software development needed for DUNE during the coming decades as an input to the European Strategy for Particle Physics Update for 2026. The DUNE collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This submission to the 'Computing' stream focuses on DUNE software and computing. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE detector technologies and R&D, and European contributions to Fermilab accelerator upgrades and facilities for the DUNE experiment, are also being submitted to other streams. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Submitted to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics

The DUNE Phase II Detectors

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade , et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy for the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and… ▽ More The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy for the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the previous European Strategy for Particle Physics. The construction of DUNE Phase I is well underway. DUNE Phase II consists of a third and fourth far detector module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced > 2 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a 'Module of Opportunity', aimed at supporting the core DUNE science program while also expanding the physics opportunities with more advanced technologies. The DUNE collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This submission to the 'Detector instrumentation' stream focuses on technologies and R&D for the DUNE Phase II detectors. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE software and computing, and European contributions to Fermilab accelerator upgrades and facilities for the DUNE experiment, are also being submitted to other streams. △ Less

Submitted 29 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Submitted to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics

The Role of Computational Modeling in Enhancing Thermal Safety During Cardiac Ablation

Authors: Leila Seidabadi, Indra Vandenbussche, Rowan Carter Fink, MacKenzie Moore, Bailey McCorkendale, Fateme Esmailie

Abstract: Objective: In this review, we aim to provide an analysis of current cardiac ablation techniques, such as radiofrequency ablation (RF), cryoablation, and pulsed-field ablation (PFA), with a focus on the role of computational modeling in enhancing the precision, safety, and effectiveness of these treatments. Particular attention is given to thermal management, exploring how computational approaches… ▽ More Objective: In this review, we aim to provide an analysis of current cardiac ablation techniques, such as radiofrequency ablation (RF), cryoablation, and pulsed-field ablation (PFA), with a focus on the role of computational modeling in enhancing the precision, safety, and effectiveness of these treatments. Particular attention is given to thermal management, exploring how computational approaches contribute to understanding and controlling energy delivery, heat distribution, and tissue response during ablation procedures. Methods: The mechanisms, applications, and limitations of radiofrequency (RF) ablation, cryoablation, and pulsed field ablation (PFA) are reviewed. Additionally, the use of computational approaches, including numerical methods and artificial intelligence (AI)-based models, for evaluating energy distribution, lesion size, and tissue response during ablation procedures is discussed. Results: Computational methods can predict ablation treatment outcomes and help optimize lesion size, ablation parameters, and procedural safety. However, these models are only reliable when properly validated and verified. Conclusion: Further research is essential to collect reliable in vivo data for validating computational models and integrating them into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes. △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: The Manuscript was submitted for review to ICVTS Journal, 40 pages, 1 figure, and 3 tables. Fateme Esmailie is the corresponding author. Leila Seidabadi and Indra Vandenbussche are Co-first authors

Innovating Bolometers' Mounting: A Gravity-Based Approach

Authors: The CUPID Collaboration, K. Alfonso, A. Armatol, C. Augier, F. T. Avignone III, O. Azzolini, A. S. Barabash, G. Bari, A. Barresi, D. Baudin, F. Bellini, G. Benato, L. Benussi, V. Berest, M. Beretta, M. Bettelli, M. Biassoni, J. Billard, F. Boffelli, V. Boldrini, E. D. Brandani, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, M. Buchynska, J. Camilleri , et al. (168 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Cryogenic calorimeters, also known as bolometers, are among the leading technologies for searching for rare events. The CUPID experiment is exploiting this technology to deploy a tonne-scale detector to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{100}$Mo. The CUPID collaboration proposed an innovative approach to assembling bolometers in a stacked configuration, held in position solely by grav… ▽ More Cryogenic calorimeters, also known as bolometers, are among the leading technologies for searching for rare events. The CUPID experiment is exploiting this technology to deploy a tonne-scale detector to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{100}$Mo. The CUPID collaboration proposed an innovative approach to assembling bolometers in a stacked configuration, held in position solely by gravity. This gravity-based assembly method is unprecedented in the field of bolometers and offers several advantages, including relaxed mechanical tolerances and simplified construction. To assess and optimize its performance, we constructed a medium-scale prototype hosting 28 Li$_2$MoO$_4$ crystals and 30 Ge light detectors, both operated as cryogenic calorimeters at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy). Despite an unexpected excess of noise in the light detectors, the results of this test proved (i) a thermal stability better than $\pm$0.5 mK at 10 mK, (ii) a good energy resolution of Li$_2$MoO$_4$ bolometers, (6.6 $\pm$ 2.2) keV FWHM at 2615 keV, and (iii) a Li$_2$MoO$_4$ light yield measured by the closest light detector of 0.36 keV/MeV, sufficient to guarantee the particle identification requested by CUPID. △ Less

Submitted 6 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

CUPID, the CUORE Upgrade with Particle IDentification

Authors: The CUPID Collaboration, K. Alfonso, A. Armatol, C. Augier, F. T. Avignone III, O. Azzolini, A. S. Barabash, G. Bari, A. Barresi, D. Baudin, F. Bellini, G. Benato, L. Benussi, V. Berest, M. Beretta, L. Bergé, M. Bettelli, M. Biassoni, J. Billard, F. Boffelli, V. Boldrini, E. D. Brandani, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, M. Buchynska , et al. (168 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: CUPID, the CUORE Upgrade with Particle IDentification, is a next-generation experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay ($0νββ$) and other rare events using enriched Li$_2$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ scintillating bolometers. It will be hosted by the CUORE cryostat located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The main physics goal of CUPID is to search for $0νββ$\ of $^{100}$Mo wit… ▽ More CUPID, the CUORE Upgrade with Particle IDentification, is a next-generation experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay ($0νββ$) and other rare events using enriched Li$_2$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ scintillating bolometers. It will be hosted by the CUORE cryostat located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The main physics goal of CUPID is to search for $0νββ$\ of $^{100}$Mo with a discovery sensitivity covering the full neutrino mass regime in the inverted ordering scenario, as well as the portion of the normal ordering regime with lightest neutrino mass larger than 10 meV. With a conservative background index of 10$^{-4}$ cnts/(keV$\cdot$kg$\cdot$yr), 240 kg isotope mass, 5 keV FWHM energy resolution at 3 MeV and 10 live-years of data taking, CUPID will have a 90\% C.L. half-life exclusion sensitivity of 1.8 $\cdot$ 10$^{27}$ yr, corresponding to an effective Majorana neutrino mass ($m_{ββ}$) sensitivity of 9--15 meV, and a $3σ$ discovery sensitivity of 1 $\cdot$ 10$^{27}$ yr, corresponding to an $m_{ββ}$ range of 12--21 meV. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2025; v1 submitted 1 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication by EPJC; 25 pages, 6 figures, and 2 tables

