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Bandgap Engineering for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Under Multiple Color Temperature Indoor Lighting
Authors:
Miqad S. Albishi,
Faisal I. Alabdulkarem,
George Perrakis,
Tariq F. Alhuwaymel,
Ala H. Sabeeh,
Abdullah S. Alharbi,
Naif R. Alshamrani,
Ibrahim H. Khawaji,
Nikolaos Tzoganakis,
Majed M. Aljomah,
Dimitris Tsikritzis,
Sami A. Alhusaini,
Abdullah Aljalalah,
Kadi S. AlShebl,
Ali Alanzi,
Abrar Bin Ajaj,
Fay M. Alotaibi,
Hamad Albrithen,
Konstantinos Petridis,
Maria Kafesaki,
Emmanuel Kymakis,
George Kakavelakis,
Essa A. Alharbi
Abstract:
Perovskite indoor photovoltaics (PIPVs) are emerging as a transformative technology for low-light intensity energy harvesting, owing to their high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), low-cost fabrication, solution-processability, and compositionally tunable band gaps. In this work, methylammonium-free perovskite absorbers were compositionally engineered to achieve band gaps of 1.55, 1.72, and 1.…
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Perovskite indoor photovoltaics (PIPVs) are emerging as a transformative technology for low-light intensity energy harvesting, owing to their high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), low-cost fabrication, solution-processability, and compositionally tunable band gaps. In this work, methylammonium-free perovskite absorbers were compositionally engineered to achieve band gaps of 1.55, 1.72, and 1.88 eV, enabling matching the spectral photoresponse with the indoor lighting. Devices based on a scalable mesoscopic n-i-p architecture were systematically evaluated under white LED illumination across correlated color temperatures (3000-5500 K) and light intensities from 250 to 1000 lux with active area of 1 cm2. The 1.72 eV composition exhibited the most promising performance across different light intensities and colors, achieving PCEs of 35.04 % at 1000 lux and 36.6 % at 250 lux, with a stable device operation of over 2000 hours. On the other hand, the 1.88 eV band-gap variant reached a peak PCE of 37.4 % under 250 lux (5500 K), however performance trade-offs were observed across the different color lights LEDs. Our combined experimental and theoretical optical-electrical simulations suggest that decreasing trap-assisted recombination in wide-bandgap compositions may further improve PIPV performance across the different illumination conditions. In contrast, devices with 1.55 eV band gap underperformed in such conditions due to suboptimal spectral overlap and utilization. These findings establish bandgap optimization and device architecture as key design principles for high-efficiency, stable PIPVs, advancing their integration into self-powered electronic systems and innovative indoor environments.
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Submitted 19 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Towards replacing detector simulation with heterogeneous GNNs in flavour physics analyses
Authors:
Guillermo Hijano,
Davide Lancierini,
Alexander Mclean Marshall,
Andrea Mauri,
Patrick Owen,
Mitesh Patel,
Konstantinos Petridis,
Shah Rukh Qasim,
Nicola Serra,
William Sutcliffe,
Hanae Tilquin
Abstract:
Driven by the increasing volume of recorded data, the demand for simulation from experiments based at the Large Hadron Collider will rise sharply in the coming years. Addressing this demand solely with existing computationally intensive workflows is not feasible. This paper introduces a new fast simulation tool designed to address this demand at the LHCb experiment. This tool emulates the detector…
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Driven by the increasing volume of recorded data, the demand for simulation from experiments based at the Large Hadron Collider will rise sharply in the coming years. Addressing this demand solely with existing computationally intensive workflows is not feasible. This paper introduces a new fast simulation tool designed to address this demand at the LHCb experiment. This tool emulates the detector response to arbitrary multibody decay topologies at LHCb. Rather than memorising specific decay channels, the model learns generalisable patterns within the response, allowing it to interpolate to channels not present in the training data. Novel heterogeneous graph neural network architectures are employed that are designed to embed the physical characteristics of the task directly into the network structure. We demonstrate the performance of the tool across a range of decay topologies, showing the networks can correctly model the relationships between complex variables. The architectures and methods presented are generic and could readily be adapted to emulate workflows at other simulation-intensive particle physics experiments.
