Showing 1–18 of 18 results for author: Shan, L

Beam-test evaluation of pre-production Low Gain Avalanche Detectors for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector

Authors: A. Aboulhorma, M. Ait Tamlihat, H. M. Alfanda, O. Atanova, N. Atanov, I. Azzouzi, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, T. Beau, D. Benchekroun, F. Bendebba, G. Bergamin, Y. Bimgdi, A. Blot, A. Boikov, J. Bonis, D. Boumediene, C. Brito, A. S. Brogna, A. M. Burger, L. Cadamuro, Y. Cai, N. Cartalade, R. Casanova Mohr, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli, Y. Che , et al. (207 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment as part of the Phase-II upgrade for the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). It will mitigate pile-up effects in the forward region, and measure per bunch luminosity. The design of HGTD is based on Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) sensors. This paper presents the results of beam-test campaigns conduc… ▽ More The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment as part of the Phase-II upgrade for the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). It will mitigate pile-up effects in the forward region, and measure per bunch luminosity. The design of HGTD is based on Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) sensors. This paper presents the results of beam-test campaigns conducted at CERN and DESY in 2023 and 2024 on single LGADs from HGTD pre-production test structures, before and after neutron irradiation up to fluences of $2.5 \times 10^{15}~\mathrm{n_{eq}/cm^2}$. The tested LGADs can meet HGTD requirements in terms of charge collection, time resolution, and hit efficiency, even under HL-LHC end-of-life conditions, supporting their deployment in the final detector. △ Less

Submitted 30 January, 2026; v1 submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Self-supervised prior learning improves structured illumination microscopy resolution

Authors: Ze-Hao Wang, Tong-Tian Weng, Long-Kun Shan, Xiang-Dong Chen, Guang-Can Guo, Fang-Wen Sun, Tian-Long Chen

Abstract: Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a wide-field super-resolution technique normally limited to roughly twice the diffraction-limited resolution ($\approx 100$--$200$~nm). Surpassing this bound is a classic ill-posed inverse problem: recovering high-frequency structure from band-limited raw data. We introduce SIMFormer, a fully blind SIM reconstruction framework that learns a powerful, dat… ▽ More Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a wide-field super-resolution technique normally limited to roughly twice the diffraction-limited resolution ($\approx 100$--$200$~nm). Surpassing this bound is a classic ill-posed inverse problem: recovering high-frequency structure from band-limited raw data. We introduce SIMFormer, a fully blind SIM reconstruction framework that learns a powerful, data-driven prior directly from raw images via self-supervision. This learned prior regularizes the solution and enables reliable extrapolation beyond the optical transfer function cutoff, yielding an effective resolution of approximately 45~nm. We validate SIMFormer on synthetic data and the BioSR dataset, where it resolves features such as flattened endoplasmic reticulum lipid bilayers previously reported to require STORM-level resolution. A self-distilled variant, SIMFormer+, further improves noise robustness while preserving high resolution at extremely low photon counts. These results show that learned priors can substantially extend SIM resolution and robustness, enabling rapid, large-scale imaging with STORM-level detail. △ Less

Submitted 2 December, 2025; v1 submitted 26 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

A Mixed-Form PINNS (MF-PINNS) For Solving The Coupled Stokes-Darcy Equations

Authors: Li Shan, Xi Shen

Abstract: Parallel physical information neural networks (P-PINNs) have been widely used to solve systems with multiple coupled physical fields, such as the coupled Stokes-Darcy equations with Beavers-Joseph-Saffman (BJS) interface conditions. However, excessively high or low physical constants in partial differential equations (PDE) often lead to ill conditioned loss functions and can even cause the fai… ▽ More Parallel physical information neural networks (P-PINNs) have been widely used to solve systems with multiple coupled physical fields, such as the coupled Stokes-Darcy equations with Beavers-Joseph-Saffman (BJS) interface conditions. However, excessively high or low physical constants in partial differential equations (PDE) often lead to ill conditioned loss functions and can even cause the failure of training numerical solutions for PINNs. To solve this problem, we develop a new kind of enhanced parallel PINNs, MF-PINNs, in this article. Our MF-PINNs combines the velocity pressure form (VP) with the stream-vorticity form (SV) and add them with adjusted weights to the total loss functions. The results of numerical experiments show our MF-PINNs have successfully improved the accuracy of the streamline fields and the pressure fields when kinematic viscosity and permeability tensor range from 1e-4 to 1e4. Thus, our MF-PINNs hold promise for more chaotic PDE systems involving turbulent flows. Additionally, we also explore the best combination of the activation functions and their periodicity. And we also try to set the initial learning rate and design its decay strategies. The code and data associated with this paper are available at https://github.com/shxshx48716/MF-PINNs.git. △ Less