Journal ref: Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 737 (2025)

LaB6 aided spontaneous conversion of bulk graphite into carbon nanotubes at normal atmospheric conditions

Authors: Shalaka A. Kamble, Soumen Karmakar, Somnath R. Bhopale, Sanket D. Jangale, Neha P. Gadke, Srikumar Ghorui, S. V. Bhoraskar, M. A. More, V. L. Mathe

Abstract: Herein, we report a case study in which we saw the spontaneous conversion of commercial bulk graphite into LaB6 decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under normal atmospheric conditions. The feedstock graphite was used as a hollow cylindrical anode filled with LaB6 powder and partially eroded in a DC electric-arc plasma reactor in pure nitrogen atmosphere. An unusual and spontaneous deformation of the… ▽ More Herein, we report a case study in which we saw the spontaneous conversion of commercial bulk graphite into LaB6 decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under normal atmospheric conditions. The feedstock graphite was used as a hollow cylindrical anode filled with LaB6 powder and partially eroded in a DC electric-arc plasma reactor in pure nitrogen atmosphere. An unusual and spontaneous deformation of the plasma-treated residual anode into a fluffy powder was seen to continue for months when left to ambient atmospheric conditions. The existence of LaB6 decorated multi-walled CNTs at large quantity was confirmed in the as-generated powder by using electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The as-synthesized CNT-based large-area field emitter showed promising field-emitting properties with a low turn-on electric field of ~1.5 V per micrometer, and a current density of ~1.17 mA per square cm at an applied electric field of 3.24 V per micrometer. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 6 pages, 5figures

A Versatile Side Entry Laser System for Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Authors: Ondrej Dyck, Olugbenga Olunloyo, Kai Xiao, Benjamin Wolf, Thomas M. Moore, Andrew R. Lupini, Stephen Jesse

Abstract: We present the design and implementation of a side entry laser system designed for an ultra-high vacuum scanning transmission electron microscope. This system uses a versatile probe design enclosed in a vacuum envelope such that parts can be easily aligned, modified, or exchanged without disturbing the vacuum. The system uses a mirror mounted on the sample holder such that the sample can be illumi… ▽ More We present the design and implementation of a side entry laser system designed for an ultra-high vacuum scanning transmission electron microscope. This system uses a versatile probe design enclosed in a vacuum envelope such that parts can be easily aligned, modified, or exchanged without disturbing the vacuum. The system uses a mirror mounted on the sample holder such that the sample can be illuminated without being tilted. Notably the mirror can be removed and replaced with an ablation target and a higher power laser used to ablate material directly onto the sample. We argue that new capabilities hold the potential to transform the electron microscope from an analysis tool towards a more flexible synthesis system, where atomic scale fabrication and atom-by-atom experiments can be performed. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2024; v1 submitted 12 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Search for fractionally charged particles with CUORE

Authors: CUORE Collaboration, D. Q. Adams, C. Alduino, K. Alfonso, F. T. Avignone III, O. Azzolini, G. Bari, F. Bellini, G. Benato, M. Beretta, M. Biassoni, A. Branca, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, J. Camilleri, A. Caminata, A. Campani, J. Cao, S. Capelli, C. Capelli, L. Cappelli, L. Cardani, P. Carniti, N. Casali, E. Celi , et al. (95 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a detector array comprised by 988 5$\;$cm$\times$5$\;$cm$\times$5$\;$cm TeO$_2$ crystals held below 20 mK, primarily searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $^{130}$Te. Unprecedented in size amongst cryogenic calorimetric experiments, CUORE provides a promising setting for the study of exotic through-going particles. Using th… ▽ More The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a detector array comprised by 988 5$\;$cm$\times$5$\;$cm$\times$5$\;$cm TeO$_2$ crystals held below 20 mK, primarily searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $^{130}$Te. Unprecedented in size amongst cryogenic calorimetric experiments, CUORE provides a promising setting for the study of exotic through-going particles. Using the first tonne-year of CUORE's exposure, we perform a search for hypothesized fractionally charged particles (FCPs), which are well-motivated by various Standard Model extensions and would have suppressed interactions with matter. No excess of FCP candidate tracks is observed over background, setting leading limits on the underground FCP flux with charges between $e/24-e/5$ at 90\% confidence level. Using the low background environment and segmented geometry of CUORE, we establish the sensitivity of tonne-scale sub-Kelvin detectors to diverse signatures of new physics. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures

Data-driven background model for the CUORE experiment

Authors: CUORE Collaboration, D. Q. Adams, C. Alduino, K. Alfonso, F. T. Avignone III, O. Azzolini, G. Bari, F. Bellini, G. Benato, M. Beretta, M. Biassoni, A. Branca, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, J. Camilleri, A. Caminata, A. Campani, J. Cao, S. Capelli, C. Capelli, L. Cappelli, L. Cardani, P. Carniti, N. Casali, E. Celi , et al. (93 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the model we developed to reconstruct the CUORE radioactive background based on the analysis of an experimental exposure of 1038.4 kg yr. The data reconstruction relies on a simultaneous Bayesian fit applied to energy spectra over a broad energy range. The high granularity of the CUORE detector, together with the large exposure and extended stable operations, allow for an in-depth explo… ▽ More We present the model we developed to reconstruct the CUORE radioactive background based on the analysis of an experimental exposure of 1038.4 kg yr. The data reconstruction relies on a simultaneous Bayesian fit applied to energy spectra over a broad energy range. The high granularity of the CUORE detector, together with the large exposure and extended stable operations, allow for an in-depth exploration of both spatial and time dependence of backgrounds. We achieve high sensitivity to both bulk and surface activities of the materials of the setup, detecting levels as low as 10 nBq kg$^{-1}$ and 0.1 nBq cm$^{-2}$, respectively. We compare the contamination levels we extract from the background model with prior radio-assay data, which informs future background risk mitigation strategies. The results of this background model play a crucial role in constructing the background budget for the CUPID experiment as it will exploit the same CUORE infrastructure. △ Less

Submitted 28 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

GAMPix: a novel fine-grained, low-noise and ultra-low power pixelated charge readout for TPCs

Authors: Tom Shutt, Bahrudin Trbalic, Aldo Pena-Perez, Steffen Luitz, Mark Convery, Angelo Dragone, Lorenzo Rota, Dietrich R. Freytag, Dionisio Doering, Filippo Mele, Miriam Moore, Hiro Tanaka, Yun-Tse Tsai

