Showing 1–50 of 520 results for author: Huang, X

Weakly nonlinear internal waves by tidal flow over a ridge in a shear current

Authors: Xun Huang

Abstract: We extend Thorpe successive approximation expansion to the forced, tide locked internal wave generation problem of Lamb and Dunphy, where a barotropic tide over a ridge radiates a discrete spectrum of Taylor Goldstein eigenmodes in a steady shear current. At second order in topographic steepness, each mode forces a bound second harmonic via diagonal mode pair kernels derived in closed form; both k… ▽ More We extend Thorpe successive approximation expansion to the forced, tide locked internal wave generation problem of Lamb and Dunphy, where a barotropic tide over a ridge radiates a discrete spectrum of Taylor Goldstein eigenmodes in a steady shear current. At second order in topographic steepness, each mode forces a bound second harmonic via diagonal mode pair kernels derived in closed form; both kernels vanish for uniform flow, recovering Thorpe limit. At third order, solvability of the resonant fundamental yields a nonlinear wavenumber correctionthe forced counterpart of Thorpe phase speed shift, with tidal frequency fixed. Computations at the parameters of Lamb and Dunphy show that the corrections are small but systematic, with the bound harmonic distorting the displacement profile modestly and concentrated in the surface shear layer for downstream modes. The corrections peak at modes 2 to 3, grow quadratically with ridge height and current strength, and amount to a nonlinear slow-down of every mode, explaining from within the theory why the linear discrete spectrum model agreed so well with fully nonlinear simulations. A pycnocline case with stratification colocated with the shear layer amplifies the nonlinear corrections substantially, showing that the uniform stratification verdict is not generic and that the corrections are controlled by where N2 sits relative to the shear. △ Less

Submitted 10 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 27 pages, 14 figures

Engineering of Dual Wavelength, Polarization Selective Metalenses in Silicon Carbide

Authors: Xiaoying Huang, Ziwei Yang, Konosuke Shimazaki, Kritsana Saego, Otto Cranwell Schaeper, Evan Williams, Dragomir Neshev, Hark Hoe Tan, Igor Aharonovicha, Mehran Kianinia

Abstract: Spin defects in silicon carbide (SiC) are promising candidates for integrated quantum photonics, offering long-lived spin states and near-infrared emission suitable for low-loss photonic integration and fibre-based quantum communication. However, light extraction from these defects remains challenging due the relatively high refractive index of SiC. Metalenses offer a compact approach to enhance l… ▽ More Spin defects in silicon carbide (SiC) are promising candidates for integrated quantum photonics, offering long-lived spin states and near-infrared emission suitable for low-loss photonic integration and fibre-based quantum communication. However, light extraction from these defects remains challenging due the relatively high refractive index of SiC. Metalenses offer a compact approach to enhance light collection by engineering the wavefront directly at the material interface. Here, we design and fabricate monolithic metalenses from SiC bulk material that simultaneously operate at 860 and 1240 nm, matching with emission from the nitrogen vacancy and silicon vacancy colour centers. By independently engineering the phase response at both wavelengths, the metalens enables collection and polarization manipulation of the emitted light. We further employ the metalenses to demonstrate optically detected magnetic resonance of both defects simultaneously. These multifunctional metalenses provide a compact optical interface for scalable integrated SiC photonic devices. △ Less

Submitted 18 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Booster-based beam recycling for swap-out injection at the High Energy Photon Source

Authors: Zhe Duan, Jinhui Chen, Yaoyao Du, Yuanyuan Guo, Jun He, Xiyang Huang, Daheng Jia, Jingyi Li, Fang Liu, Peng Liu, Zhi Liu, Xiaohan Lu, Yanhua Lu, Cai Meng, Yuemei Peng, Saike Tian, Guanwen Wang, Jiuqing Wang, Na Wang, Yuanyuan Wei, Gang Xu, Haisheng Xu, Yaliang Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yi Jiao , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Fourth-generation synchrotron light sources employ ultralow-emittance storage rings with stringent injection requirements. On-axis swap-out injection alleviates the dependence on storage-ring dynamic aperture, but high-charge operation requires an efficient injector architecture capable of producing high-charge replacement bunches. This paper presents the accelerator physics design and performance… ▽ More Fourth-generation synchrotron light sources employ ultralow-emittance storage rings with stringent injection requirements. On-axis swap-out injection alleviates the dependence on storage-ring dynamic aperture, but high-charge operation requires an efficient injector architecture capable of producing high-charge replacement bunches. This paper presents the accelerator physics design and performance analysis of a booster-based beam-recycling swap-out injection scheme implemented at the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS). In this approach, the full-energy booster serves as both an injector and a high-energy accumulator. An extracted storage-ring bunch is returned to the booster, merged with a low-charge bunch previously injected from the linac and accelerated to full energy. Following high-energy damping, the merged bunch is reinjected into the original storage-ring bucket. The scheme avoids the need for a dedicated accumulator ring while enabling high-charge bunch replacement. The recycling scheme was commissioned through staged machine studies. Full recycling-chain simulations, commissioning studies, and measured performance analysis are presented. The measured results characterize the recycling operation and quantify the transmission efficiency and performance limitations of the complete recycling loop. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the booster-based beam-recycling architecture and establish its operational basis for high-charge swap-out injection in future fourth-generation synchrotron light sources. △ Less

Submitted 17 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: Submitted to Accelerator: Science, Technology & Applications; 14 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables

Interfacial dynamics and energy cascade in immiscible Rayleigh-Taylor turbulence

Authors: Dongxiao Zhao, Xiaoxue Huang, Gaojin Li

Abstract: We investigate interfacial dynamics and multiscale energy transfer in immiscible Rayleigh-Taylor turbulence using numerical simulations with varying surface tension coefficients $σ$. Capillarity is shown to control characteristic length scales, interfacial area, and global energy and enstrophy budgets. The flow exhibits self-similar evolution with respect to surface tension, with the maximum kinet… ▽ More We investigate interfacial dynamics and multiscale energy transfer in immiscible Rayleigh-Taylor turbulence using numerical simulations with varying surface tension coefficients $σ$. Capillarity is shown to control characteristic length scales, interfacial area, and global energy and enstrophy budgets. The flow exhibits self-similar evolution with respect to surface tension, with the maximum kinetic energy scaling as $σ^{1/2}$ and the flow duration as $σ^{-1/4}$. A scale-by-scale budget shows that surface tension removes kinetic energy at large scales while injecting it at small scales, with the crossover occurring near the Hinze scale. We further recast and verify a local kinematic relationship between surface-tension power and interface stretching, up to conservative transport, $ \boldsymbol{f}^σ\cdot\boldsymbol{u} = - σ\mathcal{S}~|\nabla c| + \mathrm{Transport}$, where $\boldsymbol{f}^σ$ is the surface-tension force, $\boldsymbol{u}$ the velocity, $c$ the heavy-fluid volume fraction, and $\mathcal{S}$ the interface stretch rate. This relation links kinetic-energy transfer to the scalar-variance cascade and shows that energy transfer to the interface is governed by local strain. Statistics of individual bubbles and droplets reveal vertically elongated filaments with diameters of about three capillary scales, yielding a linear volume-area relation. Their vertical velocities scale with the square root of equivalent diameter, consistent with drag-buoyancy balance. These findings, particularly the direct link between surface tension power and resolved interface stretching, provide a rigorous physical framework for developing subgrid-scale closures for large eddy simulation of immiscible turbulent flows. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

From Heat Stress to Perception: Interpretable Data-Driven Models of Human Thermal Sensation

Authors: Abed Hammoud, Xinjie Huang, Qinqin Kong, Marialena Nikolopoulou, Elie Bou-Zeid

Abstract: Heat stress indices are designed to quantify physiological thermal stress, but their relevance for inferring the thermal perception of individuals remains unclear. In this study, we show that thermal stress and thermal sensation often diverge, as evidenced by distinct global sensitivity patterns with respect to environmental drivers. Using thermal sensation vote survey data, we demonstrate that th… ▽ More Heat stress indices are designed to quantify physiological thermal stress, but their relevance for inferring the thermal perception of individuals remains unclear. In this study, we show that thermal stress and thermal sensation often diverge, as evidenced by distinct global sensitivity patterns with respect to environmental drivers. Using thermal sensation vote survey data, we demonstrate that the dominant sensitivities of stress-based metrics do not align with those governing reported human thermal sensation. Given the multitude of globally-applicable thermal stress indices and the lack of comparable general thermal sensation metrics, we develop two complementary data-driven modeling frameworks for thermal sensation. First, we construct polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) surrogates to represent thermal sensation as a function of meteorological variables, enabling efficient variance-based sensitivity analysis and explicit identification of influential inputs and interactions. Second, we develop multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifiers that capture the nonlinear and subjective nature of thermal perception, while achieving high predictive accuracy. The PCE models provide physically interpretable sensitivities that can explain the drivers of thermal sensation, while the MLPs offer flexible predictive capability suited to complex environments. We apply both modeling approaches at city- and continent-scales, revealing systematic differences in sensitivity structure and performance across climates. In particular, we find that the sensitivity of TSV-based models to the variability of meteorological conditions across geoclimatic zone encodes distinct dependencies on temperature, radiation, humidity, and wind that vary geographically, and are generally different from those of heat stress indices. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Final assessment of radioactive impurities in the JUNO detector

Authors: Thomas Adam, Fengpeng An, Costas Andreopoulos, Giuseppe Andronico, Nikolay Anfimov, Vito Antonelli, Tatiana Antoshkina, João Pedro Athayde Marcondes de André, Didier Auguste, Nikita Balashov, Andrea Barresi, Davide Basilico, Eric Baussan, Marco Beretta, Antonio Bergnoli, Nikita Bessonov, Daniel Bick, Lukas Bieger, Svetlana Biktemerova, Thilo Birkenfeld, Simon Blyth, Manuel Böhles, Anastasia Bolshakova, Mathieu Bongrand, Matteo Borghesi , et al. (549 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) collaboration has completed the construction of the 20,000-ton liquid scintillator detector and the associated muon veto detector system. To meet the physics objectives, the materials used in the detector must exhibit low radioactive contamination. The single-event rate in the fiducial volume (R $<$ 17.2 m) of the scintillator is required to be… ▽ More The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) collaboration has completed the construction of the 20,000-ton liquid scintillator detector and the associated muon veto detector system. To meet the physics objectives, the materials used in the detector must exhibit low radioactive contamination. The single-event rate in the fiducial volume (R $<$ 17.2 m) of the scintillator is required to be approximately 7 Hz for energies above 0.7 MeV, resulting in an accidental coincidence background of about 1 event per day for reactor neutrino physics analyses. Since the beginning of the construction phase, we have screened the natural radioactivity content of thousands of materials, to select those that meet the design background budget. The radioactive impurity concentrations of the materials ultimately used in the JUNO detector are summarized in this paper. The construction of the entire detector and the subsequent filling of the liquid scintillator were completed in August 2025. From the initial data, the total count rate of natural radioactivity within the detector's fiducial volume has met the requirements and is sufficient to support the reactor antineutrino analysis. △ Less

Submitted 19 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Operation and performance of ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon time projection chamber

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, S. Abbaslu, F. Abd Alrahman, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, K. Adhikari, C. Adriano, K. Agudelo-Jaramillo, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, L. Aliaga Soplin, A. Alqaisi, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, R. Amarinei , et al. (1341 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In P… ▽ More ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In ProtoDUNE-DP the electric drift field is oriented in the vertical direction, causing the electrons to drift vertically towards the anode at the top. The ionization charge is then extracted into the gaseous argon above the liquid surface, amplified by Townsend avalanches, and collected by the charge readout planes. The detector experienced significant technical problems affecting the long-term operation of the Charge Readout Planes, formed by the Large Electron Multipliers, but other critical segments demonstrated required performance including the delivery of -300 kV to the TPC cathode, verification of replaceable charge read-out electronics, and operation of the photon detection system. ProtoDUNE-DP experience resulted in improved designs of the Vertical Drift LArTPC. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2026; v1 submitted 17 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 103 pages, 66 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-26-0466-LBNF

