-
Operation and performance of ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon time projection chamber
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
S. Abbaslu,
F. Abd Alrahman,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
L. P. Accorsi,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
K. Adhikari,
C. Adriano,
K. Agudelo-Jaramillo,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
A. Alqaisi,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
R. Amarinei
, et al. (1341 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In P…
▽ More
ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In ProtoDUNE-DP the electric drift field is oriented in the vertical direction, causing the electrons to drift vertically towards the anode at the top. The ionization charge is then extracted into the gaseous argon above the liquid surface, amplified by Townsend avalanches, and collected by the charge readout planes. The detector experienced significant technical problems affecting the long-term operation of the Charge Readout Planes, formed by the Large Electron Multipliers, but other critical segments demonstrated required performance including the delivery of -300 kV to the TPC cathode, verification of replaceable charge read-out electronics, and operation of the photon detection system. ProtoDUNE-DP experience resulted in improved designs of the Vertical Drift LArTPC.
△ Less
Submitted 21 July, 2026; v1 submitted 17 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
-
Ultrafast chiral sensing with an ultraviolet vector beam
Authors:
Aude Rodriguez,
Laura Rego
Abstract:
We present a robust, ultrafast and highly efficient setup for distinguishing molecular enantiomers by combining ultrafast techniques with vector beams, a type of topological light with azimuthally varying polarization. An infrared vector beam generates high-order harmonics in a sample of randomly oriented chiral molecules, resulting in the emission of an ultraviolet vector beam whose intensity pro…
▽ More
We present a robust, ultrafast and highly efficient setup for distinguishing molecular enantiomers by combining ultrafast techniques with vector beams, a type of topological light with azimuthally varying polarization. An infrared vector beam generates high-order harmonics in a sample of randomly oriented chiral molecules, resulting in the emission of an ultraviolet vector beam whose intensity profile carries information about the handedness of the chiral molecules. Our approach allows for spatial discrimination of molecular enantiomers, opening a new route for studying ultrafast chirality.
△ Less
Submitted 10 July, 2026; v1 submitted 11 June, 2026;
originally announced June 2026.
-
Charge readout electronics for the DUNE horizontal drift far detector: design and performance in ProtoDUNE-HD
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
S. Abbaslu,
F. Abd Alrahman,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
L. P. Accorsi,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
K. Adhikari,
C. Adriano,
K. Agudelo-Jaramillo,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
A. Alqaisi,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
R. Amarinei
, et al. (1346 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment currently under construction, whose far detectors will be the largest liquid argon time projection chambers ever built. This detector design calls for custom-built cryogenic front-end electronics to meet its performance requirements. This paper describes the charge readout electronics that will be used i…
▽ More
DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment currently under construction, whose far detectors will be the largest liquid argon time projection chambers ever built. This detector design calls for custom-built cryogenic front-end electronics to meet its performance requirements. This paper describes the charge readout electronics that will be used in the DUNE horizontal drift (HD) far detector and presents performance results using data from the ProtoDUNE-HD detector, a 770 ton liquid argon time projection chamber operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2024 that served as the final prototype of the DUNE HD design.
△ Less
Submitted 12 August, 2026; v1 submitted 26 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
-
A beat wave approach to harmonic generation in chiral media
Authors:
Raoul Trines,
Holger Schmitz,
Robert Bingham,
Martin King,
Paul McKenna,
David Ayuso,
Laura Rego
Abstract:
We extend the beat-wave framework for laser harmonic generation - where spectra form regular lattices in Fourier space - to the nonlinear response of isotropic chiral media driven by locally chiral light. We represent the enantio-sensitive response of the medium by a chiral zero-frequency (DC) mode derived from the transverse spin density induced by structured or focused fields. Beating between th…
▽ More
We extend the beat-wave framework for laser harmonic generation - where spectra form regular lattices in Fourier space - to the nonlinear response of isotropic chiral media driven by locally chiral light. We represent the enantio-sensitive response of the medium by a chiral zero-frequency (DC) mode derived from the transverse spin density induced by structured or focused fields. Beating between this DC mode and the driving electromagnetic modes yields alternating chiral and achiral contributions on a regular harmonic lattice. We derive a general criterion for when chiral and achiral pathways overlap at the same harmonic and generate enantio-sensitive interference that survives spatial or angular integration (global chirality), versus when enantio-sensitivity remains confined to spatially varying patterns (local chirality). We apply the criterion to published configurations of synthetic chiral light, including OAM-carrying bicircular fields and crossed multicolour beams, and show that it reproduces and clarifies their reported global-chirality and beam-bending regimes.
△ Less
Submitted 9 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
-
Cryogenic characterization of FBK NUV-HD-Cryo 3T SiPM sensors for the DUNE photon detection system
Authors:
F. Acerbi,
M. Andreotti,
A. Balboni,
E. Bertolini,
S. Bertolucci,
G. Botogoske,
F. Bramati,
A. Branca,
C. Brizzolari,
G. Brunetti,
R. Calabrese,
E. Calvo,
N. Canci,
P. Carniti,
D. Casazza,
C. Cattadori,
A. Cervera,
F. Chiapponi,
S. Chiozzi,
V. Cicero,
A. Cotta Ramusino,
E. Cristaldo Morales,
C. Cuesta,
R. D Amico,
L. Degli Esposti
, et al. (71 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a long-baseline neutrino experiment based in the USA and composed of a Near Detector (ND) complex at Fermi National Laboratory (FNAL), and a Far Detector (FD) complex located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) $\sim$1300\,km distant. DUNE will study neutrino oscillations looking for unresolved issues of the Standard Model of parti…
▽ More
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a long-baseline neutrino experiment based in the USA and composed of a Near Detector (ND) complex at Fermi National Laboratory (FNAL), and a Far Detector (FD) complex located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) $\sim$1300\,km distant. DUNE will study neutrino oscillations looking for unresolved issues of the Standard Model of particle physics (SM) such as CP violation in the leptonic sector, neutrino mass ordering and others, starting from the early 2030s. The FD, with a mass of $\sim$17\,kt, that will exploit both ionization and scintillation signals to detect neutrino interactions with Argon. Scintillating photons in LAr will be detected by the photon detection system (PDS) based on light collectors coupled to Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). During a test campaign, different laboratories of the collaboration performed an investigation of the best SiPM candidates that fulfill the DUNE FD requirements. We identified two models of SiPM, produced by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK) and Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), respectively. In this paper, we focus on the FBK selected model showing its main features. We will describe the characterization protocol, the results at both room and cryogenic temperatures and the photon detection efficiency measurements.
