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Reconfigurable Bitter-Type Electromagnet for Zeeman Slowing
Authors:
Emma G. Hataway,
Emma K. Falk,
Kaia E. O'Neill,
Morgan P. Berghof,
Ben A. Olsen
Abstract:
Many Zeeman slower magnets are geometrically captured by a vacuum chamber, preventing modification or repair without breaking vacuum. We describe a Bitter-type electromagnet coil design that can be easily disassembled, reconfigured, repaired, and replaced without disturbing the vacuum system. This coil, designed to slow lithium atoms, produces a near-ideal field profile with a single DC power supp…
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Many Zeeman slower magnets are geometrically captured by a vacuum chamber, preventing modification or repair without breaking vacuum. We describe a Bitter-type electromagnet coil design that can be easily disassembled, reconfigured, repaired, and replaced without disturbing the vacuum system. This coil, designed to slow lithium atoms, produces a near-ideal field profile with a single DC power supply. With a resistance of 5.7(9) m$Ω$, an inductance of 8.8(2) $μ$H, and switching times as low as $\sim100$ $μ$s, the coil compares favorably to other designs, and can be disassembled, modified, and reassembled repeatedly without loss of performance. With forced-air cooling, the coil experiences moderate heating. This coil design offers greater flexibility than traditional electromagnet designs, and it can retrofitted onto existing UHV chambers.
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Submitted 2 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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A laserball calibration device for the SNO+ scintillator phase
Authors:
S. Valder,
A. Gibson-Foster,
E. Falk,
S. J. M. Peeters,
C. Mills,
M. Nirkko,
M. Rigan,
J. Sinclair
Abstract:
Located 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada, SNO+ is a large scale liquid scintillator experiment that primarily aims to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. Whilst SNO+ has light and radioactive calibration sources external to the inner volume, an internally deployed optical source is necessary for the full characterization of the detector model. A laser diffuser ball developed for…
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Located 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada, SNO+ is a large scale liquid scintillator experiment that primarily aims to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. Whilst SNO+ has light and radioactive calibration sources external to the inner volume, an internally deployed optical source is necessary for the full characterization of the detector model. A laser diffuser ball developed for SNO has previously demonstrated to be an effective optical calibration device for both SNO and SNO+ water phase. Since the introduction of liquid scintillator for SNO+, the material compatibility, cleanliness, and radiopurity requirements of any materials in contact with the internal medium have increased. Improving on the original SNO laserball design, a new laserball calibration device has been developed for the SNO+ scintillator phase with the goal of measuring the optical properties of the detector and performing routine PMT gain and timing calibrations. Simulations have been written to model the diffusion properties to optimise optical and temporal performance for calibration. Prototype laserballs have been built and characterised, demonstrating sub-ns timing resolution and a quasi-isotropic light distribution
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Submitted 21 November, 2023; v1 submitted 19 October, 2023;
originally announced October 2023.
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Event-by-Event Direction Reconstruction of Solar Neutrinos in a High Light-Yield Liquid Scintillator
Authors:
A. Allega,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
J. Antunes,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
A. Bacon,
J. Baker,
N. Barros,
F. Barão,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
T. S. Bezerra,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
M. Chen,
S. Cheng,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning,
M. A. Cox,
R. Dehghani
, et al. (94 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The direction of individual $^8$B solar neutrinos has been reconstructed using the SNO+ liquid scintillator detector. Prompt, directional Cherenkov light was separated from the slower, isotropic scintillation light using time information, and a maximum likelihood method was used to reconstruct the direction of individual scattered electrons. A clear directional signal was observed, correlated with…
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The direction of individual $^8$B solar neutrinos has been reconstructed using the SNO+ liquid scintillator detector. Prompt, directional Cherenkov light was separated from the slower, isotropic scintillation light using time information, and a maximum likelihood method was used to reconstruct the direction of individual scattered electrons. A clear directional signal was observed, correlated with the solar angle. The observation was aided by a period of low primary fluor concentration that resulted in a slower scintillator decay time. This is the first time that event-by-event direction reconstruction in high light-yield liquid scintillator has been demonstrated in a large-scale detector.