A Free Sphere Reverses the Rebound Direction of a Near-Wall Cavitation Bubble

Authors: Chun-Zhu Ren, Jun Wen, Hai-Bao Hu, A-Man Zhang, Xiao Huang

Abstract: A near-wall cavitation bubble is generally expected to acquire a wallward Kelvin-impulse bias and to rebound or jet toward the wall. Here we show that this canonical direction can be reversed by a wall-supported free sphere. High-speed imaging reveals a transition from away-from-wall to wallward rebound as the initial bubble--sphere separation is increased. By reconstructing the Kelvin impulse on… ▽ More A near-wall cavitation bubble is generally expected to acquire a wallward Kelvin-impulse bias and to rebound or jet toward the wall. Here we show that this canonical direction can be reversed by a wall-supported free sphere. High-speed imaging reveals a transition from away-from-wall to wallward rebound as the initial bubble--sphere separation is increased. By reconstructing the Kelvin impulse on a closed bubble boundary that includes both the visible free interface and the bubble-side contact closure, we find that the reversal is not governed primarily by the instantaneous velocity of the sphere. Instead, sphere displacement creates a contact closure on which the bubble-source contribution supplies an away-from-wall impulse. This contact-source impulse competes with a wallward background formed by the wall-image source and the quadrupolar component of the sphere-induced field. The resulting balance yields a calibrated geometric criterion, $\mathcal{M}_K$, and, in the comparable-size bubble--sphere regime, reduces to a contact number $a_z z_b/R_K^2$. These results identify a contact-geometric mechanism by which a movable particle can redirect the first-cycle jet and rebound bias of a near-wall cavitation bubble. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures; includes Supplemental Material

Empowering Polymeric Materials Discovery by Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Chenyao Ma, Linda Zhang, Yuheng Chen, Wei Du, Shangwen Fang, Zihao Jiang, Chuanyu Liu, Xinyu Ma, Rui Su, Gang Wang, Muyao Yu, Dong Zhong, Jie Zhu, Weibo Gong, Huan Gu, Limin Li, Chen Shen, Rui Wu, Zhenghao Wu, Kan Xu, Min Zhou, Donglin He, Xiayun Huang, Shan Jiang, Pengfei Ou , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Polymeric materials underpin modern technologies spanning energy storage, microelectronics, healthcare and sustainable manufacturing. Yet their rational design remains exceptionally challenging because material performance emerges from complex interactions among molecular composition, chain architecture, processing history and hierarchical structural evolution across multiple length and time scale… ▽ More Polymeric materials underpin modern technologies spanning energy storage, microelectronics, healthcare and sustainable manufacturing. Yet their rational design remains exceptionally challenging because material performance emerges from complex interactions among molecular composition, chain architecture, processing history and hierarchical structural evolution across multiple length and time scales. Consequently, polymer research has long relied on labor-intensive experimentation and fragmented modeling approaches, limiting both mechanistic understanding and innovation efficiency. Recent advances in data infrastructure, machine learning, large artificial intelligence (AI) models and laboratory automation are beginning to reshape this landscape. Rather than functioning as isolated tools, polymer databases, predictive models, AI agents and automated laboratories are increasingly converging into interconnected discovery ecosystems. As a result, the central challenge is shifting from improving predictive accuracy alone to enabling reliable decision-making, adaptive learning and seamless integration across computation, experimentation and scientific reasoning. We argue that polymer science is entering an era of autonomous discovery, in which data, simulation, reasoning and experimentation operate within self-improving feedback loops that continuously generate hypotheses, design materials, execute experiments and refine predictive models. By unifying molecular design, process optimization, experimental validation and industrial translation, such autonomous ecosystems establish a more predictive, reproducible and scalable paradigm for polymer innovation, fundamentally transforming how polymer research is conducted. △ Less

Submitted 16 August, 2026; v1 submitted 18 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Experimental Observation of Dynamical Phase Transitions in a Dephased Photonic Quantum Walk

Authors: Xiaojian Huang, Lei Xiao, Bingzi Huo, Xiaowei Wang, Stefano Longhi, Peng Xue

Abstract: Dynamical phase transitions in open quantum systems govern how non-equilibrium states relax toward a stationary state. We study these transitions experimentally using a discrete-time photonic quantum walk on a three-node graph. A tunable synthetic gauge flux and calibrated dephasing allow us to control time-reversal symmetry and the detailed balance properties of the effective Markovian dynamics.… ▽ More Dynamical phase transitions in open quantum systems govern how non-equilibrium states relax toward a stationary state. We study these transitions experimentally using a discrete-time photonic quantum walk on a three-node graph. A tunable synthetic gauge flux and calibrated dephasing allow us to control time-reversal symmetry and the detailed balance properties of the effective Markovian dynamics. With detailed balance, we observe a first-order dynamical phase transition marked by a crossing of real Liouvillian eigenvalues. When detailed balance is broken, we observe a second-order dynamical phase transition at an exceptional point where eigenvalues and eigenvectors coalesce. By progressively reducing the dephasing strength, we track the crossover toward the quantum-coherent regime and determine that the transitions persist down to a finite threshold. Our results link Liouvillian spectral topology to relaxation criticality and demonstrate a controllable platform for engineered dissipative dynamics. △ Less

Submitted 14 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures

Ultralow shot noise limited giant passive resonant gyroscope for Earth rotation measurement

Authors: Yuhong Zhong, Yangsheng Cai, Zhanhao Liu, Lei Zheng, Yunhe Wang, Xiaojun Huang, Zhiyuan Wang, Kui Liu, Liangcheng Tu, Jun Luo, Zehuang Lu, Jie Zhang