△ Less
Submitted 24 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
-
Measurement of the X-ARAPUCA's Absolute Photon Detection Efficiency for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment's Vertical Drift Far Detector
Authors:
G. Botogoske,
F. Bruni,
E. Calvo,
R. Calabrese,
N. Canci,
A. Canto,
C. M. Cattadori,
A. Cervera Villanueva,
S. Coleman,
J. I. Crespo-Anadón,
C. Cuesta,
F. Di Capua,
N. Durand,
G. Fiorillo,
F. Galizzi,
I. Gil-Botella,
C. Gotti,
G. Grauso,
J. Jablonski,
A. A. Machado,
S. Manthey Corchado,
J. Martín-Albo,
G. Matteucci,
L. Meazza,
A. P. Mendoça
, et al. (19 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The DUNE experiment will implement a photon detection system composed of X-ARAPUCA (XA) devices. These trap incoming VUV photons by internal reflection in a wavelength shifter light guide to be collected onto silicon photomultiplier arrays, sensitive to visible light. In the baseline design, dichroic filters are used to prevent photons from escaping. The configuration proposed for DUNE's Vertical…
▽ More
The DUNE experiment will implement a photon detection system composed of X-ARAPUCA (XA) devices. These trap incoming VUV photons by internal reflection in a wavelength shifter light guide to be collected onto silicon photomultiplier arrays, sensitive to visible light. In the baseline design, dichroic filters are used to prevent photons from escaping. The configuration proposed for DUNE's Vertical Drift (VD) module has been characterised in liquid argon for the first time using dedicated cryogenic setups developed at CIEMAT and INFN Naples. Additionally, several alternative configurations, based on the design optimisation studies of an R&D campaign, have been evaluated. The results show an efficiency of up to 4.5$\pm$4~% at 4.5~V overvoltage, representing a significant improvement over previous XA implementations. Most notably, configurations without dichroic filters show an improvement of up to 18~%, attributed to transmittance losses in the dichroic filters.
△ Less
Submitted 1 June, 2026; v1 submitted 15 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
-
Operation of a Modular 3D-Pixelated Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber in a Neutrino Beam
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
S. Abbaslu,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
L. P. Accorsi,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
C. Adriano,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. Andreotti
, et al. (1299 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector prototypes a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprised of a two-by-two array of four modules, each f…
▽ More
The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector prototypes a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprised of a two-by-two array of four modules, each further segmented into two optically-isolated LArTPCs. The 2x2 Demonstrator features a number of pioneering technologies, including a low-profile resistive field shell to establish drift fields, native 3D ionization pixelated imaging, and a high-coverage dielectric light readout system. The 2.4 tonne active mass detector is flanked upstream and downstream by supplemental solid-scintillator tracking planes, repurposed from the MINERvA experiment, which track ionizing particles exiting the argon volume. The antineutrino beam data collected by the detector over a 4.5 day period in 2024 include over 30,000 neutrino interactions in the LAr active volume-the first neutrino interactions reported by a DUNE detector prototype. During its physics-quality run, the 2x2 Demonstrator operated at a nominal drift field of 500 V/cm and maintained good LAr purity, with a stable electron lifetime of approximately 1.25 ms. This paper describes the detector and supporting systems, summarizes the installation and commissioning, and presents the initial validation of collected NuMI beam and off-beam self-triggers. In addition, it highlights observed interactions in the detector volume, including candidate muon anti-neutrino events.
△ Less
Submitted 17 June, 2026; v1 submitted 6 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
-
Spatial and Temporal Evaluations of the Liquid Argon Purity in ProtoDUNE-SP
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
S. Abbaslu,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
L. P. Accorsi,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
C. Adriano,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. Andreotti
, et al. (1301 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) rely on highly pure argon to ensure that ionization electrons produced by charged particles reach readout arrays. ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) was an approximately 700-ton liquid argon detector intended to prototype the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Far Detector Horizontal Drift module. It contains two drift volumes bisected by…
▽ More
Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) rely on highly pure argon to ensure that ionization electrons produced by charged particles reach readout arrays. ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) was an approximately 700-ton liquid argon detector intended to prototype the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Far Detector Horizontal Drift module. It contains two drift volumes bisected by the cathode plane assembly, which is biased to create an almost uniform electric field in both volumes. The DUNE Far Detector modules must have robust cryogenic systems capable of filtering argon and supplying the TPC with clean liquid. This paper will explore comparisons of the argon purity measured by the purity monitors with those measured using muons in the TPC from October 2018 to November 2018. A new method is introduced to measure the liquid argon purity in the TPC using muons crossing both drift volumes of ProtoDUNE-SP. For extended periods on the timescale of weeks, the drift electron lifetime was measured to be above 30 ms using both systems. A particular focus will be placed on the measured purity of argon as a function of position in the detector.