Abstract: We report on the development of a novel pixel charge readout system, Grid Activated Multi-scale pixel readout (GAMPix), which is under development for use in the GammaTPC gamma ray instrument concept. GammaTPC is being developed to optimize the use of liquid argon time projection chamber technology for gamma ray astrophysics, for which a fine grained low power charge readout is essential. GAMPix u… ▽ More We report on the development of a novel pixel charge readout system, Grid Activated Multi-scale pixel readout (GAMPix), which is under development for use in the GammaTPC gamma ray instrument concept. GammaTPC is being developed to optimize the use of liquid argon time projection chamber technology for gamma ray astrophysics, for which a fine grained low power charge readout is essential. GAMPix uses a new architecture with coarse and fine scale instrumented electrodes to solve the twin problems of loss of measured charge after diffusion, and high readout power. Fundamentally, it enables low noise and ultra low power charge readout at the spatial scale limited by diffusion in a time projection chamber, and has other possibly applications, including future DUNE modules. △ Less

Submitted 31 January, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 23 pages, 18 figures

Fair coins tend to land on the same side they started: Evidence from 350,757 flips

Authors: František Bartoš, Alexandra Sarafoglou, Henrik R. Godmann, Amir Sahrani, David Klein Leunk, Pierre Y. Gui, David Voss, Kaleem Ullah, Malte J. Zoubek, Franziska Nippold, Frederik Aust, Felipe F. Vieira, Chris-Gabriel Islam, Anton J. Zoubek, Sara Shabani, Jonas Petter, Ingeborg B. Roos, Adam Finnemann, Aaron B. Lob, Madlen F. Hoffstadt, Jason Nak, Jill de Ron, Koen Derks, Karoline Huth, Sjoerd Terpstra , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Many people have flipped coins but few have stopped to ponder the statistical and physical intricacies of the process. We collected $350{,}757$ coin flips to test the counterintuitive prediction from a physics model of human coin tossing developed by Diaconis, Holmes, and Montgomery (DHM; 2007). The model asserts that when people flip an ordinary coin, it tends to land on the same side it started… ▽ More Many people have flipped coins but few have stopped to ponder the statistical and physical intricacies of the process. We collected $350{,}757$ coin flips to test the counterintuitive prediction from a physics model of human coin tossing developed by Diaconis, Holmes, and Montgomery (DHM; 2007). The model asserts that when people flip an ordinary coin, it tends to land on the same side it started -- DHM estimated the probability of a same-side outcome to be about 51\%. Our data lend strong support to this precise prediction: the coins landed on the same side more often than not, $\text{Pr}(\text{same side}) = 0.508$, 95\% credible interval (CI) [$0.506$, $0.509$], $\text{BF}_{\text{same-side bias}} = 2359$. Furthermore, the data revealed considerable between-people variation in the degree of this same-side bias. Our data also confirmed the generic prediction that when people flip an ordinary coin -- with the initial side-up randomly determined -- it is equally likely to land heads or tails: $\text{Pr}(\text{heads}) = 0.500$, 95\% CI [$0.498$, $0.502$], $\text{BF}_{\text{heads-tails bias}} = 0.182$. Furthermore, this lack of heads-tails bias does not appear to vary across coins. Additional analyses revealed that the within-people same-side bias decreased as more coins were flipped, an effect that is consistent with the possibility that practice makes people flip coins in a less wobbly fashion. Our data therefore provide strong evidence that when some (but not all) people flip a fair coin, it tends to land on the same side it started. △ Less

Submitted 17 April, 2025; v1 submitted 6 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Gravity can lead to multiple peaks in the early stages of coffee ring formation

Authors: Matt R Moore, Alexander W Wray

Abstract: We consider the role of gravity in solute transport when a thin droplet evaporates. Under the physically-relevant assumptions that the contact line is pinned and the solutal Péclet number, $\mbox{Pe}$ is large, we identify two fundamental regimes that depend on the size of the Bond number, $\mbox{Bo}$. When $\mbox{Bo} = O(1)$, the asymptotic structure of solute transport follows directly from the… ▽ More We consider the role of gravity in solute transport when a thin droplet evaporates. Under the physically-relevant assumptions that the contact line is pinned and the solutal Péclet number, $\mbox{Pe}$ is large, we identify two fundamental regimes that depend on the size of the Bond number, $\mbox{Bo}$. When $\mbox{Bo} = O(1)$, the asymptotic structure of solute transport follows directly from the surface tension-dominated regime, whereby advection drives solute towards the contact line, only to be countered by local diffusive effects, leading to the formation of the famous ``coffee ring". For larger Bond numbers, we identify the distinguished limit in which $\mbox{Bo}^{-1/2}\mbox{Pe}^{2/3} = O(1)$, where the diffusive boundary layer is comparable to the surface tension boundary layer. In each regime, we perform a systematic asymptotic analysis of the solute transport and compare our predictions to numerical simulations of the full model. Our analysis identifies the effect of gravity on the nascent coffee ring, providing quantitative predictions of the size, location and shape of the solute mass profile. Furthermore, we reveal that, for certain values of $\mbox{Bo}$, $\mbox{Pe}$ and the evaporation time, a secondary peak may exist inside the classical coffee ring. We find that the onset of this secondary peak is linked to the change in behaviour of the critical point in the droplet centre. Both the onset and the peak characteristics are shown to be independent of $\mbox{Pe}$, but solutal diffusion may act to remove the secondary peak when the classical coffee ring becomes so large as to subsume it. △ Less

Submitted 27 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Evaporation of non-circular droplets

Authors: Alexander W. Wray, Matthew R. Moore

Abstract: The dynamics of thin, non-circular droplets evaporating in the diffusion-limited regime are examined. The challenging non-rectilinear mixed-boundary problem this poses is solved using a novel asymptotic approach and an asymptotic expansion for the evaporative flux from the free surface of the droplet is found. While theoretically valid only for droplets that are close to circular, it is demonstrat… ▽ More The dynamics of thin, non-circular droplets evaporating in the diffusion-limited regime are examined. The challenging non-rectilinear mixed-boundary problem this poses is solved using a novel asymptotic approach and an asymptotic expansion for the evaporative flux from the free surface of the droplet is found. While theoretically valid only for droplets that are close to circular, it is demonstrated that the methodology can successfully be applied to droplets with a wide variety of footprint shapes, including polygons and highly non-convex domains. While the applications of this are numerous, the analytically-tractable case of deposition of solute from large droplets is examined in detail, including a matched asymptotic analysis to resolve the pressure, streamlines and deposition up to second order. △ Less

Submitted 22 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 21 pages, 8 figures