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Submitted 10 April, 2024; v1 submitted 12 September, 2023;
originally announced September 2023.
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The Double Chooz antineutrino detectors
Authors:
Double Chooz Collaboration,
H. de Kerret,
Y. Abe,
C. Aberle,
T. Abrahão,
J. M. Ahijado,
T. Akiri,
J. M. Alarcón,
J. Alba,
H. Almazan,
J. C. dos Anjos,
S. Appel,
F. Ardellier,
I. Barabanov,
J. C. Barriere,
E. Baussan,
A. Baxter,
I. Bekman,
M. Bergevin,
A. Bernstein,
W. Bertoli,
T. J. C. Bezerra,
L. Bezrukov,
C. Blanco,
N. Bleurvacq
, et al. (226 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This article describes the setup and performance of the near and far detectors in the Double Chooz experiment. The electron antineutrinos of the Chooz nuclear power plant were measured in two identically designed detectors with different average baselines of about 400 m and 1050 m from the two reactor cores. Over many years of data taking the neutrino signals were extracted from interactions in th…
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This article describes the setup and performance of the near and far detectors in the Double Chooz experiment. The electron antineutrinos of the Chooz nuclear power plant were measured in two identically designed detectors with different average baselines of about 400 m and 1050 m from the two reactor cores. Over many years of data taking the neutrino signals were extracted from interactions in the detectors with the goal of measuring a fundamental parameter in the context of neutrino oscillation, the mixing angle θ13. The central part of the Double Chooz detectors was a main detector comprising four cylindrical volumes filled with organic liquids. From the inside towards the outside there were volumes containing gadolinium-loaded scintillator, gadolinium-free scintillator, a buffer oil and, optically separated, another liquid scintillator acting as veto system. Above this main detector an additional outer veto system using plastic scintillator strips was installed. The technologies developed in Double Chooz were inspiration for several other antineutrino detectors in the field. The detector design allowed implementation of efficient background rejection techniques including use of pulse shape information provided by the data acquisition system. The Double Chooz detectors featured remarkable stability, in particular for the detected photons, as well as high radiopurity of the detector components.
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Submitted 13 September, 2022; v1 submitted 31 January, 2022;
originally announced January 2022.
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Optical calibration of the SNO+ detector in the water phase with deployed sources
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
F. Barão,
N. Barros,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
M. Boulay,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
J. Caravaca,
M. Chen,
O. Chkvorets,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning,
M. A. Cox,
C. Deluce,
M. M. Depatie
, et al. (98 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
SNO+ is a large-scale liquid scintillator experiment with the primary goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay, and is located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector acquired data for two years as a pure water Cherenkov detector, starting in May 2017. During this period, the optical properties of the detector were measured in situ using a deployed light…
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SNO+ is a large-scale liquid scintillator experiment with the primary goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay, and is located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector acquired data for two years as a pure water Cherenkov detector, starting in May 2017. During this period, the optical properties of the detector were measured in situ using a deployed light diffusing sphere, with the goal of improving the detector model and the energy response systematic uncertainties. The measured parameters included the water attenuation coefficients, effective attenuation coefficients for the acrylic vessel, and the angular response of the photomultiplier tubes and their surrounding light concentrators, all across different wavelengths. The calibrated detector model was validated using a deployed tagged gamma source, which showed a 0.6% variation in energy scale across the primary target volume.
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Submitted 4 October, 2021; v1 submitted 7 June, 2021;
originally announced June 2021.