Submitted 20 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Thermal Cycling Reliability of Hybrid Pixel Sensor Modules for The ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector

Authors: Y. Li, A. Aboulhorma, M. Ait Tamlihat, H. M. Alfanda, N. Atanov, O. Atanova, I. Azzouzi, J. Barreiro Guimarães Da Costa, T. Beau, D. Benchekroun, F. Bendebba, Y. Bimgdi, A. Blot, A. Boikov, J. Bonis, D. Boumediene, C. Brito, A. S. Brogna, A. M. Burger, L. Cadamuro, Y. Cai, N. Cartalade, R. Casanova Mohr, Y. Che, X. Chen , et al. (203 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The reliability of bump connection structures has become a critical aspect of future silicon detectors for particle physics. The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) for the ATLAS experiment at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider will require 8032 hybrid pixel sensor modules, composed of two Low Gain Avalanche Diode sensors bump-bonded to two readout ASICs and glued to a passive PCB. The… ▽ More The reliability of bump connection structures has become a critical aspect of future silicon detectors for particle physics. The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) for the ATLAS experiment at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider will require 8032 hybrid pixel sensor modules, composed of two Low Gain Avalanche Diode sensors bump-bonded to two readout ASICs and glued to a passive PCB. The detector will operate at low temperature (-30 degrees Celsius) to mitigate the impact of irradiation. The thermomechanical reliability of flip-chip bump connections in HGTD modules is a critical concern, particularly due to their characteristically lower bump density (pixel pitch dimensions of 1.3 mm by 1.3 mm). This paper elaborates on the challenges arising from this design characteristic. Finite element analysis and experimental testing were employed to investigate failure modes in the flip-chip bump structures under thermal cycling from -45 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius and to guide the module redesign. The optimized design demonstrates significantly enhanced robustness and is projected to fulfill the full lifetime requirements of the HGTD. △ Less

Submitted 17 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 12 figures, 7 tables

Enhancing Deep Learning Based Structured Illumination Microscopy Reconstruction with Light Field Awareness

Authors: Long-Kun Shan, Ze-Hao Wang, Tong-Tian Weng, Xiang-Dong Chen, Fang-Wen Sun

Abstract: Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a pivotal technique for dynamic subcellular imaging in live cells. Conventional SIM reconstruction algorithms depend on accurately estimating the illumination pattern and can introduce artefacts when this estimation is imprecise. Although recent deep learning-based SIM reconstruction methods have improved speed, accuracy, and robustness, they often strug… ▽ More Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a pivotal technique for dynamic subcellular imaging in live cells. Conventional SIM reconstruction algorithms depend on accurately estimating the illumination pattern and can introduce artefacts when this estimation is imprecise. Although recent deep learning-based SIM reconstruction methods have improved speed, accuracy, and robustness, they often struggle with out-of-distribution data. To address this limitation, we propose an Awareness-of-Light-field SIM (AL-SIM) reconstruction approach that directly estimates the actual light field to correct for errors arising from data distribution shifts. Through comprehensive experiments on both simulated filament structures and live BSC1 cells, our method demonstrates a 7% reduction in the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and substantially lowers reconstruction artefacts. By minimizing these artefacts and improving overall accuracy, AL-SIM broadens the applicability of SIM for complex biological systems. △ Less

Submitted 14 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Structure of weakly collisional shock waves of multicomponent plasmas inside hohlraums of indirect inertial confinement fusions

Authors: Tianyi Liang, Dong Wu, Lifeng Wang, Lianqiang Shan, Zongqiang Yuan, Hongbo Cai, Yuqiu Gu, Zhengmao Sheng, Xiantu He