Searching for New Physics with DarkLight at the ARIEL Electron-Linac

Authors: The DarkLight Collaboration, E. Cline, R. Corliss, J. C. Bernauer, R. Alarcon, R. Baartman, S. Benson, J. Bessuille, D. Ciarniello, A. Christopher, A. Colon, W. Deconinck, K. Dehmelt, A. Deshpande, J. Dilling, D. H. Dongwi, P. Fisher, T. Gautam, M. Gericke, D. Hasell, M. Hasinoff, E. Ihloff, R. Johnston, R. Kanungo, J. Kelsey , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The search for a dark photon holds considerable interest in the physics community. Such a force carrier would begin to illuminate the dark sector. Many experiments have searched for such a particle, but so far it has proven elusive. In recent years the concept of a low mass dark photon has gained popularity in the physics community. Of particular recent interest is the $^8$Be and $^4$He anomaly, w… ▽ More The search for a dark photon holds considerable interest in the physics community. Such a force carrier would begin to illuminate the dark sector. Many experiments have searched for such a particle, but so far it has proven elusive. In recent years the concept of a low mass dark photon has gained popularity in the physics community. Of particular recent interest is the $^8$Be and $^4$He anomaly, which could be explained by a new fifth force carrier with a mass of 17 MeV/$c^2$. The proposed DarkLight experiment would search for this potential low mass force carrier at ARIEL in the 10-20 MeV e$^+$e$^-$ invariant mass range. This proceeding will focus on the experimental design and physics case of the DarkLight experiment. △ Less

Submitted 14 August, 2022; v1 submitted 8 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures, to be submitted as part of the proceedings on "New Scientific Opportunities with the TRIUMF ARIEL e-linac"

Analysing the accuracy of asymptotic approximations in incomplete contact problems

Authors: Matthew R. Moore, David A. Hills

Abstract: The error incurred in the representation of the contact pressure at the edges of incomplete contacts by first order asymptotes is treated, and the maximum value of the relative error found for a range of geometries, both symmetric and non-symmetric. Shear tractions are excited by both the application of a shear force and the application of bulk tension in one body. An asymptotic representation of… ▽ More The error incurred in the representation of the contact pressure at the edges of incomplete contacts by first order asymptotes is treated, and the maximum value of the relative error found for a range of geometries, both symmetric and non-symmetric. Shear tractions are excited by both the application of a shear force and the application of bulk tension in one body. An asymptotic representation of the shear traction distribution under conditions of full stick is presented. △ Less

Submitted 14 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

The nascent coffee ring with arbitrary droplet contact set: an asymptotic analysis

Authors: Matthew R. Moore, Dominic Vella, James M. Oliver

Abstract: We consider the effect of droplet geometry on the early-stages of coffee ring formation during the evaporation of a thin droplet with an arbitrary simple, smooth, pinned contact line. We perform a systematic matched asymptotic analysis of the small-capillary number, large-solutal Peclet number limit for two evaporative models: a kinetic model, in which the evaporative flux is constant across the d… ▽ More We consider the effect of droplet geometry on the early-stages of coffee ring formation during the evaporation of a thin droplet with an arbitrary simple, smooth, pinned contact line. We perform a systematic matched asymptotic analysis of the small-capillary number, large-solutal Peclet number limit for two evaporative models: a kinetic model, in which the evaporative flux is constant across the droplet, and a diffusive model, in which the evaporative flux is singular at the contact line. For both evaporative models, solute is transported to the contact line by a capillary flow while, local to the contact line, solute diffusion counters advection. The resulting interplay leads to the formation of the nascent coffee ring. By exploiting a coordinate system embedded in the contact line, we solve explicitly the local leading-order problem, deriving a similarity profile (in the form of a gamma distribution) that describes the coffee ring profile in its early stages. Notably, the ring characteristics change due to the concomitant asymmetry in the shape of the droplet free surface, the evaporative flux (in the diffusive evaporative regime) and the mass flux into the contact line. We utilize the asymptotic model to determine the effects of geometry on the growth of the coffee ring for a droplet with an elliptical contact set. Our results offer mechanistic insight into the effect of contact-line curvature on the development of the coffee-ring from deposition up to jamming of the solute; moreover our model predicts when finite concentration effects become relevant. △ Less

Submitted 8 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Journal ref: J. Fluid Mech. 940, A38 (2022)

Morphological Comparison of Blocks in Chaos Terrains on Pluto, Europa, and Mars

Authors: Helle L. Skjetne, Kelsi N. Singer, Brian M. Hynek, Katie I. Knight, Paul M. Schenk, Cathy B. Olkin, Oliver L. White, Tanguy Bertrand, Kirby D. Runyon, William B. McKinnon, Jeffrey M. Moore, S. Alan Stern, Harold A. Weaver, Leslie A. Young, Kim Ennico

Abstract: Chaos terrains are characterized by disruption of preexisting surfaces into irregularly arranged mountain blocks with a chaotic appearance. Several models for chaos formation have been proposed, but the formation and evolution of this enigmatic terrain type has not yet been fully constrained. We provide extensive mapping of the individual blocks that make up different chaos landscapes, and present… ▽ More Chaos terrains are characterized by disruption of preexisting surfaces into irregularly arranged mountain blocks with a chaotic appearance. Several models for chaos formation have been proposed, but the formation and evolution of this enigmatic terrain type has not yet been fully constrained. We provide extensive mapping of the individual blocks that make up different chaos landscapes, and present a morphological comparison of chaotic terrains found on Pluto, Jupiter's moon Europa, and Mars, using measurements of diameter, height, and axial ratio of chaotic mountain blocks. Additionally, we compare mountain blocks in chaotic terrain and fretted terrain on Mars. We find a positive linear relationship between the size and height of chaos blocks on Pluto and Mars, whereas blocks on Europa exhibit a flat trend as block height does not generally increase with increasing block size. Block heights on Pluto are used to estimate the block root depths if they were floating icebergs. Block heights on Europa are used to infer the total thickness of the icy layer from which the blocks formed. Finally, block heights on Mars are compared to potential layer thicknesses of near-surface material. We propose that the heights of chaotic mountain blocks on Pluto, Europa, and Mars can be used to infer information about crustal lithology and surface layer thickness. △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: 45 pages, 3 tables, 9 figures, 5 appendices

Journal ref: Icarus (New York, N.Y. 1962), pp. 113866 (2020)