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The SNO+ Experiment
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
V. Albanese,
R. Alves,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
L. Anselmo,
E. Arushanova,
S. Asahi,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
A. R. Back,
S. Back,
F. Barão,
Z. Barnard,
A. Barr,
N. Barros,
D. Bartlett,
R. Bayes,
C. Beaudoin,
E. W. Beier,
G. Berardi,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher
, et al. (229 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SNO+ experiment is located 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Canada. A low background search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay will be conducted using 780 tonnes of liquid scintillator loaded with 3.9 tonnes of natural tellurium, corresponding to 1.3 tonnes of $^{130}$Te. This paper provides a general overview of the SNO+ experiment, including detector design, construction of pr…
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The SNO+ experiment is located 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Canada. A low background search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay will be conducted using 780 tonnes of liquid scintillator loaded with 3.9 tonnes of natural tellurium, corresponding to 1.3 tonnes of $^{130}$Te. This paper provides a general overview of the SNO+ experiment, including detector design, construction of process plants, commissioning efforts, electronics upgrades, data acquisition systems, and calibration techniques. The SNO+ collaboration is reusing the acrylic vessel, PMT array, and electronics of the SNO detector, having made a number of experimental upgrades and essential adaptations for use with the liquid scintillator. With low backgrounds and a low energy threshold, the SNO+ collaboration will also pursue a rich physics program beyond the search for $0νββ$ decay, including studies of geo- and reactor antineutrinos, supernova and solar neutrinos, and exotic physics such as the search for invisible nucleon decay. The SNO+ approach to the search for $0νββ$ decay is scalable: a future phase with high $^{130}$Te-loading is envisioned to probe an effective Majorana mass in the inverted mass ordering region.
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Submitted 25 August, 2021; v1 submitted 23 April, 2021;
originally announced April 2021.
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Structural underpinnings of control in multiplex networks
Authors:
Pragya Srivastava,
Peter J. Mucha,
Emily Falk,
Fabio Pasqualetti,
Danielle S. Bassett
Abstract:
To design control strategies that predictably manipulate a system's behavior, it is first necessary to understand how the system's structure relates to its response. Many complex systems can be represented as multilayer networks whose response and control can be studied in the framework of network control theory. It remains unknown how a system's layered architecture dictates its control propertie…
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To design control strategies that predictably manipulate a system's behavior, it is first necessary to understand how the system's structure relates to its response. Many complex systems can be represented as multilayer networks whose response and control can be studied in the framework of network control theory. It remains unknown how a system's layered architecture dictates its control properties, particularly when control signals can only access the system through a single input layer. Here, we use the framework of linear control theory to probe the control properties of a duplex network with directed interlayer links. We determine the manner in which the structural properties of layers and relative interlayer arrangement together dictate the system's response. For this purpose, we calculate the exact expression of optimal control energy in terms of layer spectra and the relative alignment between the eigenmodes of the input layer and the deeper target layer. For a range of numerically constructed duplex networks, we then calculate the control properties of the two layers as a function of target-layer densities and layer topology. The alignment of layer eigenmodes emerges as an important parameter that sets the cost and routing of the optimal energy for control. We understand these results in a simplified limit of a single-mode approximation, and we build metrics to characterize the routing of optimal control energy through the eigenmodes of each layer. Our analytical and numerical results together provide insights into the relationships between structure and control in duplex networks. More generally, they serve as a platform for future work designing optimal \emph{interlayer} control strategies.
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Submitted 15 March, 2021;
originally announced March 2021.
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Development, characterisation, and deployment of the SNO+ liquid scintillator
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
L. Anselmo,
E. Arushanova,
S. Asahi,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
A. R. Back,
Z. Barnard,
N. Barros,
D. Bartlett,
F. Barão,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
R. Bonventre,
M. Boulay,
D. Braid,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
J. Caravaca
, et al. (201 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A liquid scintillator consisting of linear alkylbenzene as the solvent and 2,5-diphenyloxazole as the fluor was developed for the SNO+ experiment. This mixture was chosen as it is compatible with acrylic and has a competitive light yield to pre-existing liquid scintillators while conferring other advantages including longer attenuation lengths, superior safety characteristics, chemical simplicity,…
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A liquid scintillator consisting of linear alkylbenzene as the solvent and 2,5-diphenyloxazole as the fluor was developed for the SNO+ experiment. This mixture was chosen as it is compatible with acrylic and has a competitive light yield to pre-existing liquid scintillators while conferring other advantages including longer attenuation lengths, superior safety characteristics, chemical simplicity, ease of handling, and logistical availability. Its properties have been extensively characterized and are presented here. This liquid scintillator is now used in several neutrino physics experiments in addition to SNO+.