Abstract: Optical gyroscopes directly measure the Earth's rotation and are promising instruments for real-time geophysical observations and Earth orientation parameter (EOP) determination requiring both high precision and high temporal resolution. Large-scale ring laser gyroscopes (RLGs) currently reach rotational resolutions around $10^{-11}\,\mathrm{(rad/s)/\sqrt{Hz}}$, but their quantum noise limits make… ▽ More Optical gyroscopes directly measure the Earth's rotation and are promising instruments for real-time geophysical observations and Earth orientation parameter (EOP) determination requiring both high precision and high temporal resolution. Large-scale ring laser gyroscopes (RLGs) currently reach rotational resolutions around $10^{-11}\,\mathrm{(rad/s)/\sqrt{Hz}}$, but their quantum noise limits make it challenging to meet the requirements of future high-temporal-resolution EOP measurements. Passive resonant gyroscopes (PRGs), on the other hand, offer a potentially lower photon shot noise limit and more flexible power scaling, even if their demonstrated rotational resolutions are still about two orders of magnitude below those of leading RLGs. Here we demonstrate a $64\,\mathrm{m^{2}}$ giant passive resonant gyroscope HUST-2, and develop with an extremely low shot noise level. We experimentally obtain a shot noise limited of $5.7(1)\times10^{-13}\,\mathrm{(rad/s)/\sqrt{Hz}}$ at $1\,\mathrm{mW}$ incident optical power, following the characteristic $1/\sqrt{P}$ scaling. Through systematic suppression of dominant technical noise sources, HUST-2 further achieves a measured rotational resolution of $3\times10^{-11}\,\mathrm{(rad/s)/\sqrt{Hz}}$, bringing PRGs into the performance regime of leading large-scale RLGs for the first time. The gap between the present demonstrated rotational resolution and the shot noise limit indicates nearly two orders of magnitude further improvement potential. Reaching this limit would enable high-precision length-of-day (LOD) measurements with $10$-$100\,\mathrm{s}$ temporal resolution and lays the foundation for future large-scale gyroscope networks dedicated to real-time EOP determination. △ Less

Submitted 11 June, 2026; v1 submitted 4 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 9 pages, 5 figures

Hyperon-Nucleon Spectrometer

Authors: Xiaozhi Bai, Xu Cao, Zhe Cao, Jinhui Chen, Kai Chen, Qibo Chen, Shi Chen, Xin Chen, Yuquan Chen, Zhenyu Chen, Jianping Dai, Heng-Tong Ding, Dongshuo Du, Shuxian Du, Limin Duan, Zhe Duan, Anhui Feng, Jie Feng, Yicheng Feng, Jinlin Fu, Xiaofeng Fu, Chaosong Gao, Liang Ge, Wenwen Ge, Lisheng Geng , et al. (215 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Chirality lies at the heart of low-energy QCD, governing the symmetry structure that shapes hadron masses and strong interaction dynamics. Among the most compelling open questions tied to chiral dynamics and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is the longstanding $Λ$ polarization puzzle, in which $Λ$ hyperons produced in unpolarized hadronic collisions exhibit a surprisingly large transverse pola… ▽ More Chirality lies at the heart of low-energy QCD, governing the symmetry structure that shapes hadron masses and strong interaction dynamics. Among the most compelling open questions tied to chiral dynamics and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is the longstanding $Λ$ polarization puzzle, in which $Λ$ hyperons produced in unpolarized hadronic collisions exhibit a surprisingly large transverse polarization that remains theoretically unexplained. This whitepaper presents the proposal for the Hyperon-Nucleon Spectrometer (H-NS) at the High-Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF). Leveraging the high energy and high intensity of HIAF's proton and heavy-ion beams, the H-NS experiment will perform systematic studies of hyperon polarization phenomena and their underlying mechanisms in proton-proton ($pp$), proton-nucleus ($pA$), and nucleus-nucleus ($AA$) collisions in the fixed target mode. A wide-range beam energy scan, including proton beams from 3 GeV up to 9.3 GeV (HIAF) and up to 32 GeV (upgraded HIAF), will be conducted to examine the dependence of polarization on collision energy. The spectrometer is designed with specialized detectors capable of high-precision reconstruction of final-state baryon polarizations. Among its many interesting and important measurements, H-NS will simultaneously measure hyperon and proton spin observables to explore the polarization mechanism in hadronic interactions and the spin structure of baryons. Furthermore, the use of $pA$ and $AA$ collisions will enable detailed investigations of cold and hot nuclear matter effects on spin polarization. Its physics program and detector development will significantly benefit the future Electron-ion Collider in China. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 69 pages, Hyperon-Nucleon Spectrometer (H-NS) white paper

Hybrid integrated narrow linewidth semiconductor laser based on the distributed feedback from an external deformed microcavity

Authors: Da Wei, Leilei Shi, Yujia Li, Minzhi Xu, Chaoze Zhang, Xianming Huang, Jianxian Yu, Lei Zhai, Wenxuan Huang, Huan Tian, Tao Zhu

Abstract: Optical microcavities with rotational symmetry have been widely used for narrowing linewidth and reducing frequency noise, however, the narrow but wavelength dependent optical feedback restricts the narrow linewidth laser works only at some discrete wavelength matching the resonance of the microcavity. Here, we demonstrate a narrow linewidth semiconductor laser with continuous wavelength tunabilit… ▽ More Optical microcavities with rotational symmetry have been widely used for narrowing linewidth and reducing frequency noise, however, the narrow but wavelength dependent optical feedback restricts the narrow linewidth laser works only at some discrete wavelength matching the resonance of the microcavity. Here, we demonstrate a narrow linewidth semiconductor laser with continuous wavelength tunability by hybrid integrating a DFB laser chip with a deformed microcavity fabricated on a 220 nm SOI wafer. The deformed microcavity with vortex radius demonstrates the unique characteristics of unidirectional energy storage, wavelength self-adaptivity, and self-focusing of the Rayleigh scattering based distributed feedback. In addition, the strength of Rayleigh scattering is also significantly enhanced by the high numerical aperture silicon waveguide. The optical feedback signal measured by the optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) shows that the deformed microcavity can effectively lengthen the equivalent propagation distance without wavelength dependence. With the wavelength self-adaptive optical feedback from the deformed microcavity, the intrinsic linewidth of a DFB laser diode is narrowed to 525 Hz and the side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is improved to 76 dB in a maximum allowable continuous wavelength tuning range of 2.25 nm. The frequency noise and relative intensity noise (RIN) are reduced to 2.98 Hz2 /Hz and -148.74 dB/Hz at the offset frequency of 1 MHz, respectively. The work demonstrated here paves a new way for integrated tunable narrow linewidth lasers, which are of crucial importance in high-speed communication and high-precision spectroscopy △ Less

Submitted 7 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Compositionally tuned phase transformations enhance pyroelectric energy harvesting from low-grade heat

Authors: Ruiheng Geng, Ka Hung Chan, Xinyue Huang, Nobumichi Tamura, Faqiang Zhang, Wanjia Han, Yang Zhang, Chenbo Zhang, Xian Chen