Abstract: In laser-driven indirect inertial confinement fusion (ICF), a hohlraum--a cavity constructed from high-Z materials--serves the purpose of converting laser energy into thermal x-ray energy. This process involves the interaction of low-density ablated plasmas, which can give rise to weakly collisional shock waves characterized by a Knudsen number $K_n$ on the order of 1. The Knudsen number serves as… ▽ More In laser-driven indirect inertial confinement fusion (ICF), a hohlraum--a cavity constructed from high-Z materials--serves the purpose of converting laser energy into thermal x-ray energy. This process involves the interaction of low-density ablated plasmas, which can give rise to weakly collisional shock waves characterized by a Knudsen number $K_n$ on the order of 1. The Knudsen number serves as a metric for assessing the relative importance of collisional interactions. Preliminary experimental investigations and computational simulations have demonstrated that the kinetic effects associated with weakly collisional shock waves significantly impact the efficiency of the implosion process. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the physics underlying weakly collisional shock waves is essential. This research aims to explore the formation and fundamental structural properties of weakly collisional shock waves within a hohlraum, as well as the phenomena of ion mixing and ion separation in multicomponent plasmas. Weakly collisional shocks occupy a transition regime between collisional shock waves ($K_n \ll 1$) and collisionless shock waves ($K_n \gg 1$), thereby exhibiting both kinetic effects and hydrodynamic behavior. These shock waves are primarily governed by an electrostatic field, which facilitates significant electrostatic sheath acceleration and ion reflection acceleration. The differentiation of ions occurs due to the varying charge-to-mass ratios of different ion species in the presence of electrostatic field, resulting in the separation of ion densities, velocities, temperatures and concentrations. The presence of weakly collisional shock waves within the hohlraum is expected to affect the transition of laser energy and the overall efficiency of the implosion process. △ Less

Submitted 17 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

First Proof of Principle Experiment for Muon Production with Ultrashort High Intensity Laser

Authors: Feng Zhang, Li Deng, Yanjie Ge, Jiaxing Wen, Bo Cui, Ke Feng, Hao Wang, Chen Wu, Ziwen Pan, Hongjie Liu, Zhigang Deng, Zongxin Zhang, Liangwen Chen, Duo Yan, Lianqiang Shan, Zongqiang Yuan, Chao Tian, Jiayi Qian, Jiacheng Zhu, Yi Xu, Yuhong Yu, Xueheng Zhang, Lei Yang, Weimin Zhou, Yuqiu Gu , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Muons, which play a crucial role in both fundamental and applied physics, have traditionally been generated through proton accelerators or from cosmic rays. With the advent of ultra-short high-intensity lasers capable of accelerating electrons to GeV levels, it has become possible to generate muons in laser laboratories. In this work, we show the first proof of principle experiment for novel muon… ▽ More Muons, which play a crucial role in both fundamental and applied physics, have traditionally been generated through proton accelerators or from cosmic rays. With the advent of ultra-short high-intensity lasers capable of accelerating electrons to GeV levels, it has become possible to generate muons in laser laboratories. In this work, we show the first proof of principle experiment for novel muon production with an ultra-short, high-intensity laser device through GeV electron beam bombardment on a lead converter target. The muon physical signal is confirmed by measuring its lifetime which is the first clear demonstration of laser-produced muons. Geant4 simulations were employed to investigate the photo-production, electro-production, and Bethe-Heitler processes response for muon generation and their subsequent detection. The results show that the dominant contributions of muons are attributed to the photo-production/electro-production and a significant yield of muons up to 0.01 $μ$/$e^-$ out of the converter target could be achieved. This laser muon source features compact, ultra-short pulse and high flux. Moreover, its implementation in a small laser laboratory is relatively straightforward, significantly reducing the barriers to entry for research in areas such as muonic X-ray elemental analysis, muon spin spectroscopy and so on. △ Less

Submitted 31 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Journal ref: Nature Physics,21,1050, 2025

Large-scale Kinetic Simulations of Colliding Plasmas within a Hohlraum of Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusions

Authors: Tianyi Liang, Dong Wu, Xiaochuan Ning, Lianqiang Shan, Zongqiang Yuan, Hongbo Cai, Zhengmao Sheng, Xiantu He