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Submitted 21 February, 2021; v1 submitted 25 November, 2020;
originally announced November 2020.
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Measurement of neutron-proton capture in the SNO+ water phase
Authors:
The SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
N. Barros,
F. Barão,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
R. Bonventre,
M. Boulay,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
J. Caravaca,
D. Chauhan,
M. Chen,
O. Chkvorets,
B. Cleveland,
M. A. Cox,
M. M. Depatie,
J. Dittmer
, et al. (108 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SNO+ experiment collected data as a low-threshold water Cherenkov detector from September 2017 to July 2019. Measurements of the 2.2-MeV $γ$ produced by neutron capture on hydrogen have been made using an Am-Be calibration source, for which a large fraction of emitted neutrons are produced simultaneously with a 4.4-MeV $γ$. Analysis of the delayed coincidence between the 4.4-MeV $γ$ and the 2.…
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The SNO+ experiment collected data as a low-threshold water Cherenkov detector from September 2017 to July 2019. Measurements of the 2.2-MeV $γ$ produced by neutron capture on hydrogen have been made using an Am-Be calibration source, for which a large fraction of emitted neutrons are produced simultaneously with a 4.4-MeV $γ$. Analysis of the delayed coincidence between the 4.4-MeV $γ$ and the 2.2-MeV capture $γ$ revealed a neutron detection efficiency that is centered around 50% and varies at the level of 1% across the inner region of the detector, which to our knowledge is the highest efficiency achieved among pure water Cherenkov detectors. In addition, the neutron capture time constant was measured and converted to a thermal neutron-proton capture cross section of $336.3^{+1.2}_{-1.5}$ mb.
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Submitted 13 July, 2020; v1 submitted 24 February, 2020;
originally announced February 2020.
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Search for invisible modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+ detector
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
M. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
E. Arushanova,
S. Asahi,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
A. R. Back,
Z. Barnard,
N. Barros,
D. Bartlett,
F. Barão,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
R. Bonventre,
M. Boulay,
D. Braid,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
J. Caravaca,
J. Carvalho
, et al. (173 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper reports results from a search for nucleon decay through 'invisible' modes, where no visible energy is directly deposited during the decay itself, during the initial water phase of SNO+. However, such decays within the oxygen nucleus would produce an excited daughter that would subsequently de-excite, often emitting detectable gamma rays. A search for such gamma rays yields limits of…
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This paper reports results from a search for nucleon decay through 'invisible' modes, where no visible energy is directly deposited during the decay itself, during the initial water phase of SNO+. However, such decays within the oxygen nucleus would produce an excited daughter that would subsequently de-excite, often emitting detectable gamma rays. A search for such gamma rays yields limits of $2.5 \times 10^{29}$ y at 90% Bayesian credibility level (with a prior uniform in rate) for the partial lifetime of the neutron, and $3.6 \times 10^{29}$ y for the partial lifetime of the proton, the latter a 70% improvement on the previous limit from SNO. We also present partial lifetime limits for invisible dinucleon modes of $1.3\times 10^{28}$ y for $nn$, $2.6\times 10^{28}$ y for $pn$ and $4.7\times 10^{28}$ y for $pp$, an improvement over existing limits by close to three orders of magnitude for the latter two.
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Submitted 13 December, 2018;
originally announced December 2018.
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Commissioning of ELLIE for SNO+
Authors:
E. Falk,
J. Lidgard,
M. I. Stringer,
E. Turner
Abstract:
SNO+ is a neutrinoless double beta decay and low energy neutrino experiment located in Sudbury, Canada. To improve our understanding of the detector energy resolution and systematics, calibration systems have been developed to continuously monitor the optical properties of the detector, such as: absorption, re-emission, scattering and timing. A part of this in-situ optical calibration system is th…
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SNO+ is a neutrinoless double beta decay and low energy neutrino experiment located in Sudbury, Canada. To improve our understanding of the detector energy resolution and systematics, calibration systems have been developed to continuously monitor the optical properties of the detector, such as: absorption, re-emission, scattering and timing. A part of this in-situ optical calibration system is the Embedded LED/Laser Light Injection Entity (ELLIE). It consists of three subsystems: AMELLIE, SMELLIE, TELLIE. The attenuation module (AMELLIE) is designed to monitor the total optical attenuation, whereas the optical scattering over a wavelength range of 375nm -- 700nm will be characterized by the scattering module (SMELLIE). The timing module (TELLIE) aims to measure the timing characteristics of the photomultiplier tubes. We present the planned commissioning of these three systems, the running of which began early 2017.