Abstract: Phase-transforming pyroelectric materials have emerged as promising candidates for low-grade thermal energy harvesting. However, whether first-order transformations with large pyroelectric coefficient or second-order transformations with better reversibility are preferable remains unclear. Here we report compositionally tunable phase transformations in Ba$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$TiO$_3$ ($x \in [0, 0.3]$), r… ▽ More Phase-transforming pyroelectric materials have emerged as promising candidates for low-grade thermal energy harvesting. However, whether first-order transformations with large pyroelectric coefficient or second-order transformations with better reversibility are preferable remains unclear. Here we report compositionally tunable phase transformations in Ba$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$TiO$_3$ ($x \in [0, 0.3]$), revealing evolution from first-order to second-order character. We identify a transitional regime between Sr$_{0.15}$ and Sr$_{0.22}$ where transformation mechanism fundamentally changes. Within this regime, Sr$_{0.19}$ achieves optimal lattice compatibility, exhibiting electrical leakage suppressed by over two orders of magnitude while retaining substantial polarization response. Energy conversion demonstrations show the multilayer Sr$_{0.19}$ device delivers pyroelectric current of $\sim$1.6 $μ$A at 64$~^\circ$C with an energy density of 1.6 mJ/cm$^3$ per cycle and 5.5\% conversion efficiency. Remarkably, this composition operates stably over 10,000 full energy conversion cycles without external bias field or recharging, demonstrating that transitional regime compositions provide the optimal balance between energy density and operational durability for practical low-grade heat harvesting. △ Less

Submitted 3 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 19 pages, 6 figures

Embedded underwater front-end electronics for the 3-inch photomultipliers in the JUNO experiment

Authors: Cédric Cerna, Miao He, Xiaoshan Jiang, Juan Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux, Frédéric Perrot, Angel Abusleme, Thomas Adam, Fengpeng An, Costas Andreopoulos, Giuseppe Andronico, João Pedro Athayde Marcondes de André, Nikolay Anfimov, Vito Antonelli, Tatiana Antoshkina, Didier Auguste, Nikita Balashov, Andrea Barresi, Davide Basilico, Eric Baussan, Marco Beretta, Antonio Bergnoli, Nikita Bessonov, Daniel Bick, Lukas Bieger, Svetlana Biktemerova , et al. (576 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20-kton liquid scintillator-based, low-radioactivity, multi-purpose neutrino detector located 693 meters (1800 m.w.e.) underground in the Guangdong province, China. To detect scintillation light produced in the target, the detector is equipped with 17,612 20-inch photomultipliers (PMTs), forming the Large PMT system (LPMT). In addition, 25,… ▽ More The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20-kton liquid scintillator-based, low-radioactivity, multi-purpose neutrino detector located 693 meters (1800 m.w.e.) underground in the Guangdong province, China. To detect scintillation light produced in the target, the detector is equipped with 17,612 20-inch photomultipliers (PMTs), forming the Large PMT system (LPMT). In addition, 25,600 3-inch photomultipliers (the Small Photomultiplier System or SPMT) are deployed in the gaps between the LPMTs. This paper presents the design and performance of the underwater front-end electronics developed for the SPMT system. It details the individual electronics boards and their key components, the inter-board interfaces, the system-level design, and the firmware architecture that supports data acquisition and control. It also outlines mechanical and thermal integration, board validation procedures, and system performance metrics. The readout chain includes digitization of 128 PMT channels per unit, synchronized time-stamping, charge measurement, event packaging, and bandwidth management. Comprehensive validation confirms the system's readiness to meet JUNO's stringent physics goals. The underwater electronics achieve noise levels as low as 0.04 photoelectrons with minimal crosstalk (below 0.4%) and a bandwidth of 57 MB/s, ensuring reliable single photo-electron detection and operation under high-rate conditions. The SPMT system has now been fully integrated and installed in JUNO. Its commissioning and physics performance will be reported in a future publication. △ Less

Submitted 1 June, 2026; v1 submitted 28 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Submitted to Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A

Charge readout electronics for the DUNE horizontal drift far detector: design and performance in ProtoDUNE-HD

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, S. Abbaslu, F. Abd Alrahman, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, K. Adhikari, C. Adriano, K. Agudelo-Jaramillo, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, L. Aliaga Soplin, A. Alqaisi, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, R. Amarinei , et al. (1346 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment currently under construction, whose far detectors will be the largest liquid argon time projection chambers ever built. This detector design calls for custom-built cryogenic front-end electronics to meet its performance requirements. This paper describes the charge readout electronics that will be used i… ▽ More DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment currently under construction, whose far detectors will be the largest liquid argon time projection chambers ever built. This detector design calls for custom-built cryogenic front-end electronics to meet its performance requirements. This paper describes the charge readout electronics that will be used in the DUNE horizontal drift (HD) far detector and presents performance results using data from the ProtoDUNE-HD detector, a 770 ton liquid argon time projection chamber operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2024 that served as the final prototype of the DUNE HD design. △ Less

Submitted 12 August, 2026; v1 submitted 26 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted version

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-26-0270-LBNF, CERN-EP-2026-128

Journal ref: JINST 21 (2026) P08018

Large-eddy simulation of the FDA benchmark blood pump: validation against experiments and implications for turbulent flow mechanisms

Authors: Xuanming Huang, Chi Ding, Yujie Sun, Shidi Huang, Andrea Cioncolini, Damiano Padovani, Ju Liu

Abstract: This study presents a systematic validation and comparative assessment of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) strategies for centrifugal blood pump simulations using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration benchmark model. A scale-resolving large eddy simulation (LES) with transient sliding-interface (SI) coupling is evaluated and compared against Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approaches emp… ▽ More This study presents a systematic validation and comparative assessment of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) strategies for centrifugal blood pump simulations using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration benchmark model. A scale-resolving large eddy simulation (LES) with transient sliding-interface (SI) coupling is evaluated and compared against Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approaches employing both multiple reference frame and SI formulations. Numerical predictions are validated through direct comparison with particle image velocimetry measurements under two representative operating conditions. The results indicate that LES with transient rotor-stator coupling achieves consistently improved agreement with experimental velocity fields compared with RANS-based methods, particularly in the diffuser region where strong intermittency and wall-bounded turbulence are present. In contrast, RANS-based approaches exhibit noticeable discrepancies in these regions. A mesh sensitivity study and an assessment of temporal averaging effects are conducted for LES. The quality of the LES results is further quantified using three complementary metrics, demonstrating that a mesh resolution of approximately 80 million cells achieves a well-resolved LES regime. Building on the validated scale-resolving simulations, detailed analyses of vortical structures, turbulent kinetic energy distributions, and velocity energy spectra are performed to characterize the internal flow physics of the pump. This study demonstrates that scale-resolving, transient simulation approaches are essential for accurately capturing the highly unsteady, turbulence-dominated flow features in ventricular assist devices and provides practical guidance for future high-fidelity hemodynamic and hemocompatibility studies. △ Less