Representation of incomplete contact problems by half-planes

Authors: Hendrik Andresen, David A. Hills, Matthew R. Moore

Abstract: Methods for finding the optimal choices of the applied remote loads -- the applied normal force, moment, shear force and remote bulk stresses -- needed to solve frictional contact problems in partial-slip using half-plane theory are derived by using data from contacts analysed by the finite element method. While the normal and shear forces and moment are readily found from equilibrium consideratio… ▽ More Methods for finding the optimal choices of the applied remote loads -- the applied normal force, moment, shear force and remote bulk stresses -- needed to solve frictional contact problems in partial-slip using half-plane theory are derived by using data from contacts analysed by the finite element method. While the normal and shear forces and moment are readily found from equilibrium considerations, in order to determine the bulk stresses we must exploit details of the traction ratio and the direct strain within the contact, both of which are readily extracted from simulations. These contact loads enable the formulation of an equivalent half-plane problem for the contact, which can be used to determine much more precise estimates of the slip-zone sizes than are obtainable from direct use of frictional finite element analysis, as aggregated data from the finite element output is employed, and the half-plane analysis will add precision in terms of satisfaction of the laws of frictional slip and stick. △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 22 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, Volume 85, 2021, 104138

Explicit and asymptotic solutions for frictional incomplete half-plane contacts subject to general oscillatory loading in the steady-state

Authors: Hendrik Andresen, Rodolfo M. N. Fleury, Matthew R. Moore, David A. Hills

Abstract: This contribution presents an asymptotic formulation for the stick-slip behaviour of incomplete contacts under oscillatory variation of normal load, moment, shear load and differential bulk tension. The asymptotic description allows us not only to approximate the size of the slip zones during the steady-state of a cyclic problem without knowledge of the geometry or contact law, but provides a solu… ▽ More This contribution presents an asymptotic formulation for the stick-slip behaviour of incomplete contacts under oscillatory variation of normal load, moment, shear load and differential bulk tension. The asymptotic description allows us not only to approximate the size of the slip zones during the steady-state of a cyclic problem without knowledge of the geometry or contact law, but provides a solution when all known analytical solutions for incomplete contacts reach their limitations, that is, in the presence of a varying moment and a differential bulk tension large enough to reverse the direction of slip at one end of the contact. An insightful comparison between the mathematically explicit analytical solution and the asymptotic approach is drawn using the example geometry of a shallow wedge. △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 21 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Volume 146, 2021, 104214

Introducing pre-impact air-cushioning effects into the Wagner model of impact theory

Authors: Matthew R. Moore

Abstract: In this analysis, we consider the effects of non-quiescent initial conditions driven by pre-impact air-water interactions on the classical Wagner model of impact theory. We consider the problem of a rigid, solid impactor moving vertically towards a liquid pool. Prior to impact, viscous forces in the air act to deform the liquid free surface, inducing a flow in the pool. These interactions are then… ▽ More In this analysis, we consider the effects of non-quiescent initial conditions driven by pre-impact air-water interactions on the classical Wagner model of impact theory. We consider the problem of a rigid, solid impactor moving vertically towards a liquid pool. Prior to impact, viscous forces in the air act to deform the liquid free surface, inducing a flow in the pool. These interactions are then incorporated as initial conditions in the post-impact analysis. We derive expressions for the size of the effective contact set, the leading-order pressure and force on the impactor, and the speed and thickness of the jet at its base. In all cases, we show that the effect of the pre-impact behaviour is to cushion the impactor, reducing the size of the effective contact set and, hence, the force on the impactor. Small- and large-time asymptotic solutions are derived for general power-law impactors, and we show that the effects of the air die away as the impact progresses, so that we approach the classical Wagner solution. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2021; v1 submitted 5 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021.

The nascent coffee ring: how solute diffusion counters advection

Authors: Matthew R. Moore, Dominic Vella, James M. Oliver

Abstract: We study the initial evolution of the coffee ring that is formed by the evaporation of a thin, axisymmetric, surface tension-dominated droplet containing a dilute solute. When the solutal Péclet number is large, we show that diffusion close to the droplet contact line controls the coffee-ring structure in the initial stages of evaporation. We perform a systematic matched asymptotic analysis for tw… ▽ More We study the initial evolution of the coffee ring that is formed by the evaporation of a thin, axisymmetric, surface tension-dominated droplet containing a dilute solute. When the solutal Péclet number is large, we show that diffusion close to the droplet contact line controls the coffee-ring structure in the initial stages of evaporation. We perform a systematic matched asymptotic analysis for two evaporation models -- a simple, non-equilibrium, one-sided model (in which the evaporative flux is taken to be constant across the droplet surface) and a vapour-diffusion limited model (in which the evaporative flux is singular at the contact line) -- valid during the early stages in which the solute remains dilute. We call this the `nascent coffee ring' and describe the evolution of its features, including the size and location of the peak concentration and a measure of the width of the ring. Moreover, we use the asymptotic results to investigate when the assumption of a dilute solute breaks down and the effects of finite particle size and jamming are expected to become important. In particular, we illustrate the limited validity of this model in the diffusive evaporative flux regime. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2021; v1 submitted 24 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020.

Comments: 30 pages, 11 figures. Accepted in J. Fluid Mech

Journal ref: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 920, A54 (2021)

Comparison of explicit and mean-field models of cytoskeletal filaments with crosslinking motors

Authors: Adam R. Lamson, Jeffrey M. Moore, Fang Fang, Matthew A. Glaser, Michael Shelley, Meredith D. Betterton

Abstract: In cells, cytoskeletal filament networks are responsible for cell movement, growth, and division. Filaments in the cytoskeleton are driven and organized by crosslinking molecular motors. In reconstituted cytoskeletal systems, motor activity is responsible for far-from-equilibrium phenomena such as active stress, self-organized flow, and spontaneous nematic defect generation. How microscopic intera… ▽ More In cells, cytoskeletal filament networks are responsible for cell movement, growth, and division. Filaments in the cytoskeleton are driven and organized by crosslinking molecular motors. In reconstituted cytoskeletal systems, motor activity is responsible for far-from-equilibrium phenomena such as active stress, self-organized flow, and spontaneous nematic defect generation. How microscopic interactions between motors and filaments lead to larger-scale dynamics remains incompletely understood. To build from motor-filament interactions to predict bulk behavior of cytoskeletal systems, more computationally efficient techniques for modeling motor-filament interactions are needed. Here we derive a coarse-graining hierarchy of explicit and continuum models for crosslinking motors that bind to and walk on filament pairs. We compare the steady-state motor distribution and motor-induced filament motion for the different models and analyze their computational cost. All three models agree well in the limit of fast motor binding kinetics. Evolving a truncated moment expansion of motor density speeds the computation by $10^3$--$10^6$ compared to the explicit or continuous-density simulations, suggesting an approach for more efficient simulation of large networks. These tools facilitate further study of motor-filament networks on micrometer to millimeter length scales. △ Less

Submitted 26 February, 2021; v1 submitted 16 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020.