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Submitted 30 April, 2017;
originally announced May 2017.
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Measurement of the Multiple-Muon Charge Ratio in the MINOS Far Detector
Authors:
Minos Collaboration,
P. Adamson,
I. Anghel,
A. Aurisano,
G. Barr,
M. Bishai,
A. Blake,
G. J. Bock,
D. Bogert,
S. V. Cao,
T. J. Carroll,
C. M. Castromonte,
R. Chen,
S. Childress,
J. A. B. Coelho,
L. Corwin,
D. Cronin-Hennessy,
J. K. de Jong,
S. De Rijck,
A. V. Devan,
N. E. Devenish,
M. V. Diwan,
C. O. Escobar,
J. J. Evans,
E. Falk
, et al. (96 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The charge ratio, $R_μ= N_{μ^+}/N_{μ^-}$, for cosmogenic multiple-muon events observed at an under- ground depth of 2070 mwe has been measured using the magnetized MINOS Far Detector. The multiple-muon events, recorded nearly continuously from August 2003 until April 2012, comprise two independent data sets imaged with opposite magnetic field polarities, the comparison of which allows the systemat…
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The charge ratio, $R_μ= N_{μ^+}/N_{μ^-}$, for cosmogenic multiple-muon events observed at an under- ground depth of 2070 mwe has been measured using the magnetized MINOS Far Detector. The multiple-muon events, recorded nearly continuously from August 2003 until April 2012, comprise two independent data sets imaged with opposite magnetic field polarities, the comparison of which allows the systematic uncertainties of the measurement to be minimized. The multiple-muon charge ratio is determined to be $R_μ= 1.104 \pm 0.006 {\rm \,(stat.)} ^{+0.009}_{-0.010} {\rm \,(syst.)} $. This measurement complements previous determinations of single-muon and multiple-muon charge ratios at underground sites and serves to constrain models of cosmic ray interactions at TeV energies.
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Submitted 24 March, 2016; v1 submitted 1 February, 2016;
originally announced February 2016.
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Current Status and Future Prospects of the SNO+ Experiment
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
S. Andringa,
E. Arushanova,
S. Asahi,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
A. R. Back,
Z. Barnard,
N. Barros,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
R. Bonventre,
D. Braid,
E. Caden,
E. Callaghan,
J. Caravaca,
J. Carvalho,
L. Cavalli,
D. Chauhan,
M. Chen,
O. Chkvorets,
K. Clark
, et al. (133 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
SNO+ is a large liquid scintillator-based experiment located 2km underground at SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. It reuses the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory detector, consisting of a 12m diameter acrylic vessel which will be filled with about 780 tonnes of ultra-pure liquid scintillator. Designed as a multipurpose neutrino experiment, the primary goal of SNO+ is a search for the neutrinoless double-beta de…
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SNO+ is a large liquid scintillator-based experiment located 2km underground at SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. It reuses the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory detector, consisting of a 12m diameter acrylic vessel which will be filled with about 780 tonnes of ultra-pure liquid scintillator. Designed as a multipurpose neutrino experiment, the primary goal of SNO+ is a search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay (0$νββ$) of 130Te. In Phase I, the detector will be loaded with 0.3% natural tellurium, corresponding to nearly 800 kg of 130Te, with an expected effective Majorana neutrino mass sensitivity in the region of 55-133 meV, just above the inverted mass hierarchy. Recently, the possibility of deploying up to ten times more natural tellurium has been investigated, which would enable SNO+ to achieve sensitivity deep into the parameter space for the inverted neutrino mass hierarchy in the future. Additionally, SNO+ aims to measure reactor antineutrino oscillations, low-energy solar neutrinos, and geoneutrinos, to be sensitive to supernova neutrinos, and to search for exotic physics. A first phase with the detector filled with water will begin soon, with the scintillator phase expected to start after a few months of water data taking. The 0$νββ$ Phase I is foreseen for 2017.