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Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Stable Perovskite Solar Cells via exfoliated graphite as an ion diffusion-blocking layer
Authors:
Abdullah S. Alharbi,
Miqad S. Albishi,
Temur Maksudov,
Tariq F. Alhuwaymel,
Chrysa Aivalioti,
Kadi S. AlShebl,
Naif R. Alshamrani,
Furkan H. Isikgor,
Mubarak Aldosari,
Majed M. Aljomah,
Konstantinos Petridis,
Thomas D. Anthopoulos,
George Kakavelakis,
Essa A. Alharbi
Abstract:
Ion and metal diffusion in metal halide perovskites, charge-transporting layers, and electrodes are detrimental to the performance and stability of perovskite-based photovoltaic devices. As a result, there is an intense research interest in developing novel defect and ion diffusion mitigation strategies. We present a simple, low-cost, scalable, and highly effective method that uses spray-coated ex…
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Ion and metal diffusion in metal halide perovskites, charge-transporting layers, and electrodes are detrimental to the performance and stability of perovskite-based photovoltaic devices. As a result, there is an intense research interest in developing novel defect and ion diffusion mitigation strategies. We present a simple, low-cost, scalable, and highly effective method that uses spray-coated exfoliated graphite interlayers to block ion and metal diffusion and humidity ingress within the perovskite, the hole transport material, and metal electrodes. The influence of inserting the exfoliated graphite films on the structural, surface morphology, and optoelectronic properties were examined through various methods, including X-ray diffraction, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, Current-voltage (J-V) characteristics, Transient photocurrent, and transient photovoltage. Our comprehensive investigation found that exfoliated graphite films reduced the I- and Li+ diffusion among the layers, leading to defect mitigation, reducing non-radiative recombination, and enhancing the device stability. Consequently, the best-performing device demonstrated a power conversion efficiency of 25% and a fill factor exceeding 80%. Additionally, these devices were subjected to different lifetime tests, which significantly enhanced the operational stability.
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Submitted 31 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Transparent Multispectral Photonic Electrode for All-Weather Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors:
George Perrakis,
Anna C. Tasolamprou,
George Kakavelakis,
Konstantinos Petridis,
Michael Graetzel,
George Kenanakis,
Stelios Tzortzakis,
Maria Kafesaki
Abstract:
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most promising technology for advancing current photovoltaic performance. However, the main challenge for their practical deployment and commercialization is their operational stability, affected by solar illumination and heating, as well as the electric field that is generated in the PV device by light exposure. Here, we propose a transparent multispectral ph…
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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most promising technology for advancing current photovoltaic performance. However, the main challenge for their practical deployment and commercialization is their operational stability, affected by solar illumination and heating, as well as the electric field that is generated in the PV device by light exposure. Here, we propose a transparent multispectral photonic electrode placed on top of the glass substrate of solar cells, which simultaneously reduces the device solar heating and enhances its efficiency. Specifically, the proposed photonic electrode, composed of a low-resistivity metal and a conductive layer, simultaneously serves as a highly-efficient infrared filter and an ultra-thin transparent front contact, decreasing devices' solar heating and operating temperature. At the same time, it simultaneously serves as an anti-reflection coating, enhancing the efficiency. We additionally enhance the device cooling by coating the front glass substrate side with a visibly transparent film (PDMS), which maximizes substrate's thermal radiation. To determine the potential of our photonic approach and fully explore the cooling potential of PSCs, we first provide experimental characterizations of the absorption properties (in both visible and infrared wavelengths) of state-of-the-art PSCs among the most promising ones regarding the efficiency, stability, and cost. We then numerically show that applying our approach to promising PSCs can result in lower operating temperatures by over 9.0 oC and an absolute efficiency increase higher than 1.3%. These results are insensitive to varying environmental conditions. Our approach is simple and only requires modification of the substrate; it therefore points to a feasible photonic approach for advancing current photovoltaic performance with next-generation solar cell materials.
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Submitted 7 August, 2023;
originally announced August 2023.
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A critical perspective for emerging ultra-thin solar cells with ultra-high power-per-weight outputs
Authors:
Apostolos Panagiotopoulos,
Temur Maksudov,
George Kakavelakis,
George Perrakis,
Essa A. Alharbi,
Dimitar Kutsarov,
Furkan H. Isikgor,
Salman Alfihed,
Konstantinos Petridis,
Maria Kafesaki,
S. Ravi P. Silva,
Thomas D. Anthopoulos,
Michael Graetzel
Abstract:
Ultrathin, solution-processed emerging solar cells with high power-per-weight (PPW) outputs demonstrate unique potential for applications where low weight, high power output, and flexibility are indispensable. The following perspective explores the literature of emerging PVs and highlights the maximum reported PPW values of Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) 29.4 W/g, Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) 32.07 W…
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Ultrathin, solution-processed emerging solar cells with high power-per-weight (PPW) outputs demonstrate unique potential for applications where low weight, high power output, and flexibility are indispensable. The following perspective explores the literature of emerging PVs and highlights the maximum reported PPW values of Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) 29.4 W/g, Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) 32.07 W/g and Quantum Dot Solar Cells (QDSC) 15.02 W/g, respectively. The record PPW values of OSCs and PSCs are approximately one order of magnitude higher compared to their inorganic ultrathin solar cells counterparts (approx. 3.2 W/g for CIGS and a-Si). This consists emerging PVs, very attractive for a variety of applications where the PPW is the key parameter. In particular, both OSCs and PSCs can be implemented in different scenarios of applications (indoor and biocompatible applications for OSCs and outdoor and high-energy radiation conversion conditions for the PSCs) due to their unique optoelectronic and physiochemical properties. Finally, our theoretical optical and electrical simulation and optimization study for the most promising and well-suited PV technologies, showed an impressive maximum realistic theoretical PPW limit of 74.3 and 93.7 W/g for PSCs and OSCs, respectively. Our finding shows that the literature PSCs and OSCs towards high PPW outputs, is not quite close to the theoretical maximum and thus more work needs to be done to further increase the PPW output of these promising PV technologies.