△ Less
Submitted 27 August, 2025; v1 submitted 11 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
-
European Contributions to Fermilab Accelerator Upgrades and Facilities for the DUNE Experiment
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade
, et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) to the FNAL accelerator chain and the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will provide the world's most intense neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) enabling a wide-ranging physics program. This document outlines the significant contributions made by European national laboratories and institutes towards realizing the first phase o…
▽ More
The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) to the FNAL accelerator chain and the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will provide the world's most intense neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) enabling a wide-ranging physics program. This document outlines the significant contributions made by European national laboratories and institutes towards realizing the first phase of the project with a 1.2 MW neutrino beam. Construction of this first phase is well underway. For DUNE Phase II, this will be closely followed by an upgrade of the beam power to > 2 MW, for which the European groups again have a key role and which will require the continued support of the European community for machine aspects of neutrino physics. Beyond the neutrino beam aspects, LBNF is also responsible for providing unique infrastructure to install and operate the DUNE neutrino detectors at FNAL and at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The cryostats for the first two Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber detector modules at SURF, a contribution of CERN to LBNF, are central to the success of the ongoing execution of DUNE Phase I. Likewise, successful and timely procurement of cryostats for two additional detector modules at SURF will be critical to the success of DUNE Phase II and the overall physics program. The DUNE Collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This paper is being submitted to the 'Accelerator technologies' and 'Projects and Large Experiments' streams. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE detector technologies and R&D, and DUNE software and computing, are also being submitted to other streams.
△ Less
Submitted 31 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
-
DUNE Software and Computing Research and Development
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade
, et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The ambitious physics program of Phase I and Phase II of DUNE is dependent upon deployment and utilization of significant computing res…
▽ More
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The ambitious physics program of Phase I and Phase II of DUNE is dependent upon deployment and utilization of significant computing resources, and successful research and development of software (both infrastructure and algorithmic) in order to achieve these scientific goals. This submission discusses the computing resources projections, infrastructure support, and software development needed for DUNE during the coming decades as an input to the European Strategy for Particle Physics Update for 2026. The DUNE collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This submission to the 'Computing' stream focuses on DUNE software and computing. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE detector technologies and R&D, and European contributions to Fermilab accelerator upgrades and facilities for the DUNE experiment, are also being submitted to other streams.
△ Less
Submitted 31 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
-
The DUNE Phase II Detectors
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade
, et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy for the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and…
▽ More
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy for the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the previous European Strategy for Particle Physics. The construction of DUNE Phase I is well underway. DUNE Phase II consists of a third and fourth far detector module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced > 2 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a 'Module of Opportunity', aimed at supporting the core DUNE science program while also expanding the physics opportunities with more advanced technologies. The DUNE collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This submission to the 'Detector instrumentation' stream focuses on technologies and R&D for the DUNE Phase II detectors. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE software and computing, and European contributions to Fermilab accelerator upgrades and facilities for the DUNE experiment, are also being submitted to other streams.
△ Less
Submitted 29 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
-
The track-length extension fitting algorithm for energy measurement of interacting particles in liquid argon TPCs and its performance with ProtoDUNE-SP data
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos
, et al. (1348 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy los…
▽ More
This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm's energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe the impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions.
△ Less
Submitted 26 December, 2024; v1 submitted 26 September, 2024;
originally announced September 2024.
-
DUNE Phase II: Scientific Opportunities, Detector Concepts, Technological Solutions
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. Andreotti
, et al. (1347 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I…
▽ More
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the European Strategy for Particle Physics. While the construction of the DUNE Phase I is well underway, this White Paper focuses on DUNE Phase II planning. DUNE Phase-II consists of a third and fourth far detector (FD) module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced 2.1 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a "Module of Opportunity", aimed at expanding the physics opportunities, in addition to supporting the core DUNE science program, with more advanced technologies. This document highlights the increased science opportunities offered by the DUNE Phase II near and far detectors, including long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics, neutrino astrophysics, and physics beyond the standard model. It describes the DUNE Phase II near and far detector technologies and detector design concepts that are currently under consideration. A summary of key R&D goals and prototyping phases needed to realize the Phase II detector technical designs is also provided. DUNE's Phase II detectors, along with the increased beam power, will complete the full scope of DUNE, enabling a multi-decadal program of groundbreaking science with neutrinos.
△ Less
Submitted 22 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.
-
First Measurement of the Total Inelastic Cross-Section of Positively-Charged Kaons on Argon at Energies Between 5.0 and 7.5 GeV
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. Andreotti
, et al. (1341 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) is a 770-ton liquid argon time projection chamber that operated in a hadron test beam at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2018. We present a measurement of the total inelastic cross section of charged kaons on argon as a function of kaon energy using 6 and 7 GeV/$c$ beam momentum settings. The flux-weighted average of the extracted inelastic cross section at each…
▽ More
ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) is a 770-ton liquid argon time projection chamber that operated in a hadron test beam at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2018. We present a measurement of the total inelastic cross section of charged kaons on argon as a function of kaon energy using 6 and 7 GeV/$c$ beam momentum settings. The flux-weighted average of the extracted inelastic cross section at each beam momentum setting was measured to be 380$\pm$26 mbarns for the 6 GeV/$c$ setting and 379$\pm$35 mbarns for the 7 GeV/$c$ setting.
△ Less
Submitted 1 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.