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Submitted 28 January, 2016; v1 submitted 24 August, 2015;
originally announced August 2015.
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The NuMI Neutrino Beam
Authors:
P. Adamson,
K. Anderson,
M. Andrews,
R. Andrews,
I. Anghel,
D. Augustine,
A. Aurisano,
S. Avvakumov,
D. S. Ayres,
B. Baller,
B. Barish,
G. Barr,
W. L. Barrett,
R. H. Bernstein,
J. Biggs,
M. Bishai,
A. Blake,
V. Bocean,
G. J. Bock,
D. J. Boehnlein,
D. Bogert,
K. Bourkland,
S. V. Cao,
C. M. Castromonte,
S. Childress
, et al. (165 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper describes the hardware and operations of the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam at Fermilab. It elaborates on the design considerations for the beam as a whole and for individual elements. The most important design details of individual components are described. Beam monitoring systems and procedures, including the tuning and alignment of the beam and NuMI long-term performance,…
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This paper describes the hardware and operations of the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam at Fermilab. It elaborates on the design considerations for the beam as a whole and for individual elements. The most important design details of individual components are described. Beam monitoring systems and procedures, including the tuning and alignment of the beam and NuMI long-term performance, are also discussed.
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Submitted 29 July, 2015; v1 submitted 23 July, 2015;
originally announced July 2015.
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Precision measurement of the speed of propagation of neutrinos using the MINOS detectors
Authors:
P. Adamson,
I. Anghel,
N. Ashby,
A. Aurisano,
G. Barr,
M. Bishai,
A. Blake,
G. J. Bock,
D. Bogert,
R. Bumgarner,
S. V. Cao,
C. M. Castromonte,
S. Childress,
J. A. B. Coelho,
L. Corwin,
D. Cronin-Hennessy,
J. K. de Jong,
A. V. Devan,
N. E. Devenish,
M. V. Diwan,
C. O. Escobar,
J. J. Evans,
E. Falk,
G. J. Feldman,
B. Fonville
, et al. (98 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report a two-detector measurement of the propagation speed of neutrinos over a baseline of 734 km. The measurement was made with the NuMI beam at Fermilab between the near and far MINOS detectors. The fractional difference between the neutrino speed and the speed of light is determined to be $(v/c-1) = (1.0 \pm 1.1) \times 10^{-6}$, consistent with relativistic neutrinos.
We report a two-detector measurement of the propagation speed of neutrinos over a baseline of 734 km. The measurement was made with the NuMI beam at Fermilab between the near and far MINOS detectors. The fractional difference between the neutrino speed and the speed of light is determined to be $(v/c-1) = (1.0 \pm 1.1) \times 10^{-6}$, consistent with relativistic neutrinos.
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Submitted 21 August, 2015; v1 submitted 15 July, 2015;
originally announced July 2015.
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The calibration system for the photomultiplier array of the SNO+ experiment
Authors:
R. Alves,
S. Andringa,
S. Bradbury,
J. Carvalho,
D. Chauhan,
K. Clark,
I. Coulter,
F. Descamps,
E. Falk,
L. Gurriana,
C. Kraus,
G. Lefeuvre,
A. Maio,
J. Maneira,
M. Mottram,
S. Peeters,
J. Rose,
L. Seabra,
J. Sinclair,
P. Skensved,
J. Waterfield,
R. White,
J. R. Wilson
Abstract:
A light injection system using LEDs and optical fibres was designed for the calibration and monitoring of the photomultiplier array of the SNO+ experiment at SNOLAB. Large volume, non-segmented, low-background detectors for rare event physics, such as the multi-purpose SNO+ experiment, need a calibration system that allow an accurate and regular measurement of the performance parameters of their p…
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A light injection system using LEDs and optical fibres was designed for the calibration and monitoring of the photomultiplier array of the SNO+ experiment at SNOLAB. Large volume, non-segmented, low-background detectors for rare event physics, such as the multi-purpose SNO+ experiment, need a calibration system that allow an accurate and regular measurement of the performance parameters of their photomultiplier arrays, while minimising the risk of radioactivity ingress. The design implemented for SNO+ uses a set of optical fibres to inject light pulses from external LEDs into the detector. The design, fabrication and installation of this light injection system, as well as the first commissioning tests, are described in this paper. Monte Carlo simulations were compared with the commissioning test results, confirming that the system meets the performance requirements.