Comments: 54 pages, 7 figures, 1 table

Droplet impact onto a spring-supported plate: analysis and simulations

Authors: Michael J. Negus, Matthew R. Moore, James M. Oliver, Radu Cimpeanu

Abstract: The high-speed impact of a droplet onto a flexible substrate is a highly nonlinear process of practical importance which poses formidable modelling challenges in the context of fluid-structure interaction. We present two approaches aimed at investigating the canonical system of a droplet impacting onto a rigid plate supported by a spring and a dashpot: matched asymptotic expansions and direct nume… ▽ More The high-speed impact of a droplet onto a flexible substrate is a highly nonlinear process of practical importance which poses formidable modelling challenges in the context of fluid-structure interaction. We present two approaches aimed at investigating the canonical system of a droplet impacting onto a rigid plate supported by a spring and a dashpot: matched asymptotic expansions and direct numerical simulation (DNS). In the former, we derive a generalisation of inviscid Wagner theory to approximate the flow behaviour during the early stages of the impact. In the latter, we perform detailed DNS designed to validate the analytical framework, as well as provide insight into later times beyond the reach of the proposed mathematical model. Drawing from both methods, we observe the strong influence that the mass of the plate, resistance of the dashpot and stiffness of the spring have on the motion of the solid, which undergoes forced damped oscillations. Furthermore, we examine how the plate motion affects the dynamics of the droplet, predominantly through altering its internal hydrodynamic pressure distribution. We build on the interplay between these techniques, demonstrating that a hybrid approach leads to improved model and computational development, as well as result interpretation, across multiple length- and time-scales. △ Less

Submitted 21 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Comments: 28 pages, 6 figures

Journal ref: Journal of Engineering Mathematics 128 (3), 2021

Anomalous waves triggered by abrupt depth changes: laboratory experiments and truncated KdV statistical mechanics

Authors: M. N. J. Moore, C. Tyler Bolles, Andrew J. Majda, Di Qi

Abstract: Recent laboratory experiments of Bolles et al. (2019) demonstrate that an abrupt change in bottom topography can trigger anomalous statistics in randomized surface waves. Motivated by these observations, Majda et al. (2019) developed a theoretical framework, based on deterministic and statistical analysis of the truncated Korteweg-de Vries (TKdV) system, that successfully captures key qualitative… ▽ More Recent laboratory experiments of Bolles et al. (2019) demonstrate that an abrupt change in bottom topography can trigger anomalous statistics in randomized surface waves. Motivated by these observations, Majda et al. (2019) developed a theoretical framework, based on deterministic and statistical analysis of the truncated Korteweg-de Vries (TKdV) system, that successfully captures key qualitative features of the experiments, including the robust emergence of anomalous statistics and heightened skewness in the outgoing wavefield. Here, we extend these parallel experimental and modeling efforts with several new findings that have resulted from a synergetic interaction between the two. By precisely relating model parameters to physical ones, we calibrate the model inverse temperature to the specific conditions present in the experiments, thereby permitting a quantitative comparison. We find theoretically predicted distributions of surface displacement to match the experimental measurements with surprising detail. Prompted by the presence of surface slope in the TKdV Hamiltonian, we present new experimental measurements on surface slope statistics and compare them to model predictions. Analysis of some deterministic trajectories of TKdV elucidates the experimental length and time scales required for the statistical transition to a skewed state. Finally, the theory predicts a peculiar relationship between the outgoing displacement skewness and the change in slope variance, specifically how their ratio depends on the wave amplitude and depth ratio. New experimental measurements confirm this prediction in spectacular fashion. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020.

Viscous Transport in Eroding Porous Media

Authors: Shang-Huan Chiu, M. N. J. Moore, Bryan D. Quaife

Abstract: Transport of viscous fluid through porous media is a direct consequence of the pore structure. Here we investigate transport through a specific class of two-dimensional porous geometries, namely those formed by fluid-mechanical erosion. We investigate the tortuosity and dispersion by analyzing the first two statistical moments of tracer trajectories. For most initial configurations, tortuosity dec… ▽ More Transport of viscous fluid through porous media is a direct consequence of the pore structure. Here we investigate transport through a specific class of two-dimensional porous geometries, namely those formed by fluid-mechanical erosion. We investigate the tortuosity and dispersion by analyzing the first two statistical moments of tracer trajectories. For most initial configurations, tortuosity decreases in time as a result of erosion increasing the porosity. However, we find that tortuosity can also increase transiently in certain cases. The porosity-tortuosity relationships that result from our simulations are compared with models available in the literature. Asymptotic dispersion rates are also strongly affected by the erosion process, as well as by the number and distribution of the eroding bodies. Finally, we analyze the pore size distribution of an eroding geometry. The simulations are performed by combining a high-fidelity boundary integral equation solver for the fluid equations, a second-order stable time stepping method to simulate erosion, and new numerical methods to stably and accurately resolve nearly-touching eroded bodies and particle trajectories near the eroding bodies. △ Less

Submitted 18 October, 2019; originally announced October 2019.

Multiphase modeling of precipitation-induced membrane formation

Authors: P. S. Eastham, M. N. J. Moore, N. G. Cogan, Q. Wang, O. Steinbock

Abstract: We formulate a model for the dynamic growth of a membrane developing in a flow as the result of a precipitation reaction, a situation inspired by recent microfluidic experiments. The precipitating solid introduces additional forces on the fluid and eventually forms a membrane that is fixed in the flow due to adhesion with a substrate. A key challenge is that the location of the immobile membrane i… ▽ More We formulate a model for the dynamic growth of a membrane developing in a flow as the result of a precipitation reaction, a situation inspired by recent microfluidic experiments. The precipitating solid introduces additional forces on the fluid and eventually forms a membrane that is fixed in the flow due to adhesion with a substrate. A key challenge is that the location of the immobile membrane is unknown $\textit{a priori}$. To model this situation, we use a multiphase framework with fluid and membrane phases; the aqueous chemicals exist as scalar fields that react within the fluid to induce phase change. To verify that the model exhibits desired fluid-structure behaviors, we make a few simplifying assumptions to obtain a reduced form of the equations that is amenable to exact solution. This analysis demonstrates no-slip behavior on the developing membrane without $\textit{a priori}$ assumptions on its location. The model has applications towards precipitate reactions where the precipitate greatly affects the surrounding flow, a situation appearing in many laboratory and geophysical contexts including the hydrothermal vent theory for the origin of life. More generally, this model can be used to address fluid-structure interaction problems that feature the dynamic generation of structures. △ Less

Submitted 10 June, 2019; originally announced June 2019.