-
Supernova Pointing Capabilities of DUNE
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade
, et al. (1340 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electr…
▽ More
The determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electron-neutrino charged-current absorption on 40Ar and elastic scattering of neutrinos on electrons. Procedures to reconstruct individual interactions, including a newly developed technique called ``brems flipping'', as well as the burst direction from an ensemble of interactions are described. Performance of the burst direction reconstruction is evaluated for supernovae happening at a distance of 10 kpc for a specific supernova burst flux model. The pointing resolution is found to be 3.4 degrees at 68% coverage for a perfect interaction-channel classification and a fiducial mass of 40 kton, and 6.6 degrees for a 10 kton fiducial mass respectively. Assuming a 4% rate of charged-current interactions being misidentified as elastic scattering, DUNE's burst pointing resolution is found to be 4.3 degrees (8.7 degrees) at 68% coverage.
△ Less
Submitted 24 December, 2025; v1 submitted 14 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
-
Ultrafast TACOS -- Terahertz-Assisted Chiro-Optical Spectroscopy
Authors:
Justas Terentjevas,
Patricia Vindel-Zandbergen,
Laura Rego,
Felipe Morales,
Andrés Ordóñez,
Olga Smirnova,
David Ayuso
Abstract:
We bring together the advantages of terahertz (THz) and optical spectroscopies to introduce TACOS (Terahertz-Assisted Chiro-Optical Spectroscopy), a novel approach for ultrafast and highly efficient imaging of molecular chirality and control over chiral electronic dynamics. We show how, using a THz pulse, we can induce a transient electronic orientation in a medium of randomly oriented chiral mole…
▽ More
We bring together the advantages of terahertz (THz) and optical spectroscopies to introduce TACOS (Terahertz-Assisted Chiro-Optical Spectroscopy), a novel approach for ultrafast and highly efficient imaging of molecular chirality and control over chiral electronic dynamics. We show how, using a THz pulse, we can induce a transient electronic orientation in a medium of randomly oriented chiral molecules that breaks the isotropy of the molecular sample. This symmetry breaking twists the nonlinear response of the medium to an ultrashort linearly polarised optical pulse in a highly enantiosensitive manner. As a result, the medium emits elliptically polarised light at new optical frequencies that records the molecular handedness via purely electric-dipole interactions. The long wavelength and period of the THz pulse enable both spatial coherence across the sample and a substantial degree of electronic orientation over the duration of the ultrashort optical pulse. TACOS does not require optical carrier-envelope phase stability or working in vacuum, and it creates exciting avenues for ultrafast and highly efficient chiral sensing and manipulation.
△ Less
Submitted 20 June, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
-
The Application of Tailored Fields for Studying Chirality and Symmetry
Authors:
Dino Habibović,
Kathryn R. Hamilton,
Ofer Neufeld,
Laura Rego
Abstract:
Ultrashort laser pulses pose unique tools to trigger and probe the fastest charge dynamics in matter, allowing the investigation of fundamental physical phenomena with unprecedented resolution in space, time, and energy. One of the most fascinating opportunities that ultrashort pulses offer is the possibility of modulating and investigating symmetries by tailoring the properties of the laser beam…
▽ More
Ultrashort laser pulses pose unique tools to trigger and probe the fastest charge dynamics in matter, allowing the investigation of fundamental physical phenomena with unprecedented resolution in space, time, and energy. One of the most fascinating opportunities that ultrashort pulses offer is the possibility of modulating and investigating symmetries by tailoring the properties of the laser beam in the spatial and polarization domains, effectively controlling symmetry breaking on multiple levels. In particular, this allows probing chiral matter and ultrafast chiral dynamics. In recent years, the development of highly sensitive approaches for studying chirality has been a hot topic in physics and chemistry that has developed largely separately from the field of tailored light. This perspective discusses the individual and joint evolution of these fields with an emphasis on how the fields have already cross-fertilized, opening new opportunities in science. We outline a future outlook of how the topics are expected to fully merge and mutually evolve, emphasizing outstanding open issues.
△ Less
Submitted 20 May, 2024; v1 submitted 8 April, 2024;
originally announced April 2024.
-
Performance of a modular ton-scale pixel-readout liquid argon time projection chamber
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade
, et al. (1340 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Module-0 Demonstrator is a single-phase 600 kg liquid argon time projection chamber operated as a prototype for the DUNE liquid argon near detector. Based on the ArgonCube design concept, Module-0 features a novel 80k-channel pixelated charge readout and advanced high-coverage photon detection system. In this paper, we present an analysis of an eight-day data set consisting of 25 million cosmi…
▽ More
The Module-0 Demonstrator is a single-phase 600 kg liquid argon time projection chamber operated as a prototype for the DUNE liquid argon near detector. Based on the ArgonCube design concept, Module-0 features a novel 80k-channel pixelated charge readout and advanced high-coverage photon detection system. In this paper, we present an analysis of an eight-day data set consisting of 25 million cosmic ray events collected in the spring of 2021. We use this sample to demonstrate the imaging performance of the charge and light readout systems as well as the signal correlations between the two. We also report argon purity and detector uniformity measurements, and provide comparisons to detector simulations.