Submitted 17 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Characterize localization length of disordered lattices via critical coupling effect

Authors: Fuhao Ji, Xiangqi Huang, Luxing Chen, Yuxiang Tian, Wenjing Li, Yinying Peng, Yuge Qiu, Lu Zhang, Liwei Zhang, Mingfang Yi, Peilong Hong

Abstract: Light localization by scattering is a fundamental mechanism driving phase transitions of wave transport in disordered systems. Characterizing the localization length in scattering systems is crucial yet challenging. In this Letter, we demonstrate a spatially matched coupling scheme using wavefront shaping to resolve the intrinsic localization length in two-dimensional disordered lattices. By tailo… ▽ More Light localization by scattering is a fundamental mechanism driving phase transitions of wave transport in disordered systems. Characterizing the localization length in scattering systems is crucial yet challenging. In this Letter, we demonstrate a spatially matched coupling scheme using wavefront shaping to resolve the intrinsic localization length in two-dimensional disordered lattices. By tailoring the incident wavefront, our method facilitates efficient coupling of light to the minimum localized mode. We apply this approach to measure two different self-assembled lattices, and report the first observation of the critical coupling effect, which allows for the direct determination of the characteristic size of minimum localized mode. Our results reveal that for a fixed lattice periodicity, increasing the air-hole diameter significantly reduces this intrinsic localization length. This far-field metrology offers a robust framework for probing wave localization in complex media, which should be useful in various applications such as random lasing and nonlinear optics △ Less

Submitted 4 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 5 pages, 5 figures

MSC Class: 78-05

Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey (CHES). V. Planetary Parameters Derived from Angular Separation Variations

Authors: Dongjie Tan, Jianghui Ji, Chunhui Bao, Xiumin Huang, Guo Chen, Su Wang, Yao Dong, Jiacheng Liu, Zi Zhu, Haitao Li, Junbo Zhang, Liang Fang, Dong Li, Lei Deng

Abstract: The Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey (CHES) aims to achieve microarcsecond-level astrometry of about one hundred nearby FGK-type stars within 10 parsecs to detect Earth-like planets. Such precision exceeds the capability of absolute astrometry relying on Gaia catalogs, whose positional accuracy degrades over time due to error propagation from stellar motion and epoch offsets, limiting their use… ▽ More The Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey (CHES) aims to achieve microarcsecond-level astrometry of about one hundred nearby FGK-type stars within 10 parsecs to detect Earth-like planets. Such precision exceeds the capability of absolute astrometry relying on Gaia catalogs, whose positional accuracy degrades over time due to error propagation from stellar motion and epoch offsets, limiting their use in microarcsecond-level detection. Traditional relative astrometry depends on positional components along right ascension and declination, requiring precise knowledge of field rotation and satellite attitude, which introduces additional errors. To address this, we propose a new relative measurement model based solely on variations in the length of angular separation between the target and reference stars, independent of direction. The model incorporates effects such as proper motion, parallax, radial velocity, light aberration, gravitational lensing, and planetary perturbations, enabling reconstruction of planetary orbits and masses. This approach enhances measurement stability and precision, providing a framework that is not entirely dependent on the Gaia catalog and suitable for CHES and other future high-accuracy astrometric missions. △ Less

Submitted 29 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 20 pages, 7 figures, accepted to Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Construction and characterization of a muon trigger detector for the PSI muEDM experiment

Authors: Guan Ming Wong, Tianqi Hu, Samip Basnet, Chavdar Dutsov, Siew Yan Hoh, David Höhl, Xingyun Huang, Timothy David Hume, Alexander Johannes Jäger, Kim Siang Khaw, Meng Lyu, Ljiljana Morvaj, Jun Kai Ng, Angela Papa, Diego Alejandro Sanz Becerra, Philipp Schmidt-Wellenburg, Yusuke Takeuchi, Yonghao Zeng

Abstract: We present the upgraded design, construction, and beam test results for the Muon Trigger Detector (MTD) developed for the muon Electric Dipole Moment (muEDM) experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland. This experiment aims to improve the sensitivity of the muon EDM measurement by more than three orders of magnitude beyond the current limit established by the BNL Muon $g-2$ expe… ▽ More We present the upgraded design, construction, and beam test results for the Muon Trigger Detector (MTD) developed for the muon Electric Dipole Moment (muEDM) experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland. This experiment aims to improve the sensitivity of the muon EDM measurement by more than three orders of magnitude beyond the current limit established by the BNL Muon $g-2$ experiment. Precise identification of storable incoming muons at the entrance of the storage solenoid is essential, as the MTD must rapidly trigger a pulsed magnetic kicker to confine muons in the central region of the solenoid, where a weakly focusing magnetic field is maintained. The MTD comprises two subsystems: a \SI{0.1}{mm}-thick plastic scintillator ``gate detector'' read out by four silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), and a \SI{5}{mm}-thick CNC-machined plastic scintillator ``active aperture detector'' read out by six SiPMs. The geometry of the active aperture detector was optimized through acceptance studies to maximize both storage efficiency and background veto efficiency. Integrated fast electronics generate an LVTTL trigger signal under an anti-coincidence condition -- a muon detected in the gate but not in the aperture -- ensuring selective triggering of storable muon events for the EDM measurement. The system was tested at the PSI $π$E1 beamline using \SI{22.5}{MeV/\textit{c}} muons under scaled-down conditions to characterize detector response and trigger performance. A Geant4 simulation incorporating detailed optical photon transport and SiPM response modeling was developed and reproduces the measured event topologies with ${\sim}97\%$ agreement. These results validate the detector design and demonstrate the MTD's readiness for deployment in the full muEDM Phase-1 setup. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 36 pages, 19 figures