Abstract: The National Ignition Facility has recently achieved successful burning plasma and ignition using the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) approach. However, there are still many fundamental physics phenomena that are not well understood, including the kinetic processes in the hohlraum. Shan et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett, 120, 195001, 2018] utilized the energy spectra of neutrons to investigate the kinetic… ▽ More The National Ignition Facility has recently achieved successful burning plasma and ignition using the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) approach. However, there are still many fundamental physics phenomena that are not well understood, including the kinetic processes in the hohlraum. Shan et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett, 120, 195001, 2018] utilized the energy spectra of neutrons to investigate the kinetic colliding plasma in a hohlraum of indirect drive ICF. However, due to the typical large spatial-temporal scales, this experiment could not be well simulated by using available codes at that time. Utilizing our advanced high-order implicit PIC code, LAPINS, we were able to successfully reproduce the experiment on a large scale of both spatial and temporal dimensions, in which the original computational scale was increased by approximately 7 to 8 orders of magnitude. When gold plasmas expand into deuterium plasmas, a kinetic shock is generated and propagates within deuterium plasmas. Simulations allow us to observe the entire progression of a strong shock wave, including its initial formation and steady propagation. Although both electrons and gold ions are collisional (on a small scale compared to the shock wave), deuterium ions seem to be collisionless. This is because a quasi-monoenergetic spectrum of deuterium ions can be generated by reflecting ions from the shock front, which then leads to the production of neutrons with unusual broadening due to beam-target nuclear reactions. This work displays an unprecedented kinetic analysis of an existing experiment, shedding light on the mechanisms behind shock wave formation. It also serves as a reference for benchmark simulations of upcoming new simulation codes and may be relevant for future research on mixtures and entropy increments at plasma interfaces. △ Less

Submitted 20 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Learning imaging mechanism directly from optical microscopy observations

Authors: Ze-Hao Wang, Long-Kun Shan, Tong-Tian Weng, Tian-Long Chen, Qi-Yu Wang, Xiang-Dong Chen, Zhang-Yang Wang, Guang-Can Guo, Fang-Wen Sun

Abstract: Optical microscopy image plays an important role in scientific research through the direct visualization of the nanoworld, where the imaging mechanism is described as the convolution of the point spread function (PSF) and emitters. Based on a priori knowledge of the PSF or equivalent PSF, it is possible to achieve more precise exploration of the nanoworld. However, it is an outstanding challenge t… ▽ More Optical microscopy image plays an important role in scientific research through the direct visualization of the nanoworld, where the imaging mechanism is described as the convolution of the point spread function (PSF) and emitters. Based on a priori knowledge of the PSF or equivalent PSF, it is possible to achieve more precise exploration of the nanoworld. However, it is an outstanding challenge to directly extract the PSF from microscopy images. Here, with the help of self-supervised learning, we propose a physics-informed masked autoencoder (PiMAE) that enables a learnable estimation of the PSF and emitters directly from the raw microscopy images. We demonstrate our method in synthetic data and real-world experiments with significant accuracy and noise robustness. PiMAE outperforms DeepSTORM and the Richardson-Lucy algorithm in synthetic data tasks with an average improvement of 19.6\% and 50.7\% (35 tasks), respectively, as measured by the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) metric. This is achieved without prior knowledge of the PSF, in contrast to the supervised approach used by DeepSTORM and the known PSF assumption in the Richardson-Lucy algorithm. Our method, PiMAE, provides a feasible scheme for achieving the hidden imaging mechanism in optical microscopy and has the potential to learn hidden mechanisms in many more systems. △ Less

Submitted 25 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Simultaneous magnetic and electric Purcell enhancement in a hybrid metal-dielectric nanostructure

Authors: Lingxiao Shan, Qi Liu, Yun Ma, Yali Jia, Hai Lin, Guowei Lu, Qihuang Gong, Ying Gu

Abstract: Hybrid metal-dielectric structures, which combine the advantages of both metal and dielectric materials, support high-confined but low-loss magnetic and electric resonances under deliberate arrangements. However, their potential for enhancing magnetic emission has not been explored. Here, we study the simultaneous magnetic and electric Purcell enhancement supported by a hybrid structure consisting… ▽ More Hybrid metal-dielectric structures, which combine the advantages of both metal and dielectric materials, support high-confined but low-loss magnetic and electric resonances under deliberate arrangements. However, their potential for enhancing magnetic emission has not been explored. Here, we study the simultaneous magnetic and electric Purcell enhancement supported by a hybrid structure consisting of a dielectric nanoring and a silver nanorod Such a structure enables low Ohmic loss and highly-confined field under the mode hybridization of magnetic resonances on nanoring and electric resonances on nanorod in the optical communication band. So, the 60-fold magnetic Purcell enhancement and 45-fold electric Purcell enhancement can be achieved simultaneously with $>95\%$ of the radiation transmitted to far field. The position of emitter has a several-ten-nanometer tolerance for sufficiently large Purcell enhancement, which brings convenience to experimental fabrications. Moreover, an array formed by this hybrid nanostructure can further enhance the magnetic Purcell factors. The findings provide a possibility to selectively excite the magnetic and electric emission in integrated photon circuits. It may also facilitate brighter magnetic emission sources and light-emitting metasurfaces in a simpler arrangement. △ Less