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Submitted 16 January, 2015; v1 submitted 18 November, 2014;
originally announced November 2014.
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Observation of muon intensity variations by season with the MINOS Near Detector
Authors:
P. Adamson,
I. Anghel,
A. Aurisano,
G. Barr,
M. Bishai,
A. Blake,
G. J. Bock,
D. Bogert,
S. V. Cao,
C. M. Castromonte,
S. Childress,
J. A. B. Coelho,
L. Corwin,
D. Cronin-Hennessy,
J. K. de Jong,
A. V. Devan,
N. E. Devenish,
M. V. Diwan,
C. O. Escobar,
J. J. Evans,
E. Falk,
G. J. Feldman,
T. H. Fields,
M. V. Frohne,
H. R. Gallagher
, et al. (87 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A sample of 1.53$\times$10$^{9}$ cosmic-ray-induced single muon events has been recorded at 225 meters-water-equivalent using the MINOS Near Detector. The underground muon rate is observed to be highly correlated with the effective atmospheric temperature. The coefficient $α_{T}$, relating the change in the muon rate to the change in the vertical effective temperature, is determined to be 0.428…
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A sample of 1.53$\times$10$^{9}$ cosmic-ray-induced single muon events has been recorded at 225 meters-water-equivalent using the MINOS Near Detector. The underground muon rate is observed to be highly correlated with the effective atmospheric temperature. The coefficient $α_{T}$, relating the change in the muon rate to the change in the vertical effective temperature, is determined to be 0.428$\pm$0.003(stat.)$\pm$0.059(syst.). An alternative description is provided by the weighted effective temperature, introduced to account for the differences in the temperature profile and muon flux as a function of zenith angle. Using the latter estimation of temperature, the coefficient is determined to be 0.352$\pm$0.003(stat.)$\pm$0.046(syst.).
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Submitted 26 June, 2014;
originally announced June 2014.
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Comparisons of the MINOS Near and Far Detector Readout Systems at a Test Beam
Authors:
A. Cabrera,
P. Adamson,
M. Barker,
A. Belias,
S. Boyd,
G. Crone,
G. Drake,
E. Falk,
P. G. Harris,
J. Hartnell,
L. Jenner,
M. Kordosky,
K. Lang,
R. P. Litchfield,
D. Michael,
P. S. Miyagawa,
R. Morse,
S. Murgia,
R. Nichol,
T. Nicholls,
G. F. Pearce,
D. Petyt,
D. Reyna,
R. Saakyan,
P. Shanahan
, et al. (6 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
MINOS is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment that uses two detectors separated by 734 km. The readout systems used for the two detectors are different and have to be independently calibrated. To verify and make a direct comparison of the calibrated response of the two readout systems, test beam data were acquired using a smaller calibration detector. This detector was simultaneously in…
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MINOS is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment that uses two detectors separated by 734 km. The readout systems used for the two detectors are different and have to be independently calibrated. To verify and make a direct comparison of the calibrated response of the two readout systems, test beam data were acquired using a smaller calibration detector. This detector was simultaneously instrumented with both readout systems and exposed to the CERN PS T7 test beam. Differences in the calibrated response of the two systems are shown to arise from differences in response non-linearity, photomultiplier crosstalk, and threshold effects at the few percent level. These differences are reproduced by the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to better than 1% and a scheme that corrects for these differences by calibrating the MC to match the data in each detector separately is presented. The overall difference in calorimetric response between the two readout systems is shown to be consistent with zero to a precision of 1.3% in data and 0.3% in MC with no significant energy dependence.
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Submitted 20 September, 2011; v1 submitted 6 February, 2009;
originally announced February 2009.