△ Less
Submitted 5 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
-
Doping Liquid Argon with Xenon in ProtoDUNE Single-Phase: Effects on Scintillation Light
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
H. Amar Es-sghir,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade,
C. Andreopoulos
, et al. (1297 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Doping of liquid argon TPCs (LArTPCs) with a small concentration of xenon is a technique for light-shifting and facilitates the detection of the liquid argon scintillation light. In this paper, we present the results of the first doping test ever performed in a kiloton-scale LArTPC. From February to May 2020, we carried out this special run in the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype (ProtoDUN…
▽ More
Doping of liquid argon TPCs (LArTPCs) with a small concentration of xenon is a technique for light-shifting and facilitates the detection of the liquid argon scintillation light. In this paper, we present the results of the first doping test ever performed in a kiloton-scale LArTPC. From February to May 2020, we carried out this special run in the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype (ProtoDUNE-SP) at CERN, featuring 720 t of total liquid argon mass with 410 t of fiducial mass. A 5.4 ppm nitrogen contamination was present during the xenon doping campaign. The goal of the run was to measure the light and charge response of the detector to the addition of xenon, up to a concentration of 18.8 ppm. The main purpose was to test the possibility for reduction of non-uniformities in light collection, caused by deployment of photon detectors only within the anode planes. Light collection was analysed as a function of the xenon concentration, by using the pre-existing photon detection system (PDS) of ProtoDUNE-SP and an additional smaller set-up installed specifically for this run. In this paper we first summarize our current understanding of the argon-xenon energy transfer process and the impact of the presence of nitrogen in argon with and without xenon dopant. We then describe the key elements of ProtoDUNE-SP and the injection method deployed. Two dedicated photon detectors were able to collect the light produced by xenon and the total light. The ratio of these components was measured to be about 0.65 as 18.8 ppm of xenon were injected. We performed studies of the collection efficiency as a function of the distance between tracks and light detectors, demonstrating enhanced uniformity of response for the anode-mounted PDS. We also show that xenon doping can substantially recover light losses due to contamination of the liquid argon by nitrogen.
△ Less
Submitted 2 August, 2024; v1 submitted 2 February, 2024;
originally announced February 2024.
-
The DUNE Far Detector Vertical Drift Technology, Technical Design Report
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade,
C. Andreopoulos
, et al. (1304 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precisi…
▽ More
DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precision measurements of the PMNS matrix parameters, including the CP-violating phase. It will also stand ready to observe supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model.
The DUNE far detector implements liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, and combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with the sub-centimeter spatial resolution required to image those events with high precision. The addition of a photon detection system enhances physics capabilities for all DUNE physics drivers and opens prospects for further physics explorations. Given its size, the far detector will be implemented as a set of modules, with LArTPC designs that differ from one another as newer technologies arise.
In the vertical drift LArTPC design, a horizontal cathode bisects the detector, creating two stacked drift volumes in which ionization charges drift towards anodes at either the top or bottom. The anodes are composed of perforated PCB layers with conductive strips, enabling reconstruction in 3D. Light-trap-style photon detection modules are placed both on the cryostat's side walls and on the central cathode where they are optically powered.
This Technical Design Report describes in detail the technical implementations of each subsystem of this LArTPC that, together with the other far detector modules and the near detector, will enable DUNE to achieve its physics goals.
△ Less
Submitted 5 December, 2023;
originally announced December 2023.
-
Ultrafast control over chiral sum-frequency generation
Authors:
Josh Vogwell,
Laura Rego,
Olga Smirnova,
David Ayuso
Abstract:
We introduce an ultrafast all-optical approach for efficient chiral recognition which relies on the interference between two low-order nonlinear processes which are ubiquitous in nonlinear optics: sum-frequency generation and third-harmonic generation. In contrast to traditional sum-frequency generation, our approach encodes the medium's handedness in the intensity of the emitted harmonic signal,…
▽ More
We introduce an ultrafast all-optical approach for efficient chiral recognition which relies on the interference between two low-order nonlinear processes which are ubiquitous in nonlinear optics: sum-frequency generation and third-harmonic generation. In contrast to traditional sum-frequency generation, our approach encodes the medium's handedness in the intensity of the emitted harmonic signal, rather than in its phase, and it enables full control over the enantiosensitive response. We show how, by sculpting the sub-optical-cycle oscillations of the driving laser field, we can force one molecular enantiomer to emit bright light while its mirror twin remains dark, thus reaching the ultimate efficiency limit of chiral sensitivity via low-order nonlinear light-matter interactions. Our work paves the way for ultrafast and highly efficient imaging and control of the chiral electronic clouds of chiral molecules using lasers with moderate intensities, in all states of matter: from gases to liquids to solids, with molecular specificity and on ultrafast timescales.
△ Less
Submitted 8 June, 2023; v1 submitted 24 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
-
The Gamma Generalized Normal Distribution: A Descriptor of SAR Imagery
Authors:
G. M. Cordeiro,
R. J. Cintra,
L. C. Rêgo,
A. D. C. Nascimento
Abstract:
We propose a new four-parameter distribution for modeling synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery named the gamma generalized normal (GGN) by combining the gamma and generalized normal distributions. A mathematical characterization of the new distribution is provided by identifying the limit behavior and by calculating the density and moment expansions. The GGN model performance is evaluated on bot…
▽ More
We propose a new four-parameter distribution for modeling synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery named the gamma generalized normal (GGN) by combining the gamma and generalized normal distributions. A mathematical characterization of the new distribution is provided by identifying the limit behavior and by calculating the density and moment expansions. The GGN model performance is evaluated on both synthetic and actual data and, for that, maximum likelihood estimation and random number generation are discussed. The proposed distribution is compared with the beta generalized normal distribution (BGN), which has already shown to appropriately represent SAR imagery. The performance of these two distributions are measured by means of statistics which provide evidence that the GGN can outperform the BGN distribution in some contexts.
△ Less
Submitted 3 June, 2022;
originally announced June 2022.