Submitted 30 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 10 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Chin. Opt. Lett

Focus the electromagnetic field to $10^{-6} λ$ for ultra-high enhancement of field-matter interaction

Authors: Xiang-Dong Chen, En-Hui Wang, Long-Kun Shan, Ce Feng, Yu Zheng, Yang Dong, Guang-Can Guo, Fang-Wen Sun

Abstract: Focusing electromagnetic field to enhance the interaction with matter has been promoting researches and applications of nano electronics and photonics. Usually, the evanescent-wave coupling is adopted in various nano structures and materials to confine the electromagnetic field into a subwavelength space. Here, based on the direct coupling with confined electron oscillations in a nanowire, we demo… ▽ More Focusing electromagnetic field to enhance the interaction with matter has been promoting researches and applications of nano electronics and photonics. Usually, the evanescent-wave coupling is adopted in various nano structures and materials to confine the electromagnetic field into a subwavelength space. Here, based on the direct coupling with confined electron oscillations in a nanowire, we demonstrate an extreme localization of microwave field down to 10$^{-6}λ$. A hybrid nanowire-bowtie antenna is further designed to focus the free-space microwave to this deep-subwavelength space. Detected by the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, the field intensity and microwave-spin interaction strength are enhanced by 2.0$\times$10$^{8}$ and 1.4$\times$10$^{4}$ times, respectively. Such an extreme concentration of microwave field will further promote integrated quantum information processing, sensing and microwave photonics in a nanoscale system. △ Less

Submitted 12 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Comments: 16 pages, 10 figures

Beam test results of IHEP-NDL Low Gain Avalanche Detectors(LGAD)

Authors: S. Xiao, S. Alderweireldt, S. Ali, C. Allaire, C. Agapopoulou, N. Atanov, M. K. Ayoub, G. Barone, D. Benchekroun, A. Buzatu, D. Caforio, L. Castillo García, Y. Chan, H. Chen, V. Cindro, L. Ciucu, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, H. Cui, F. Davó Miralles, Y. Davydov, G. d'Amen, C. de la Taille, R. Kiuchi, Y. Fan, A. Falou , et al. (75 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: To meet the timing resolution requirement of up-coming High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), a new detector based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Detector(LGAD), High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD), is under intensive research in ATLAS. Two types of IHEP-NDL LGADs(BV60 and BV170) for this update is being developed by Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of Chinese Academic of Sciences (CAS) cooperated wi… ▽ More To meet the timing resolution requirement of up-coming High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), a new detector based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Detector(LGAD), High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD), is under intensive research in ATLAS. Two types of IHEP-NDL LGADs(BV60 and BV170) for this update is being developed by Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of Chinese Academic of Sciences (CAS) cooperated with Novel Device Laboratory (NDL) of Beijing Normal University and they are now under detailed study. These detectors are tested with $5GeV$ electron beam at DESY. A SiPM detector is chosen as a reference detector to get the timing resolution of LGADs. The fluctuation of time difference between LGAD and SiPM is extracted by fitting with a Gaussian function. Constant fraction discriminator (CFD) method is used to mitigate the effect of time walk. The timing resolution of $41 \pm 1 ps$ and $63 \pm 1 ps$ are obtained for BV60 and BV170 respectively. △ Less

Submitted 14 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Radiation Campaign of HPK Prototype LGAD sensors for the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD)