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Submitted 25 July, 2023;
originally announced July 2023.
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The LHCb upgrade I
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
C. Achard,
T. Ackernley,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
H. Afsharnia,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
F. Alessio,
M. Alexander,
A. Alfonso Albero,
Z. Aliouche,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato
, et al. (1298 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their select…
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The LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software.
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Submitted 10 September, 2024; v1 submitted 17 May, 2023;
originally announced May 2023.
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Studying the potential of Graphcore IPUs for applications in Particle Physics
Authors:
Lakshan Ram Madhan Mohan,
Alexander Marshall,
Samuel Maddrell-Mander,
Daniel O'Hanlon,
Konstantinos Petridis,
Jonas Rademacker,
Victoria Rege,
Alexander Titterton
Abstract:
This paper presents the first study of Graphcore's Intelligence Processing Unit (IPU) in the context of particle physics applications. The IPU is a new type of processor optimised for machine learning. Comparisons are made for neural-network-based event simulation, multiple-scattering correction, and flavour tagging, implemented on IPUs, GPUs and CPUs, using a variety of neural network architectur…
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This paper presents the first study of Graphcore's Intelligence Processing Unit (IPU) in the context of particle physics applications. The IPU is a new type of processor optimised for machine learning. Comparisons are made for neural-network-based event simulation, multiple-scattering correction, and flavour tagging, implemented on IPUs, GPUs and CPUs, using a variety of neural network architectures and hyperparameters. Additionally, a Kálmán filter for track reconstruction is implemented on IPUs and GPUs. The results indicate that IPUs hold considerable promise in addressing the rapidly increasing compute needs in particle physics.
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Submitted 20 August, 2020;
originally announced August 2020.
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SND@LHC
Authors:
SHiP Collaboration,
C. Ahdida,
A. Akmete,
R. Albanese,
A. Alexandrov,
M. Andreini,
A. Anokhina,
S. Aoki,
G. Arduini,
E. Atkin,
N. Azorskiy,
J. J. Back,
A. Bagulya,
F. Baaltasar Dos Santos,
A. Baranov,
F. Bardou,
G. J. Barker,
M. Battistin,
J. Bauche,
A. Bay,
V. Bayliss,
G. Bencivenni,
A. Y. Berdnikov,
Y. A. Berdnikov,
M. Bertani
, et al. (319 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We propose to build and operate a detector that, for the first time, will measure the process $pp\toνX$ at the LHC and search for feebly interacting particles (FIPs) in an unexplored domain. The TI18 tunnel has been identified as a suitable site to perform these measurements due to very low machine-induced background. The detector will be off-axis with respect to the ATLAS interaction point (IP1)…
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We propose to build and operate a detector that, for the first time, will measure the process $pp\toνX$ at the LHC and search for feebly interacting particles (FIPs) in an unexplored domain. The TI18 tunnel has been identified as a suitable site to perform these measurements due to very low machine-induced background. The detector will be off-axis with respect to the ATLAS interaction point (IP1) and, given the pseudo-rapidity range accessible, the corresponding neutrinos will mostly come from charm decays: the proposed experiment will thus make the first test of the heavy flavour production in a pseudo-rapidity range that is not accessible by the current LHC detectors. In order to efficiently reconstruct neutrino interactions and identify their flavour, the detector will combine in the target region nuclear emulsion technology with scintillating fibre tracking layers and it will adopt a muon identification system based on scintillating bars that will also play the role of a hadronic calorimeter. The time of flight measurement will be achieved thanks to a dedicated timing detector. The detector will be a small-scale prototype of the scattering and neutrino detector (SND) of the SHiP experiment: the operation of this detector will provide an important test of the neutrino reconstruction in a high occupancy environment.
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Submitted 20 February, 2020;
originally announced February 2020.
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SoLid: A short baseline reactor neutrino experiment
Authors:
SoLid Collaboration,
Y. Abreu,
Y. Amhis,
L. Arnold,
G. Barber,
W. Beaumont,
S. Binet,
I. Bolognino,
M. Bongrand,
J. Borg,
D. Boursette,
V. Buridon,
B. C. Castle,
H. Chanal,
K. Clark,
B. Coupe,
P. Crochet,
D. Cussans,
A. De Roeck,
D. Durand,
T. Durkin,
M. Fallot,
L. Ghys,
L. Giot,
K. Graves
, et al. (37 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SoLid experiment, short for Search for Oscillations with a Lithium-6 detector, is a new generation neutrino experiment which tries to address the key challenges for high precision reactor neutrino measurements at very short distances from a reactor core and with little or no overburden. The primary goal of the SoLid experiment is to perform a precise measurement of the electron antineutrino en…
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The SoLid experiment, short for Search for Oscillations with a Lithium-6 detector, is a new generation neutrino experiment which tries to address the key challenges for high precision reactor neutrino measurements at very short distances from a reactor core and with little or no overburden. The primary goal of the SoLid experiment is to perform a precise measurement of the electron antineutrino energy spectrum and flux and to search for very short distance neutrino oscillations as a probe of eV-scale sterile neutrinos. This paper describes the SoLid detection principle, the mechanical design and the construction of the detector. It then reports on the installation and commissioning on site near the BR2 reactor, Belgium, and finally highlights its performance in terms of detector response and calibration.