-
Tilting light's polarization plane to spatially separate the nonlinear optical response of chiral molecules on ultrafast timescales
Authors:
Laura Rego,
David Ayuso
Abstract:
Distinguishing between the left- and right-handed versions of a chiral molecule (enantiomers) is vital, but also inherently difficult. Traditional optical methods using elliptically or circularly polarized light rely on weak linear effects which arise beyond the electric-dipole approximation, posing major limitations for time resolving ultrafast chiral molecular dynamics. Here we show how, by tilt…
▽ More
Distinguishing between the left- and right-handed versions of a chiral molecule (enantiomers) is vital, but also inherently difficult. Traditional optical methods using elliptically or circularly polarized light rely on weak linear effects which arise beyond the electric-dipole approximation, posing major limitations for time resolving ultrafast chiral molecular dynamics. Here we show how, by tilting the plane of polarization of an ultrashort burst of intense elliptically polarized light, towards its propagation direction, we can turn the light field into a highly efficient chiro-optical tool. This "forward tilting" can be achieved by focusing the beam tightly, creating structured light which exhibits a nontrivial polarization pattern in space. We demonstrate that our structured field allows us to realize an interferometer for efficient chiral recognition that separates the nonlinear optical response of left- and right-handed molecules in space. Our work provides a simple, yet highly efficient, way of spatially structuring the polarization of light to image molecular chirality, with extreme enantio-sensitivity and on ultrafast time scales.
△ Less
Submitted 7 June, 2022; v1 submitted 3 June, 2022;
originally announced June 2022.
-
Structuring the local handedness of synthetic chiral light: global chirality versus polarization of chirality
Authors:
Laura Rego,
David Ayuso
Abstract:
Synthetic chiral light enables ultrafast and highly efficient imaging of molecular chirality. Unlike standard circularly polarized light, the handedness of synthetic chiral light does not rely on the spatial structure of the light field: it is encoded locally, in the chiral trajectory that the tip of the electric-field vector draws in time, at each point in space. Being locally chiral, already wit…
▽ More
Synthetic chiral light enables ultrafast and highly efficient imaging of molecular chirality. Unlike standard circularly polarized light, the handedness of synthetic chiral light does not rely on the spatial structure of the light field: it is encoded locally, in the chiral trajectory that the tip of the electric-field vector draws in time, at each point in space. Being locally chiral, already within the electric-dipole approximation, synthetic chiral light is a highly efficient chiral photonic reagent. Synthetic chiral light that is locally and globally chiral allows us to selectively quench the nonlinear response of a selected molecular enantiomer while maximizing it in its mirror twin at the level of total signal intensities. Synthetic chiral light that exhibits polarization of chirality allows us to realize a chiral version of Young's double-slit experiment that leads to enantio-sensitive light bending. Here we connect these two new concepts and show how one can structure the local and global handedness of synthetic chiral light in space, and how these local and global properties are imprinted in the enantio-sensitive response of the chiral molecules, creating new opportunities for ultrafast, all-optical and highly efficient imaging of molecular chirality.
△ Less
Submitted 3 June, 2022;
originally announced June 2022.
-
Beta Generalized Normal Distribution with an Application for SAR Image Processing
Authors:
R. J. Cintra,
L. C. Rêgo,
G. M. Cordeiro,
A. D. C. Nascimento
Abstract:
We introduce the beta generalized normal distribution which is obtained by compounding the beta and generalized normal [Nadarajah, S., A generalized normal distribution, \emph{Journal of Applied Statistics}. 32, 685--694, 2005] distributions. The new model includes as sub-models the beta normal, beta Laplace, normal, and Laplace distributions. The shape of the new distribution is quite flexible, s…
▽ More
We introduce the beta generalized normal distribution which is obtained by compounding the beta and generalized normal [Nadarajah, S., A generalized normal distribution, \emph{Journal of Applied Statistics}. 32, 685--694, 2005] distributions. The new model includes as sub-models the beta normal, beta Laplace, normal, and Laplace distributions. The shape of the new distribution is quite flexible, specially the skewness and the tail weights, due to two additional parameters. We obtain general expansions for the moments. The estimation of the parameters is investigated by maximum likelihood. We also proposed a random number generator for the new distribution. Actual synthetic aperture radar were analyzed and modeled after the new distribution. Results could outperform the $\mathcal{G}^0$, $\mathcal{K}$, and $Γ$ distributions in several scenarios.
△ Less
Submitted 2 June, 2022;
originally announced June 2022.
-
On Some Properties of the Beta Inverse Rayleigh Distribution
Authors:
J. Leão,
H. Saulo,
M. Bourguignon,
R. J. Cintra,
L. C. Rêgo,
G. M. Cordeiro
Abstract:
We study with some details a lifetime model of the class of beta generalized models, called the beta inverse Rayleigh distribution, which is a special case of the Beta Fréchet distribution. We provide a better foundation for some properties including quantile function, moments, mean deviations, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves, Rényi and Shannon entropies and order statistics. We fit the proposed mode…
▽ More
We study with some details a lifetime model of the class of beta generalized models, called the beta inverse Rayleigh distribution, which is a special case of the Beta Fréchet distribution. We provide a better foundation for some properties including quantile function, moments, mean deviations, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves, Rényi and Shannon entropies and order statistics. We fit the proposed model using maximum likelihood estimation to a real data set to illustrate its flexibility and potentiality.
△ Less
Submitted 2 June, 2022;
originally announced June 2022.