Authors: X. Shi, M. K. Ayoub, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, H. Cui, R. Kiuchi, Y. Fan, S. Han, Y. Huang, M. Jing, Z. Liang, B. Liu, J. Liu, F. Lyu, B. Qi, K. Ran, L. Shan, L. Shi, Y. Tan, K. Wu, S. Xiao, T. Yang, Y. Yang, C. Yu, M. Zhao, X. Zhuang , et al. (52 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on the results of a radiation campaign with neutrons and protons of Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) produced by Hamamatsu (HPK) as prototypes for the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) in ATLAS. Sensors with an active thickness of 50~$μ$m were irradiated in steps of roughly 2$\times$ up to a fluence of $3\times10^{15}~\mathrm{n_{eq}cm^{-2}}$. As a function of the fluence, the co… ▽ More We report on the results of a radiation campaign with neutrons and protons of Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) produced by Hamamatsu (HPK) as prototypes for the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) in ATLAS. Sensors with an active thickness of 50~$μ$m were irradiated in steps of roughly 2$\times$ up to a fluence of $3\times10^{15}~\mathrm{n_{eq}cm^{-2}}$. As a function of the fluence, the collected charge and time resolution of the irradiated sensors will be reported for operation at $-30^{\circ}$. △ Less

Submitted 28 April, 2020; originally announced April 2020.

Layout and Performance of HPK Prototype LGAD Sensors for the High-Granularity Timing Detector

Authors: X. Yang, S. Alderweireldt, N. Atanov, M. K. Ayoub, J. Barreiro Guimaraes da Costa, L. Castillo Garcia, H. Chen, S. Christie, V. Cindro, H. Cui, G. D'Amen, Y. Davydov, Y. Y. Fan, Z. Galloway, J. J. Ge, C. Gee, G. Giacomini, E. L. Gkougkousis, C. Grieco, S. Grinstein, J. Grosse-Knetter, S. Guindon, S. Han, A. Howard, Y. P. Huang , et al. (54 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The High-Granularity Timing Detector is a detector proposed for the ATLAS Phase II upgrade. The detector, based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology will cover the pseudo-rapidity region of $2.4<|η|<4.0$ with two end caps on each side and a total area of 6.4 $m^2$. The timing performance can be improved by implanting an internal gain layer that can produce signal with a fast rising… ▽ More The High-Granularity Timing Detector is a detector proposed for the ATLAS Phase II upgrade. The detector, based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology will cover the pseudo-rapidity region of $2.4<|η|<4.0$ with two end caps on each side and a total area of 6.4 $m^2$. The timing performance can be improved by implanting an internal gain layer that can produce signal with a fast rising edge, which improve significantly the signal-to-noise ratio. The required average timing resolution per track for a minimum-ionising particle is 30 ps at the start and 50 ps at the end of the HL-LHC operation. This is achieved with several layers of LGAD. The innermost region of the detector would accumulate a 1 MeV-neutron equivalent fluence up to $2.5 \times 10^{15} cm^{-2}$ before being replaced during the scheduled shutdowns. The addition of this new detector is expected to play an important role in the mitigation of high pile-up at the HL-LHC. The layout and performance of the various versions of LGAD prototypes produced by Hamamatsu (HPK) have been studied by the ATLAS Collaboration. The breakdown voltages, depletion voltages, inter-pad gaps, collected charge as well as the time resolution have been measured and the production yield of large size sensors has been evaluated. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2020; originally announced March 2020.

Comments: 17 pages, 20 figures

Topologically Enabled Ultralarge Purcell Enhancement Robust to Photon Scattering

Authors: Zhiyuan Qian, Zhichao Li, He Hao, Lingxiao Shan, Qihuang Gong, Ying Gu

Abstract: Micro/nanoscale single photon source is a building block of on-chip quantum information devices. Owing to possessing ultrasmall optical mode volume, plasmon structures can provide large Purcell enhancement, however scattering and absorption are two barriers to prevent them from being used in practice. To overcome these barriers, we propose the topological photonic structure containing resonant pla… ▽ More Micro/nanoscale single photon source is a building block of on-chip quantum information devices. Owing to possessing ultrasmall optical mode volume, plasmon structures can provide large Purcell enhancement, however scattering and absorption are two barriers to prevent them from being used in practice. To overcome these barriers, we propose the topological photonic structure containing resonant plasmon nanoantenna, where nanoantenna provides large Purcell enhancement while topological photonic crystal guides all scattering light into its edge state. Through the optical mode design, the rate of single photons emitted into the edge state reaches more than 104γ0 simultaneously accompanied with an obvious reduction of absorption. This kind of nonscattering large Purcell enhancement will provide new sight for on-chip quantum light sources such as a single photon source and nanolaser. △ Less