Convection in a coupled fluid-porous media system

Authors: M. McCurdy, M. N. J. Moore, X. Wang

Abstract: We perform linear and nonlinear stability analysis for thermal convection in a fluid overlying a saturated porous medium. We use a coupled system, with the Navier-Stokes equations and Darcy's equation governing the free-flow and the porous regions respectively. Incorporating a dynamic pressure term in the Lions interface condition (which specifies the normal force balance across the fluid-medium i… ▽ More We perform linear and nonlinear stability analysis for thermal convection in a fluid overlying a saturated porous medium. We use a coupled system, with the Navier-Stokes equations and Darcy's equation governing the free-flow and the porous regions respectively. Incorporating a dynamic pressure term in the Lions interface condition (which specifies the normal force balance across the fluid-medium interface) permits an energy bound on the typically uncooperative nonlinear advection term, enabling new nonlinear stability results. Within certain regimes, the nonlinear stability thresholds agree closely with the linear ones, and we quantify the differences that exist. We then compare stability thresholds produced by several common variants of the tangential interface conditions, using both numerics and asymptotics in the small Darcy number limit. Finally, we investigate the transition between full convection and fluid-dominated convection using both numerics and a heuristic theory. This heuristic theory is based on comparing the ratio of the Rayleigh number in each domain to its corresponding critical value, and it is shown to agree reasonably well with the numerics regarding how the transition depends on the depth ratio, the Darcy number, and the thermal-diffusivity ratio. △ Less

Submitted 4 July, 2019; v1 submitted 9 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019.

MSC Class: 76S05; 76E20

A minimal model for predicting ventilation rates of subterranean caves

Authors: Karina Khazmutdinova, Doron Nof, Darrel Tremaine, Ming Ye, M. N. J. Moore

Abstract: The ventilation of carbon dioxide within subterranean caves regulates the growth of speleothems --- mineral deposits found in caves that provide important clues about past climate. While previous studies have used internal temperature measurements to predict ventilation rates, such data would not be available for the task of climate reconstruction. Here, we develop a parsimonious model to predict… ▽ More The ventilation of carbon dioxide within subterranean caves regulates the growth of speleothems --- mineral deposits found in caves that provide important clues about past climate. While previous studies have used internal temperature measurements to predict ventilation rates, such data would not be available for the task of climate reconstruction. Here, we develop a parsimonious model to predict ventilation rates from knowledge of outside temperatures and the cave's physical dimensions only. In the model, ventilation arises from buoyancy-driven flows created in passageways that connect to the outside. A few key simplifications leads to a system amenable to perturbation analysis, resulting in explicit expressions for ventilation rates. We compare these predictions to time-resolved, in-situ measurements of transported cave gases (carbon dioxide and radon). The theory accurately accounts for the timing and magnitude of seasonal and synoptic variations of these gases, and is therefore diagnostic of seasonal bias in speleothem growth. △ Less

Submitted 30 August, 2018; originally announced August 2018.

Anomalous wave statistics induced by abrupt depth change

Authors: C. Tyler Bolles, Kevin Speer, M. N. J. Moore

Abstract: Laboratory experiments reveal that variations in bottom topography can qualitatively alter the distribution of randomized surface waves. A normally-distributed, unidirectional wave field becomes highly skewed and non-Gaussian upon encountering an abrupt depth transition. A short distance downstream of the transition, wave statistics conform closely to a gamma distribution, affording simple estimat… ▽ More Laboratory experiments reveal that variations in bottom topography can qualitatively alter the distribution of randomized surface waves. A normally-distributed, unidirectional wave field becomes highly skewed and non-Gaussian upon encountering an abrupt depth transition. A short distance downstream of the transition, wave statistics conform closely to a gamma distribution, affording simple estimates for skewness, kurtosis, and other statistical properties. Importantly, the exponential decay of the gamma distribution is much slower than Gaussian, signifying that extreme events occur more frequently. Under the conditions considered here, the probability of a rogue wave can increase by a factor of 50 or more. We also report on the surface-slope statistics and the spectral content of the waves produced in the experiments. △ Less

Submitted 23 August, 2018; originally announced August 2018.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Fluids 4, 011801 (2019)

A fast Chebyshev method for simulating flexible-wing propulsion

Authors: M. Nicholas J. Moore

Abstract: We develop a highly efficient numerical method to simulate small-amplitude flapping propulsion by a flexible wing in a nearly inviscid fluid. We allow the wing's elastic modulus and mass density to vary arbitrarily, with an eye towards optimizing these distributions for propulsive performance. The method to determine the wing kinematics is based on Chebyshev collocation of the 1D beam equation as… ▽ More We develop a highly efficient numerical method to simulate small-amplitude flapping propulsion by a flexible wing in a nearly inviscid fluid. We allow the wing's elastic modulus and mass density to vary arbitrarily, with an eye towards optimizing these distributions for propulsive performance. The method to determine the wing kinematics is based on Chebyshev collocation of the 1D beam equation as coupled to the surrounding 2D fluid flow. Through small-amplitude analysis of the Euler equations (with trailing-edge vortex shedding), the complete hydrodynamics can be represented by a nonlocal operator that acts on the 1D wing kinematics. A class of semi-analytical solutions permits fast evaluation of this operator with $O(N \log N)$ operations, where $N$ is the number of collocation points on the wing. This is in contrast to the minimum $O(N^2)$ operations required by a direct 2D fluid solver. The coupled wing-fluid problem is thus recast as a PDE with nonlocal operator, which we solve using a preconditioned iterative method. These techniques yield a solver of near-optimal complexity, $O(N \log N)$, allowing one to rapidly search the infinite-dimensional parameter space of all possible material distributions and even perform optimization over this space. △ Less

Submitted 1 June, 2017; v1 submitted 26 December, 2016; originally announced December 2016.

Comment on "Large enhancement in high-energy photoionization of Fe XVII and missing continuum plasma opacity"

Authors: C. Blancard, J. Colgan, Ph. Cossé, G. Faussurier, C. J. Fontes, F. Gilleron, I. Golovkin, S. B. Hansen, C. A. Iglesias, D. P. Kilcrease, J. J. MacFarlane, R. M. More, J. -C. Pain, M. Sherrill, B. G. Wilson

Abstract: Recent R-matrix calculations claim to produce a significant enhancement in the opacity of Fe XVII due to atomic core excitations [S. N. Nahar & A.K. Pradhan, Phys. Rev. Letters 116, 235003 (2016), arXiv:1606.02731] and assert that this enhancement is consistent with recent measurements of higher-than-predicted iron opacities [J. E. Bailey et al., Nature 517, 56 (2015)]. This comment shows that the… ▽ More Recent R-matrix calculations claim to produce a significant enhancement in the opacity of Fe XVII due to atomic core excitations [S. N. Nahar & A.K. Pradhan, Phys. Rev. Letters 116, 235003 (2016), arXiv:1606.02731] and assert that this enhancement is consistent with recent measurements of higher-than-predicted iron opacities [J. E. Bailey et al., Nature 517, 56 (2015)]. This comment shows that the standard opacity models which have already been directly compared with experimental data produce photon absorption cross-sections for Fe XVII that are effectively equivalent to (and in fact larger than) the new R-matrix opacities. Thus, the new R-matrix results cannot be expected to significantly impact the existing discrepancies between theory and experiment because they produce neither a "large enhancement" nor account for "missing continuum plasma opacity" relative to standard models. △ Less

Submitted 10 August, 2016; originally announced August 2016.