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Submitted 15 December, 2020; v1 submitted 14 February, 2020;
originally announced February 2020.
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Self-powered, flexible and room temperature operated solution processed hybrid metal halide p-type sensing element for efficient hydrogen detection
Authors:
E. Gagaoudakis,
A. Panagiotopoulos,
T. Maksudov,
M. Moschogiannaki,
D. Katerinopoulou,
G. Kakavelakis,
G. Kiriakidis,
V. Binas,
E. Kymakis,
K. Petridis
Abstract:
Hydrogen (H2) is a well-known reduction gas and for safety reasons is very important to be detected. The most common systems employed along its detection are metal oxide-based elements. However, the latter demand complex and expensive manufacturing techniques, while they also need high temperatures or UV light to operate effectively. In this work, we first report a solution processed hybrid mixed…
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Hydrogen (H2) is a well-known reduction gas and for safety reasons is very important to be detected. The most common systems employed along its detection are metal oxide-based elements. However, the latter demand complex and expensive manufacturing techniques, while they also need high temperatures or UV light to operate effectively. In this work, we first report a solution processed hybrid mixed halide spin coated perovskite films that have been successfully applied as portable, flexible, self-powered, fast and sensitive hydrogen sensing elements, operating at room temperature. The minimum concentrations of H2 gas that could be detected was down to 10 ppm. This work provides a new pathway on gases interaction with perovskite materials, launches new questions that must be addressed regarding the sensing mechanisms involved due to the utilization of halide perovskite sensing elements while also demonstrates the potential that these materials have on beyond solar cell applications.
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Submitted 14 September, 2019;
originally announced September 2019.
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Summary Report of Physics Beyond Colliders at CERN
Authors:
R. Alemany,
C. Burrage,
H. Bartosik,
J. Bernhard,
J. Boyd,
M. Brugger,
M. Calviani,
C. Carli,
N. Charitonidis,
D. Curtin,
A. Dainese,
A. de Roeck,
M. Diehl,
B. Döbrich,
L. Evans,
J. L. Feng,
M. Ferro-Luzzi,
L. Gatignon,
S. Gilardoni,
S. Gninenko,
G. Graziani,
E. Gschwendtner,
B. Goddard,
A. Hartin,
I. Irastorza
, et al. (39 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Physics Beyond Colliders is an exploratory study aimed at exploiting the full scientific potential of CERN's accelerator complex and its scientific infrastructure in the next two decades through projects complementary to the LHC, HL-LHC and other possible future colliders. These projects should target fundamental physics questions that are similar in spirit to those addressed by high-energy collid…
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Physics Beyond Colliders is an exploratory study aimed at exploiting the full scientific potential of CERN's accelerator complex and its scientific infrastructure in the next two decades through projects complementary to the LHC, HL-LHC and other possible future colliders. These projects should target fundamental physics questions that are similar in spirit to those addressed by high-energy colliders, but that require different types of beams and experiments. A kick-off workshop held in September 2016 identified a number of areas of interest and working groups have been set-up to study and develop these directions. All projects currently under consideration are presented including physics motivation, a brief outline of the experimental set-up and the status of the corresponding beam and detector technological studies. The proposals are also put in context of the worldwide landscape and their implementation issues are discussed.
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Submitted 1 February, 2019;
originally announced February 2019.
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Physics Beyond Colliders at CERN: Beyond the Standard Model Working Group Report
Authors:
J. Beacham,
C. Burrage,
D. Curtin,
A. De Roeck,
J. Evans,
J. L. Feng,
C. Gatto,
S. Gninenko,
A. Hartin,
I. Irastorza,
J. Jaeckel,
K. Jungmann,
K. Kirch,
F. Kling,
S. Knapen,
M. Lamont,
G. Lanfranchi,
C. Lazzeroni,
A. Lindner,
F. Martinez-Vidal,
M. Moulson,
N. Neri,
M. Papucci,
I. Pedraza,
K. Petridis
, et al. (8 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Physics Beyond Colliders initiative is an exploratory study aimed at exploiting the full scientific potential of the CERN's accelerator complex and scientific infrastructures through projects complementary to the LHC and other possible future colliders. These projects will target fundamental physics questions in modern particle physics. This document presents the status of the proposals presen…
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The Physics Beyond Colliders initiative is an exploratory study aimed at exploiting the full scientific potential of the CERN's accelerator complex and scientific infrastructures through projects complementary to the LHC and other possible future colliders. These projects will target fundamental physics questions in modern particle physics. This document presents the status of the proposals presented in the framework of the Beyond the Standard Model physics working group, and explore their physics reach and the impact that CERN could have in the next 10-20 years on the international landscape.