Current-tunable room temperature ferromagnetism and current-driven phase transitions

Authors: Jianping Guo, Peng Rao, Xinhao Huang, Tailai Xu, Yuxuan Guo, Jian Shao, Cheng Sun, Anton Orekhov, Thomas N. G. Meier, Johannes Knolle, Christian H. Back, Lin Chen

Abstract: It is generally assumed that the application of a charge-current in ferromagnetic metals suppresses their ferromagnetic order through trivial Joule heating. Here, we demonstrate that a charge current can instead enhance magnetic ordering. Using a WTe2/Fe3Ge2Te (FGT) stack as a model system, we show that a charge current flowing in WTe2 controls the ferromagnetic properties and magnetic phase trans… ▽ More It is generally assumed that the application of a charge-current in ferromagnetic metals suppresses their ferromagnetic order through trivial Joule heating. Here, we demonstrate that a charge current can instead enhance magnetic ordering. Using a WTe2/Fe3Ge2Te (FGT) stack as a model system, we show that a charge current flowing in WTe2 controls the ferromagnetic properties and magnetic phase transition of the adjacent FGT via a current-induced effective magnetic-field arising from orbital magnetization. Remarkably, the charge current drives a substantial enhancement of the Curie temperature, boosting it well above room temperature. Furthermore, we show that the charge-current enables controlled tuning of the phase transitions in FGT, which confirms the scaling behaviour of a ferromagnet-paramagnet phase transition. This work provides a pathway for integrating two-dimensional ferromagnets into spintronic functionalities at technologically relevant temperatures and for exploring novel current-driven phenomena in ferromagnetic systems. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Hydrodynamics of dilation and spin currents

Authors: Zhong-Hua Zhang, Xi-Hu Lv, Xu-Guang Huang

Abstract: We formulate a relativistic hydrodynamic theory for fluids with spin and intrinsic dilation charges. Using an entropy-current analysis, we derive constitutive relations featuring a bulk viscosity and a dilation conductivity governing the relaxation and diffusion of dilation charge. Linear mode analysis reveals a gapped dilation excitation and the freeze-out of long-wavelength sound modes, similar… ▽ More We formulate a relativistic hydrodynamic theory for fluids with spin and intrinsic dilation charges. Using an entropy-current analysis, we derive constitutive relations featuring a bulk viscosity and a dilation conductivity governing the relaxation and diffusion of dilation charge. Linear mode analysis reveals a gapped dilation excitation and the freeze-out of long-wavelength sound modes, similar to the superhorizon modes in cosmology. In the nonrelativistic limit, the theory reduces to that of microstretch fluids. Upon coupling to electromagnetic field, we show that the scale anomaly permits additional contributions in the electric current, dilation current, and energy-momentum tensor. Our theory naturally applies to nearly conformal fluids undergoing rapid expansion or contraction. △ Less

Submitted 18 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 7 pages, 1 figure

Self-Flow-Matching assisted Full Waveform Inversion

Authors: Xinquan Huang, Paris Perdikaris

Abstract: Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a high-resolution seismic imaging method that estimates subsurface velocity by matching simulated and recorded waveforms. However, FWI is highly nonlinear, prone to cycle skipping, and sensitive to noise, particularly when low frequencies are missing or the initial model is poor, leading to failures under imperfect acquisition. Diffusion-regularized FWI introduces… ▽ More Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a high-resolution seismic imaging method that estimates subsurface velocity by matching simulated and recorded waveforms. However, FWI is highly nonlinear, prone to cycle skipping, and sensitive to noise, particularly when low frequencies are missing or the initial model is poor, leading to failures under imperfect acquisition. Diffusion-regularized FWI introduces generative priors to encourage geologically realistic models, but these priors typically require costly offline pretraining and can deteriorate under distribution shift. Moreover, they assume Gaussian initialization and a fixed noise schedule, in which it is unclear how to map a deterministic FWI iterate and its starting model to a well-defined diffusion time or noise level. To address these limitations, we introduce Self-Flow-Matching assisted Full-Waveform Inversion (SFM-FWI), a physics-driven framework that eliminates the need for large-scale offline pretraining while avoiding the noise-level alignment ambiguity. SFM-FWI leverages flow matching to learn a transport field without assuming Gaussian initialization or a predefined noise schedule, so the initial model can be used directly as the starting point of the dynamics. Our approach trains a single flow network online using the governing physics and observed data. At each outer iteration, we build an interpolated model and update the flow by backpropagating the FWI data misfit, providing self-supervision without external training pairs. Experiments on challenging synthetic benchmarks show that SFM-FWI delivers more accurate reconstructions, greater noise robustness, and more stable convergence than standard FWI and pretraining-free regularization methods. △ Less

Submitted 12 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Nonlinear Nanophotonic Chip-space Interfaces: On-chip Generation of Structured, Topological and Spatiotemporal Lights Via Nonlinear Čerenkov Radiation

Authors: Dunzhao Wei, Bo Chen, Shuai Wan, Yixuan Wang, Jiantao Ma, Pi-Yu Wang, Chun Chang, Guixin Qiu, Zelin Tan, Xiaoshan Huang, Yan Chen, Tian Jiang, Qiwen Zhan, Fang Bo, Songnian Fu, Xuehua Wang, Chun-hua Dong, Jin Liu

Abstract: Miniaturized and reconfigurable interfaces between confined optical modes within integrated photonic chips and structured light propagating in free space would serve as a cornerstone for fundamental optical science and modern photonic technology. In this work, we exploit the anisotropic nonlinear susceptibility tensors associated with thin-film lithium niobate to construct nanophotonic chip-space… ▽ More Miniaturized and reconfigurable interfaces between confined optical modes within integrated photonic chips and structured light propagating in free space would serve as a cornerstone for fundamental optical science and modern photonic technology. In this work, we exploit the anisotropic nonlinear susceptibility tensors associated with thin-film lithium niobate to construct nanophotonic chip-space interfaces capable of flexibly generating and multi-dimensionally engineering structured light via injections of photons to on-chip waveguides. By harnessing the nonlinear Čerenkov radiation in integrated nonlinear microring resonators, we successfully tailor the spatial profile, polarization state, emission wavelength, topological charge and temporal wave packet of structured optical vortices, exhibiting reconfigurabilities and tuning ranges far beyond the state-of-the-art. To further showcase the capabilities of our platform, we use a single pump to generate tunable optical skyrmions via the spin-orbit coupling and multi-state integrated vortex microcombs in the visible range via synergistic $χ^{(2)}$ and $χ^{(3)}$ nonlinear optical processes. Our work bridges the research fields of structured light and integrated nonlinear optics, providing unprecedented opportunities for spatiotemporal light generation and on-chip multidimensional nonlinear optics. △ Less