Comments: three pages, one table, one figure

Modeling glacial flow on and onto Pluto's Sputnik Planitia

Authors: O. M. Umurhan, A. D. Howard, J. M. Moore, A. M. Earle, R. P. Binzel, S. A. Stern, P. M. Schenk, R. A. Beyer, O. L. White, F. NImmo, W. B. McKinnon, K. Ennico, C. B. Olkin, H. A. Weaver, L. A. Young

Abstract: Observations of Pluto's surface made by the New Horizons spacecraft indicates present-day nitrogen ice glaciation in and around the basin known as Sputnik Planum. Motivated by these observations, we have developed an evolutionary glacial flow model of solid nitrogen ice taking into account its published thermophysical and rheologies properties. This model assumes that glacial ice layers flow lamin… ▽ More Observations of Pluto's surface made by the New Horizons spacecraft indicates present-day nitrogen ice glaciation in and around the basin known as Sputnik Planum. Motivated by these observations, we have developed an evolutionary glacial flow model of solid nitrogen ice taking into account its published thermophysical and rheologies properties. This model assumes that glacial ice layers flow laminarly and have low aspect ratios which permits a vertically integrated mathematical formulation. We assess the conditions for the validity of laminar nitrogen ice motion by revisiting the problem of the onset of solid-state buoyant convection of nitrogen ice for a variety of bottom thermal boundary conditions. Subject to uncertainties in nitrogen ice rheology, nitrogen ice layers are estimated to flow laminarly for thicknesses less than 400-1000 meters. The resulting mass-flux formulation for when the nitrogen ice flows as a laminar dry glacier is characterized by an Arrhenius-Glen functional form. The flow model developed is used here to qualitatively answer some questions motivated by observed glacial flow features found on Sputnik Planum. We find that the wavy transverse dark features found along the northern shoreline of Sputnik Planum may be a transitory imprint of shallow topography just beneath the ice surface suggesting the possibility that a major shoreward flow event happened relatively recently within the last few hundred years. Model results also support the interpretation that the prominent darkened features resembling flow lobes observed along the eastern shoreline of the Sputnik Planum basin may be a result of wet nitrogen glacial ice flowing into the basin from the pitted highlands of eastern Tombaugh Regio. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2018; v1 submitted 18 June, 2016; originally announced June 2016.

Comments: This definitive version has several typos corrected including equation expressions in Appendix C.2 and C.3. Updated version with associated errata in process at Icarus (July 26, 2018). All previous results appearing in journal version --especially those pertaining to glacial flow and their related timescales (Sections 4 & 5) -- are unchanged

Primary Beam Steering Due to Field Leakage from Superconducting SHMS Magnets

Authors: Michael H. Moore, Buddhini P. Waidyawansa, Silviu Covrig, Roger Carlini, Jay Benesch

Abstract: Simulations of the magnetic fields from the Super High Momentum Spectrometer in Hall C at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility show significant field leakage into the region of the primary beam line between the target and the beam dump. Without mitigation, these remnant fields will steer the unscattered beam enough to limit beam operations at small scattering angles. Presented here are m… ▽ More Simulations of the magnetic fields from the Super High Momentum Spectrometer in Hall C at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility show significant field leakage into the region of the primary beam line between the target and the beam dump. Without mitigation, these remnant fields will steer the unscattered beam enough to limit beam operations at small scattering angles. Presented here are magnetic field simulations of the spectrometer magnets and a solution using optimal placement of a minimal amount of shielding iron around the beam line. △ Less

Submitted 26 August, 2014; v1 submitted 30 June, 2014; originally announced June 2014.

Comments: Corrected two typos, JIST class

Strain-optic active control for quantum integrated photonics

Authors: Peter C. Humphreys, Benjamin J. Metcalf, Justin B. Spring, Merritt Moore, Patrick S. Salter, Martin J. Booth, W. Steven Kolthammer, Ian A. Walmsley

Abstract: We present a practical method for active phase control on a photonic chip that has immediate applications in quantum photonics. Our approach uses strain-optic modification of the refractive index of individual waveguides, effected by a millimeter-scale mechanical actuator. The resulting phase change of propagating optical fields is rapid and polarization-dependent, enabling quantum applications th… ▽ More We present a practical method for active phase control on a photonic chip that has immediate applications in quantum photonics. Our approach uses strain-optic modification of the refractive index of individual waveguides, effected by a millimeter-scale mechanical actuator. The resulting phase change of propagating optical fields is rapid and polarization-dependent, enabling quantum applications that require active control and polarization encoding. We demonstrate strain-optic control of non-classical states of light in silica, showing the generation of 2-photon polarisation N00N states by manipulating Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. We also demonstrate switching times of a few microseconds, which are sufficient for silica-based feed-forward control of photonic quantum states. △ Less

Submitted 21 November, 2014; v1 submitted 12 May, 2014; originally announced May 2014.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures. Updated to be consistent with published version

Journal ref: Optics Express, Vol. 22, Issue 18, pp. 21719-21726 (2014)

Dealing with correlated choices: How a spin-glass model can help political parties select their policies

Authors: M. A. Moore, Helmut G. Katzgraber

Abstract: Starting from preferences on N proposed policies obtained via questionnaires from a sample of the electorate, an Ising spin-glass model in a field can be constructed from which a political party could find the subset of the proposed policies which would maximize its appeal, form a coherent choice in the eyes of the electorate, and have maximum overlap with the party's existing policies. We illustr… ▽ More Starting from preferences on N proposed policies obtained via questionnaires from a sample of the electorate, an Ising spin-glass model in a field can be constructed from which a political party could find the subset of the proposed policies which would maximize its appeal, form a coherent choice in the eyes of the electorate, and have maximum overlap with the party's existing policies. We illustrate the application of the procedure by simulations of a spin glass in a random field on scale-free networks. △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2014; v1 submitted 2 February, 2014; originally announced February 2014.

Comments: 8 pages, 2 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. E 90, 042117 (2014)