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Submitted 2 March, 2019; v1 submitted 20 January, 2019;
originally announced January 2019.
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Commissioning and Operation of the Readout System for the SoLid Neutrino Detector
Authors:
Y. Abreu,
Y. Amhis,
G. Ban,
W. Beaumont,
S. Binet,
M. Bongrand,
D. Boursette,
B. C. Castle,
H. Chanal,
K. Clark,
B. Coupé,
P. Crochet,
D. Cussans,
A. De Roeck,
D. Durand,
M. Fallot,
L. Ghys,
L. Giot,
K. Graves,
B. Guillon,
D. Henaff,
B. Hosseini,
S. Ihantola,
S. Jenzer,
S. Kalcheva
, et al. (31 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SoLid experiment aims to measure neutrino oscillation at a baseline of 6.4 m from the BR2 nuclear reactor in Belgium. Anti-neutrinos interact via inverse beta decay (IBD), resulting in a positron and neutron signal that are correlated in time and space. The detector operates in a surface building, with modest shielding, and relies on extremely efficient online rejection of backgrounds in order…
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The SoLid experiment aims to measure neutrino oscillation at a baseline of 6.4 m from the BR2 nuclear reactor in Belgium. Anti-neutrinos interact via inverse beta decay (IBD), resulting in a positron and neutron signal that are correlated in time and space. The detector operates in a surface building, with modest shielding, and relies on extremely efficient online rejection of backgrounds in order to identify these interactions. A novel detector design has been developed using 12800 5 cm cubes for high segmentation. Each cube is formed of a sandwich of two scintillators, PVT and 6LiF:ZnS(Ag), allowing the detection and identification of positrons and neutrons respectively. The active volume of the detector is an array of cubes measuring 80x80x250 cm (corresponding to a fiducial mass of 1.6 T), which is read out in layers using two dimensional arrays of wavelength shifting fibres and silicon photomultipliers, for a total of 3200 readout channels. Signals are recorded with 14 bit resolution, and at 40 MHz sampling frequency, for a total raw data rate of over 2 Tbit/s. In this paper, we describe a novel readout and trigger system built for the experiment, that satisfies requirements on: compactness, low power, high performance, and very low cost per channel. The system uses a combination of high price-performance FPGAs with a gigabit Ethernet based readout system, and its total power consumption is under 1 kW. The use of zero suppression techniques, combined with pulse shape discrimination trigger algorithms to detect neutrons, results in an online data reduction factor of around 10000. The neutron trigger is combined with a large per-channel history time buffer, allowing for unbiased positron detection. The system was commissioned in late 2017, with successful physics data taking established in early 2018.
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Submitted 31 August, 2019; v1 submitted 13 December, 2018;
originally announced December 2018.
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Development of a Quality Assurance Process for the SoLid Experiment
Authors:
Y. Abreu,
Y. Amhis,
G. Ban,
W. Beaumont,
S. Binet,
M. Bongrand,
D. Boursette,
B. C. Castle,
H. Chanal,
K. Clark,
B. Coupé,
P. Crochet,
D. Cussans,
A. De Roeck,
D. Durand,
M. Fallot,
L. Ghys,
L. Giot,
K. Graves,
B. Guillon,
D. Henaff,
B. Hosseini,
S. Ihantola,
S. Jenzer,
S. Kalcheva
, et al. (31 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SoLid experiment has been designed to search for an oscillation pattern induced by a light sterile neutrino state, utilising the BR2 reactor of SCK$\bullet$CEN, in Belgium. The detector leverages a new hybrid technology, utilising two distinct scintillators in a cubic array, creating a highly segmented detector volume. A combination of 5 cm cubic polyvinyltoluene cells, with $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) sh…
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The SoLid experiment has been designed to search for an oscillation pattern induced by a light sterile neutrino state, utilising the BR2 reactor of SCK$\bullet$CEN, in Belgium. The detector leverages a new hybrid technology, utilising two distinct scintillators in a cubic array, creating a highly segmented detector volume. A combination of 5 cm cubic polyvinyltoluene cells, with $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) sheets on two faces of each cube, facilitate reconstruction of the neutrino signals. % The polyvinyltoluene scintillator is used as an $\overlineν_e$ target for the inverse beta decay of ($\overlineν_e + p \rightarrow e^{+}+n$), with the $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) sheets used for associated neutron detection. Scintillation signals are read out by a network of wavelength shifting fibres connected to multipixel photon counters. Whilst the high granularity provides a powerful toolset to discriminate backgrounds; by itself the segmentation also represents a challenge in terms of homogeneity and calibration, for a consistent detector response. The search for this light sterile neutrino implies a sensitivity to distortions of around $\mathcal{O}$(10)\% in the energy spectrum of reactor $\overlineν_e$. Hence, a very good neutron detection efficiency, light yield and homogeneous detector response are critical for data validation. The minimal requirements for the SoLid physics program are a light yield and a neutron detection efficiency larger than 40 PA/MeV/cube and 50 \% respectively. In order to guarantee these minimal requirements, the collaboration developed a rigorous quality assurance process for all 12800 cubic cells of the detector. To carry out the quality assurance process, an automated calibration system called CALIPSO was designed and constructed.