-
The McDonald Normal Distribution
Authors:
G. M. Cordeiro,
R. J. Cintra,
L. C. Rêgo
Abstract:
A five-parameter distribution called the McDonald normal distribution is defined and studied. The new distribution contains, as special cases, several important distributions discussed in the literature, such as the normal, skew-normal, exponentiated normal, beta normal and Kumaraswamy normal distributions, among others. We obtain its ordinary moments, moment generating function and mean deviation…
▽ More
A five-parameter distribution called the McDonald normal distribution is defined and studied. The new distribution contains, as special cases, several important distributions discussed in the literature, such as the normal, skew-normal, exponentiated normal, beta normal and Kumaraswamy normal distributions, among others. We obtain its ordinary moments, moment generating function and mean deviations. We also derive the ordinary moments of the order statistics. We use the method of maximum likelihood to fit the new distribution and illustrate its potentiality with three applications to real data.
△ Less
Submitted 1 June, 2022;
originally announced June 2022.
-
On Some Properties of the Beta Normal Distribution
Authors:
L. C. Rêgo,
R. J. Cintra,
G. M. Cordeiro
Abstract:
The beta normal distribution is a generalization of both the normal distribution and the normal order statistics. Some of its mathematical properties and a few applications have been studied in the literature. We provide a better foundation for some properties and an analytical study of its bimodality. The hazard rate function and the limiting behavior are examined. We derive explicit expressions…
▽ More
The beta normal distribution is a generalization of both the normal distribution and the normal order statistics. Some of its mathematical properties and a few applications have been studied in the literature. We provide a better foundation for some properties and an analytical study of its bimodality. The hazard rate function and the limiting behavior are examined. We derive explicit expressions for moments, generating function, mean deviations using a power series expansion for the quantile function, and Shannon entropy.
△ Less
Submitted 1 June, 2022;
originally announced June 2022.
-
Efficient generation of high-order harmonics in gases
Authors:
R. Weissenbilder,
S. Carlström,
L. Rego,
C. Guo,
C. M. Heyl,
P. Smorenburg,
E. Constant,
C. L. Arnold,
A. L'Huillier
Abstract:
High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in gases leads to short-pulse extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation useful in a number of applications, for example, attosecond science and nanoscale imaging. However, this process depends on many parameters and there is still no consensus on how to choose the target geometry to optimize the source efficiency. Here, we review the physics of HHG with emphasis on t…
▽ More
High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in gases leads to short-pulse extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation useful in a number of applications, for example, attosecond science and nanoscale imaging. However, this process depends on many parameters and there is still no consensus on how to choose the target geometry to optimize the source efficiency. Here, we review the physics of HHG with emphasis on the macroscopic aspects of the nonlinear interaction. We analyze the influence of medium length, pressure, position of the medium and intensity of the driving laser on the HHG conversion efficiency (CE), using both numerical modelling and analytical expressions. We find that efficient high-order harmonic generation can be realized over a large range of pressures and medium lengths, if these follow a certain hyperbolic equation. The spatial and temporal properties of the generated radiation are, however, strongly dependent on the choice of pressure and medium length. Our results explain the large versatility in gas target design for efficient HHG and provide design guidance for future high-flux XUV sources.
△ Less
Submitted 16 February, 2022;
originally announced February 2022.
-
Energetics of the Charge Generation in Organic Donor-Acceptor Interfaces
Authors:
Artur M. Andermann,
Luis G. C. Rego
Abstract:
Non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) materials have posed new paradigms for the design of organic solar cells (OSC), whereby efficient carrier generation is obtained with small driving forces, in order to maximize the open-circuit voltage. In this paper we use a coarse-grained mixed quantum-classical method, that combines Ehrenfest and Redfield theories, to shed light on charge generation process in small…
▽ More
Non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) materials have posed new paradigms for the design of organic solar cells (OSC), whereby efficient carrier generation is obtained with small driving forces, in order to maximize the open-circuit voltage. In this paper we use a coarse-grained mixed quantum-classical method, that combines Ehrenfest and Redfield theories, to shed light on charge generation process in small energy offset interfaces. We have investigated the influence of the energetic driving force as well as the vibronic effects on the charge generation and photovoltaic energy conversion. By analyzing the effects of the Holstein and Peierls vibrational couplings, we find that vibrational couplings produce an overall effect of improving the charge generation. However, the two vibronic mechanisms play different roles: the Holstein relaxation mechanism decreases the charge generation whereas the Peierls mechanism always assists the charge generation. Moreover, by examining the electron-hole binding energy as a function of time, we evince two distinct regimes for the charge separation: the temperature independent excitonic spread on a sub-100 fs timescale and the complete dissociation of the charge-transfer state that occurs on the timescale of tens to hundreds of picoseconds, depending on the temperature. The quantum dynamics of the system exhibits the three regimes of the Marcus electron transfer kinetics as the energy offset of the interface is varied.
△ Less
Submitted 20 December, 2021; v1 submitted 26 October, 2021;
originally announced October 2021.
-
Necklace-structured high harmonic generation for low-divergence, soft X-ray harmonic combs with tunable line spacing
Authors:
Laura Rego,
Nathan J. Brooks,
Quynh L. D. Nguyen,
Julio San Román,
Iona Binnie,
Luis Plaja,
Henry C. Kapteyn,
Margaret M. Murnane,
Carlos Hernández-García
Abstract:
The extreme nonlinear optical process of high-harmonic generation (HHG) makes it possible to map the properties of a laser beam onto a radiating electron wavefunction, and in turn, onto the emitted x-ray light. Bright HHG beams typically emerge from a longitudinal phased distribution of atomic-scale quantum antennae. Here, we form a transverse necklace-shaped phased array of HHG emitters, where or…
▽ More
The extreme nonlinear optical process of high-harmonic generation (HHG) makes it possible to map the properties of a laser beam onto a radiating electron wavefunction, and in turn, onto the emitted x-ray light. Bright HHG beams typically emerge from a longitudinal phased distribution of atomic-scale quantum antennae. Here, we form a transverse necklace-shaped phased array of HHG emitters, where orbital angular momentum conservation allows us to tune the line spacing and divergence properties of extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray high harmonic combs. The on-axis HHG emission has extremely low divergence, well below that obtained when using Gaussian driving beams, which further decreases with harmonic order. This work provides a new degree of freedom for the design of harmonic combs, particularly in the soft X-ray regime, where very limited options are available. Such harmonic beams can enable more sensitive probes of the fastest correlated charge and spin dynamics in molecules, nanoparticles and materials.