Submitted 30 October, 2019; originally announced October 2019.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 023901 (2021)

A photonic interface of chiral cavity quantum electrodynamics

Authors: Fan Zhang, Lingxiao Shan, Juanjuan Ren, Xueke Duan, Yan Li, Tiancai Zhang, Qihuang Gong, Ying Gu

Abstract: Cavity quantum electrodynamics studies light-matter interactions at single quanta level. Chiral photon-emitter coupling in photonic structures is characterized as unidirectional propagation locked by the local polarization of light. However, to realize the strong interaction of photon-emitter with direction-locked propagation, which will bring novel applications in nonreciprocal quantum devices, h… ▽ More Cavity quantum electrodynamics studies light-matter interactions at single quanta level. Chiral photon-emitter coupling in photonic structures is characterized as unidirectional propagation locked by the local polarization of light. However, to realize the strong interaction of photon-emitter with direction-locked propagation, which will bring novel applications in nonreciprocal quantum devices, has not been reported yet. Here, we propose the coupled photonic crystal and metallic nanoparticle structure, where through strong local field with high helicity, the rate of circularly polarized photons emitting into photonic crystal waveguide is one order larger than that without the nanoparticle and the linewidth of Rabi splitting spectra is about one-tenth of that with only the nanoparticle, both with $\sim$ 95$\%$ photons propagating unidirectionally, which can be utilized in directional quantum light sources. △ Less

Submitted 4 September, 2018; v1 submitted 21 August, 2018; originally announced August 2018.

Comments: 35 pages, 16 figures

Proton radiography of magnetic field produced by ultra-intense laser irradiating capacity-coil target

Authors: W. W. Wang, J. Teng, J. Chen, H. B. Cai, S. K. He, W. M. Zhou, L. Q. Shan, F. Lu, Y. C. Wu, W. Hong, D. X. Liu, B. Bi, F. Zhang, F. B. Xue, B. Y. Li, B. Zhang, Y. L. He, W. He, J. L. Jiao, K. G. Dong, F. Q. Zhang, Z. G. Deng, Z. M. Zhang, B. Cui, D. Han , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Ultra-intense ultra-short laser is firstly used to irradiate the capacity-coil target to generate magnetic field. The spatial structure and temporal evolution of huge magnetic fields were studied with time-gated proton radiography method. A magnetic flux density of 40T was measured by comparing the proton deflection and particle track simulations. Although the laser pulse duration is only 30fs, th… ▽ More Ultra-intense ultra-short laser is firstly used to irradiate the capacity-coil target to generate magnetic field. The spatial structure and temporal evolution of huge magnetic fields were studied with time-gated proton radiography method. A magnetic flux density of 40T was measured by comparing the proton deflection and particle track simulations. Although the laser pulse duration is only 30fs, the generated magnetic field can last for over 100 picoseconds. The energy conversion efficiency from laser to magnetic field can reach as high as ~20%. The results indicate that tens of tesla (T) magnetic field could be produced in many ultra intense laser facilities around the world, and higher magnetic field could be produced by picosecond lasers. △ Less

Submitted 17 November, 2014; originally announced November 2014.

Comments: 5 pages, 5 figures

MSC Class: 68U20 ACM Class: I.6.8

Propagation characteristics of complementary split-ring resonators excited by internal cylindrical wave

Authors: Zhu Yanwu, Lu Shan, Xu SHejiao, Xiang Min

Abstract: For a complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) etched on one screen of two infinite and perfectly conducting plates under cylindrical plane wave illumination, the transmission coefficients analysis were performed through finite-difference time-domain simulations. For the single slot ring CSRR, two transmission dips are observed for the direction parallel to aperture at resonance whereas two enh… ▽ More For a complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) etched on one screen of two infinite and perfectly conducting plates under cylindrical plane wave illumination, the transmission coefficients analysis were performed through finite-difference time-domain simulations. For the single slot ring CSRR, two transmission dips are observed for the direction parallel to aperture at resonance whereas two enhanced transmission for the direction normal to the aperture. For double slot ring CSRR, the transmission coefficients appear more anisotropic. The results provided considerable insight into the electromagnetic response of CSRR and would be very helpful for developing new electronic devices such as filters. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2012; v1 submitted 4 January, 2012; originally announced January 2012.