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Submitted 20 December, 2018; v1 submitted 13 November, 2018;
originally announced November 2018.
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The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 3: Dual-Phase Module
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. Adamowski,
C. Adams,
D. Adams,
P. Adamson,
M. Adinolfi,
Z. Ahmad,
C. H. Albright,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
T. Alion,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
C. Alt,
J. Anderson,
K. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. P. Andrews,
R. A. Andrews,
A. Ankowski,
J. Anthony,
M. Antonello,
M. Antonova
, et al. (1076 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable…
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The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 3 describes the dual-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure.
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Submitted 26 July, 2018;
originally announced July 2018.
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The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report Volume 1: Physics, Technology and Strategies
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. Adamowski,
C. Adams,
D. Adams,
P. Adamson,
M. Adinolfi,
Z. Ahmad,
C. H. Albright,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
T. Alion,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
C. Alt,
J. Anderson,
K. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. P. Andrews,
R. A. Andrews,
A. Ankowski,
J. Anthony,
M. Antonello,
M. Antonova
, et al. (1076 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable…
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The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 1 contains an executive summary that describes the general aims of this document. The remainder of this first volume provides a more detailed description of the DUNE physics program that drives the choice of detector technologies. It also includes concise outlines of two overarching systems that have not yet evolved to consortium structures: computing and calibration. Volumes 2 and 3 of this IDR describe, for the single-phase and dual-phase technologies, respectively, each detector module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure.
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Submitted 26 July, 2018;
originally announced July 2018.
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The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 2: Single-Phase Module
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. Adamowski,
C. Adams,
D. Adams,
P. Adamson,
M. Adinolfi,
Z. Ahmad,
C. H. Albright,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
T. Alion,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
C. Alt,
J. Anderson,
K. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. P. Andrews,
R. A. Andrews,
A. Ankowski,
J. Anthony,
M. Antonello,
M. Antonova
, et al. (1076 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable…
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The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 2 describes the single-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure.
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Submitted 26 July, 2018;
originally announced July 2018.
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Optimisation of the scintillation light collection and uniformity for the SoLid experiment
Authors:
Y. Abreu,
Y. Amhis,
W. Beaumont,
M. Bongrand,
D. Boursette,
B. C. Castle,
K. Clark,
B. Coupé,
D. Cussans,
A. De Roeck,
D. Durand,
M. Fallot,
L. Ghys,
L. Giot,
K. Graves,
B. Guillon,
D. Henaff,
B. Hosseini,
S. Ihantola,
S. Jenzer,
S. Kalcheva,
L. N. Kalousis,
M. Labare,
G. Lehaut,
S. Manley
, et al. (26 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper presents a comprehensive optimisation study to maximise the light collection efficiency of scintillating cube elements used in the SoLid detector. Very short baseline reactor experiments, like SoLid, look for active to sterile neutrino oscillation signatures in the anti-neutrino energy spectrum as a function of the distance to the core and energy. Performing a precise search requires hi…
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This paper presents a comprehensive optimisation study to maximise the light collection efficiency of scintillating cube elements used in the SoLid detector. Very short baseline reactor experiments, like SoLid, look for active to sterile neutrino oscillation signatures in the anti-neutrino energy spectrum as a function of the distance to the core and energy. Performing a precise search requires high light yield of the scintillating elements and uniformity of the response in the detector volume. The SoLid experiment uses an innovative hybrid technology with two different scintillators: polyvinyltoluene scintillator cubes and $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens. A precision test bench based on a $^{207}$Bi calibration source has been developed to study improvements on the energy resolution and uniformity of the prompt scintillation signal of antineutrino interactions. A trigger system selecting the 1~MeV conversion electrons provides a Gaussian energy peak and allows for precise comparisons of the different detector configurations that were considered to improve the SoLid detector light collection. The light collection efficiency is influenced by the choice of wrapping material, the position of the $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screen, the type of fibre, the number of optical fibres and the type of mirror at the end of the fibre. This study shows that large gains in light collection efficiency are possible compared to the SoLid SM1 prototype. The light yield for the SoLid detector is expected to be at least 52$\pm$2 photo-avalanches per MeV per cube, with a relative non-uniformity of 6 %, demonstrating that the required energy resolution of at least 14 % at 1 MeV can be achieved.
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Submitted 7 September, 2018; v1 submitted 6 June, 2018;
originally announced June 2018.
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Performance of a full scale prototype detector at the BR2 reactor for the SoLid experiment
Authors:
Y. Abreu,
Y. Amhis,
L. Arnold,
G. Ban,
W. Beaumont,
M. Bongrand,
D. Boursette,
B. C. Castle,
K. Clark,
B. Coupé,
D. Cussans,
A. De Roeck,
J. D'Hondt,
D. Durand,
M. Fallot,
L. Ghys,
L. Giot,
B. Guillon,
S. Ihantola,
X. Janssen,
S. Kalcheva,
L. N. Kalousis,
E. Koonen,
M. Labare,
G. Lehaut
, et al. (26 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SoLid collaboration has developed a new detector technology to detect electron anti-neutrinos at close proximity to the Belgian BR2 reactor at surface level. A 288$\,$kg prototype detector was deployed in 2015 and collected data during the operational period of the reactor and during reactor shut-down. Dedicated calibration campaigns were also performed with gamma and neutron sources.