△ Less
Submitted 27 July, 2021;
originally announced July 2021.
-
Light with a self-torque: extreme-ultraviolet beams with time-varying orbital angular momentum
Authors:
Laura Rego,
Kevin M. Dorney,
Nathan J. Brooks,
Quynh Nguyen,
Chen-Ting Liao,
Julio San Román,
David E. Couch,
Allison Liu,
Emilio Pisanty,
Maciej Lewenstein,
Luis Plaja,
Henry C. Kapteyn,
Margaret M. Murnane,
Carlos Hernández-García
Abstract:
Twisted light fields carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provide powerful capabilities for applications in optical communications, microscopy, quantum optics and microparticle rotation. Here we introduce and experimentally validate a new class of light beams, whose unique property is associated with a temporal OAM variation along a pulse: the self-torque of light. Self-torque is a phenomenon t…
▽ More
Twisted light fields carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provide powerful capabilities for applications in optical communications, microscopy, quantum optics and microparticle rotation. Here we introduce and experimentally validate a new class of light beams, whose unique property is associated with a temporal OAM variation along a pulse: the self-torque of light. Self-torque is a phenomenon that can arise from matter-field interactions in electrodynamics and general relativity, but to date, there has been no optical analog. In particular, the self-torque of light is an inherent property, which is distinguished from the mechanical torque exerted by OAM beams when interacting with physical systems. We demonstrate that self-torqued beams in the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) naturally arise as a necessary consequence of angular momentum conservation in non-perturbative high-order harmonic generation when driven by time-delayed pulses with different OAM. In addition, the time-dependent OAM naturally induces an azimuthal frequency chirp, which provides a signature for monitoring the self-torque of high-harmonic EUV beams. Such self-torqued EUV beams can serve as unique tools for imaging magnetic and topological excitations, for launching selective excitation of quantum matter, and for manipulating molecules and nanostructures on unprecedented time and length scales.
△ Less
Submitted 30 January, 2019;
originally announced January 2019.
-
Conservation of torus-knot angular momentum in high-order harmonic generation
Authors:
Emilio Pisanty,
Laura Rego,
Julio San Román,
Antonio Picón,
Kevin M. Dorney,
Henry C. Kapteyn,
Margaret M. Murnane,
Luis Plaja,
Maciej Lewenstein,
Carlos Hernández-García
Abstract:
High-order harmonic generation stands as a unique nonlinear optical up-conversion process, mediated by a laser-driven electron recollision mechanism, which has been shown to conserve energy, momentum, and spin and orbital angular momentum. Here we present theoretical simulations which demonstrate that this process also conserves a mixture of the latter, the torus-knot angular momentum $J_γ$, by pr…
▽ More
High-order harmonic generation stands as a unique nonlinear optical up-conversion process, mediated by a laser-driven electron recollision mechanism, which has been shown to conserve energy, momentum, and spin and orbital angular momentum. Here we present theoretical simulations which demonstrate that this process also conserves a mixture of the latter, the torus-knot angular momentum $J_γ$, by producing high-order harmonics with driving pulses that are invariant under coordinated rotations. We demonstrate that the charge $J_γ$ of the emitted harmonics scales linearly with the harmonic order, and that this conservation law is imprinted onto the polarization distribution of the emitted spiral of attosecond pulses. We also demonstrate how the nonperturbative physics of high-order harmonic generation affect the torus-knot angular momentum of the harmonics, and we show that this configuration harnesses the spin selection rules to channel the full yield of each harmonic into a single mode of controllable orbital angular momentum.
△ Less
Submitted 10 June, 2019; v1 submitted 15 October, 2018;
originally announced October 2018.
-
Coherent Control of Quantum Dynamics with Sequences of Unitary Phase-Kick Pulses
Authors:
Luis G. C. Rego,
L. F. Santos,
V. S. Batista
Abstract:
Coherent optical control schemes exploit the coherence of laser pulses to change the phases of interfering dynamical pathways in order to manipulate dynamical processes. These active control methods are closely related to dynamical decoupling techniques, popularized in the field of Quantum Information. Inspired by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, dynamical decoupling methods apply se…
▽ More
Coherent optical control schemes exploit the coherence of laser pulses to change the phases of interfering dynamical pathways in order to manipulate dynamical processes. These active control methods are closely related to dynamical decoupling techniques, popularized in the field of Quantum Information. Inspired by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, dynamical decoupling methods apply sequences of unitary operations to modify the interference phenomena responsible for the system dynamics thus also belonging to the general class of coherent control techniques. Here we review related developments in the fields of coherent optical control and dynamical decoupling, with emphasis on control of tunneling and decoherence in general model systems. Considering recent experimental breakthroughs in the demonstration of active control of a variety of systems, we anticipate that the reviewed coherent control scenarios and dynamical decoupling methods should raise significant experimental interest.
△ Less
Submitted 22 March, 2010;
originally announced March 2010.