This p…
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The SoLid collaboration has developed a new detector technology to detect electron anti-neutrinos at close proximity to the Belgian BR2 reactor at surface level. A 288$\,$kg prototype detector was deployed in 2015 and collected data during the operational period of the reactor and during reactor shut-down. Dedicated calibration campaigns were also performed with gamma and neutron sources.
This paper describes the construction of the prototype detector with a high control on its proton content and the stability of its operation over a period of several months after deployment at the BR2 reactor site. All detector cells provide sufficient light yields to achieve a target energy resolution of better than 20%/$\sqrt{E(MeV)}$. The capability of the detector to track muons is exploited to equalize the light response of a large number of channels to a precision of 3% and to demonstrate the stability of the energy scale over time. Particle identification based on pulse-shape discrimination is demonstrated with calibration sources. Despite a lower neutron detection efficiency due to triggering constraints, the main backgrounds at the reactor site were determined and taken into account in the shielding strategy for the main experiment. The results obtained with this prototype proved essential in the design optimization of the final detector.
This paper is dedicated to our SCK$\cdot$CEN colleague, Edgar Koonen, who passed away unexpectedly in 2017. Edgar was part of the SoLid collaboration since its inception and his efforts were vital to get the experiment started. He will be duly missed.
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Submitted 12 April, 2018; v1 submitted 8 February, 2018;
originally announced February 2018.
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The Single-Phase ProtoDUNE Technical Design Report
Authors:
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. Adamowski,
C. Adams,
D. L. Adams,
P. Adamson,
M. Adinolfi,
Z. Ahmad,
C. H. Albright,
T. Alion,
J. Anderson,
K. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. P. Andrews,
R. A. Andrews,
J. dos Anjos,
A. Ankowski,
J. Anthony,
M. Antonello,
A. Aranda Fernandez,
A. Ariga,
T. Ariga,
E. Arrieta Diaz,
J. Asaadi
, et al. (806 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
ProtoDUNE-SP is the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype that is under construction and will be operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform (NP) starting in 2018. ProtoDUNE-SP, a crucial part of the DUNE effort towards the construction of the first DUNE 10-kt fiducial mass far detector module (17 kt total LAr mass), is a significant experiment in its own right. With a total liquid argon (LAr) mass…
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ProtoDUNE-SP is the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype that is under construction and will be operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform (NP) starting in 2018. ProtoDUNE-SP, a crucial part of the DUNE effort towards the construction of the first DUNE 10-kt fiducial mass far detector module (17 kt total LAr mass), is a significant experiment in its own right. With a total liquid argon (LAr) mass of 0.77 kt, it represents the largest monolithic single-phase LArTPC detector to be built to date. It's technical design is given in this report.
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Submitted 27 July, 2017; v1 submitted 21 June, 2017;
originally announced June 2017.
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The active muon shield in the SHiP experiment
Authors:
SHiP collaboration,
A. Akmete,
A. Alexandrov,
A. Anokhina,
S. Aoki,
E. Atkin,
N. Azorskiy,
J. J. Back,
A. Bagulya,
A. Baranov,
G. J. Barker,
A. Bay,
V. Bayliss,
G. Bencivenni,
A. Y. Berdnikov,
Y. A. Berdnikov,
M. Bertani,
C. Betancourt,
I. Bezshyiko,
O. Bezshyyko,
D. Bick,
S. Bieschke,
A. Blanco,
J. Boehm,
M. Bogomilov
, et al. (207 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SHiP experiment is designed to search for very weakly interacting particles beyond the Standard Model which are produced in a 400 GeV/c proton beam dump at the CERN SPS. An essential task for the experiment is to keep the Standard Model background level to less than 0.1 event after $2\times 10^{20}$ protons on target. In the beam dump, around $10^{11}$ muons will be produced per second. The mu…
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The SHiP experiment is designed to search for very weakly interacting particles beyond the Standard Model which are produced in a 400 GeV/c proton beam dump at the CERN SPS. An essential task for the experiment is to keep the Standard Model background level to less than 0.1 event after $2\times 10^{20}$ protons on target. In the beam dump, around $10^{11}$ muons will be produced per second. The muon rate in the spectrometer has to be reduced by at least four orders of magnitude to avoid muon-induced combinatorial background. A novel active muon shield is used to magnetically deflect the muons out of the acceptance of the spectrometer. This paper describes the basic principle of such a shield, its optimization and its performance.
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Submitted 18 May, 2017; v1 submitted 10 March, 2017;
originally announced March 2017.
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A novel segmented-scintillator antineutrino detector
Authors:
Y. Abreu,
Y. Amhis,
L. Arnold,
G. Ban,
W. Beaumont,
M. Bongrand,
D. Boursette,
J. M. Buhour,
B. C. Castle,
K. Clark,
B. Coupé,
A. S. Cucoanes,
D. Cussans,
A. De Roeck,
J. DHondt,
D. Durand,
M. Fallot,
S. Fresneau,
L. Ghys,
L. Giot,
B. Guillon,
G. Guilloux,
S. Ihantola,
X. Janssen,
S. Kalcheva
, et al. (31 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The next generation of very-short-baseline reactor experiments will require compact detectors operating at surface level and close to a nuclear reactor. This paper presents a new detector concept based on a composite solid scintillator technology. The detector target uses cubes of polyvinyltoluene interleaved with $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) phosphor screens to detect the products of the inverse beta decay re…
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The next generation of very-short-baseline reactor experiments will require compact detectors operating at surface level and close to a nuclear reactor. This paper presents a new detector concept based on a composite solid scintillator technology. The detector target uses cubes of polyvinyltoluene interleaved with $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) phosphor screens to detect the products of the inverse beta decay reaction. A multi-tonne detector system built from these individual cells can provide precise localisation of scintillation signals, making efficient use of the detector volume. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that a neutron capture efficiency of over 70% is achievable with a sufficient number of $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens per cube and that an appropriate segmentation enables a measurement of the positron energy which is not limited by gamma-ray leakage. First measurements of a single cell indicate that a very good neutron-gamma discrimination and high neutron detection efficiency can be obtained with adequate triggering techniques. The light yield from positron signals has been measured, showing that an energy resolution of 14%/$\sqrt{E({\mathrm{MeV}})}$ is achievable with high uniformity. A preliminary neutrino signal analysis has been developed, using selection criteria for pulse shape, energy, time structure and energy spatial distribution and showing that an antineutrino efficiency of 40% can be achieved. It also shows that the fine segmentation of the detector can be used to significantly decrease both correlated and accidental backgrounds.
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Submitted 31 May, 2017; v1 submitted 5 March, 2017;
originally announced March 2017.
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A facility to Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) at the CERN SPS
Authors:
SHiP Collaboration,
M. Anelli,
S. Aoki,
G. Arduini,
J. J. Back,
A. Bagulya,
W. Baldini,
A. Baranov,
G. J. Barker,
S. Barsuk,
M. Battistin,
J. Bauche,
A. Bay,
V. Bayliss,
L. Bellagamba,
G. Bencivenni,
M. Bertani,
O. Bezshyyko,
D. Bick,
N. Bingefors,
A. Blondel,
M. Bogomilov,
A. Boyarsky,
D. Bonacorsi,
D. Bondarenko
, et al. (211 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A new general purpose fixed target facility is proposed at the CERN SPS accelerator which is aimed at exploring the domain of hidden particles and make measurements with tau neutrinos. Hidden particles are predicted by a large number of models beyond the Standard Model. The high intensity of the SPS 400~GeV beam allows probing a wide variety of models containing light long-lived exotic particles w…
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A new general purpose fixed target facility is proposed at the CERN SPS accelerator which is aimed at exploring the domain of hidden particles and make measurements with tau neutrinos. Hidden particles are predicted by a large number of models beyond the Standard Model. The high intensity of the SPS 400~GeV beam allows probing a wide variety of models containing light long-lived exotic particles with masses below ${\cal O}$(10)~GeV/c$^2$, including very weakly interacting low-energy SUSY states. The experimental programme of the proposed facility is capable of being extended in the future, e.g. to include direct searches for Dark Matter and Lepton Flavour Violation.
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Submitted 20 April, 2015;
originally announced April 2015.
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A model for the optimal design of a supply chain network driven by stochastic fluctuations
Authors:
Kostas Petridis,
Amit K. Chattopadhyay,
Prasanta K. Dey
Abstract:
Supply chain optimization schemes have more often than not underplayed the role of inherent stochastic fluctuations in the associated variables. The present article focuses on the associated reengagement and correlated renormalization of supply chain predictions now with the inclusion of stochasticity induced fluctuations in the structure. With a processing production plant in mind that involves s…
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Supply chain optimization schemes have more often than not underplayed the role of inherent stochastic fluctuations in the associated variables. The present article focuses on the associated reengagement and correlated renormalization of supply chain predictions now with the inclusion of stochasticity induced fluctuations in the structure. With a processing production plant in mind that involves stochastically varying production and transportation costs both from the site to the plant as well as from the plant to the customer base, this article proves that the producer may benefit through better outlay in the form of higher sale prices with lowered optimized production costs only through a suitable selective choice of producers whose production cost probability density function abides a Pareto distribution. Lower the Pareto exponent, better is the supply chain prediction for cost optimization. On the other hand, other symmetric (normal) and asymmetric (lognormal) distributions lead to upscaled costs both in terms of inlays and outlays. While this is an averaged out statistics over large time regimes, transient features may still affect such probabilistic predictions and offset results. The predictions are shown to be in good harmony with model results shown.
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Submitted 20 January, 2015;
originally announced January 2015.