Submitted 6 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: To appear in Nature Materials

Global versus regional internal--external potential field separation

Authors: X. Huang, C. Gerhards, Z. Ren

Abstract: Internal--external field separation is crucial for many aspects of geomagnetism, aiming at distinguishing contributions of the magnetic field generated within a given observation surface from those generated in the exterior. When data are available on a full spherical observation surface, this separation is a standard, stable, and widely used procedure dating back to Gauss. However, when data are… ▽ More Internal--external field separation is crucial for many aspects of geomagnetism, aiming at distinguishing contributions of the magnetic field generated within a given observation surface from those generated in the exterior. When data are available on a full spherical observation surface, this separation is a standard, stable, and widely used procedure dating back to Gauss. However, when data are only available in a subdomain of the observation surface (as is the case for aeromagnetic and ground-based surveys), the situation drastically changes. Here we show that, without prior assumptions, an internal--external field separation is not uniquely possible. Given the geophysically reasonable assumption that the exterior sources, e.g., magnetospheric and ionospheric current systems, are located above a source-free spherical shell, we show that a unique separation becomes possible but that it is highly unstable. The results are based on the spherical Hardy--Hodge decomposition and explain the intrinsic difficulties of regional data-based internal--external potential field separation. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2026; v1 submitted 5 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

A theoretical model for quantifying the imprinting sensitivity of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions

Authors: Dongxue Liu, Jiaqin Dong, Yunxing Liu, Zhiyu He, Wei Wang, Yuqiu Gu, Xiuguang Huang, Jian Zheng

Abstract: To quantify the sensitivity of diverse implosion designs to laser imprinting, we developed an equivalent perturbation model that maps laser imprinting as the initial target surface perturbation. By incorporating imperfections in target fabrication and thermal smoothing in the plasma, the model shows a reduced implosion sensitivity to laser imprinting, extending the analysis beyond geometric irradi… ▽ More To quantify the sensitivity of diverse implosion designs to laser imprinting, we developed an equivalent perturbation model that maps laser imprinting as the initial target surface perturbation. By incorporating imperfections in target fabrication and thermal smoothing in the plasma, the model shows a reduced implosion sensitivity to laser imprinting, extending the analysis beyond geometric irradiation. The imprinting sensitivity threshold is defined as $\frac{δh_{\text{proxy}}}{δh_{\text{tar}}(0)} = 0.1$, where $δh_{\text{proxy}}$ is the imprinting amplitude and $δh_{\text{tar}}(0)$ is the initial target perturbation amplitude. Radiation-hydrodynamics simulations confirm that when $\frac{δh_{\text{proxy}}}{δh_{\text{tar}(0)}} \leq 0.1$, variations in nonlinear onset time and adiabat remain within 12\% of that with $δh_{\text{tar}}(0)$ alone. Moreover, the imprinting sensitivity is supported by OMEGA experiments. Overall, for linear perturbations of medium-to-high modes in direct-drive, the model enhances our physical understanding of how laser and target perturbations evolve and serves as a simplified tool to optimize implosion performance. △ Less

Submitted 4 August, 2026; v1 submitted 2 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Earth Matter Enhanced Axion Dark Matter Search

Authors: Xiaofei Huang, Xiaolin Ma, Zitong Xu, Itay M. Bloch, Kai Wei

Abstract: Laboratory searches for ultralight axion dark matter (DM) have traditionally assumed the terrestrial density of axions is equal to the average density of DM in the solar system. However, quadratic couplings to matter introduce a non-trivial field profile near the Earth. In this work, we present the first dedicated experimental implementation of this environment-aware axion DM wind search framework… ▽ More Laboratory searches for ultralight axion dark matter (DM) have traditionally assumed the terrestrial density of axions is equal to the average density of DM in the solar system. However, quadratic couplings to matter introduce a non-trivial field profile near the Earth. In this work, we present the first dedicated experimental implementation of this environment-aware axion DM wind search framework. Leveraging the extreme sensitivity of a K--Rb--$^{21}$Ne comagnetometer to pseudo-magnetic fields induced by axion DM, we analyzed our data in the context of the massively enhanced local gradient of axions due to interactions with matter, though no signal candidates were found. Consequently, we have set the most stringent limits on axion-neutron derivative interactions for masses $m_a \in [0.041, ~28.9]~\rm feV$, improving from previous experiments that ignore terrestrial matter effects by as much as three orders of magnitude for certain masses. Our work highlights the necessity of accounting for environmental modifications in precision frontier experiments and demonstrates how geophysical variations can be harnessed to act as a natural amplifier for DM possibly enabling future detection in parts of the parameter space that were previously beyond reach. △ Less

Submitted 23 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 19 pages, 10 figures

Report number: KEK-QUP-2026-0001

Rotation catalyzed chiral magnetovortical instability

Authors: Shuai Wang, Xu-Guang Huang

Abstract: We demonstrate that a background rotation significantly catalyzes the chiral magnetovortical instability in chiral magnetohydrodynamics. The rotation splits the linearly polarized Alfven wave into two circularly polarized magneto-Coriolis waves, one of which exhibits a lower frequency than the original Alfven wave. We find that this low-frequency magneto-Coriolis wave is always unstable in the pre… ▽ More We demonstrate that a background rotation significantly catalyzes the chiral magnetovortical instability in chiral magnetohydrodynamics. The rotation splits the linearly polarized Alfven wave into two circularly polarized magneto-Coriolis waves, one of which exhibits a lower frequency than the original Alfven wave. We find that this low-frequency magneto-Coriolis wave is always unstable in the presence of even a weak chiral vortical effect. This instability may enable new dynamo mechanism applicable to various rotating chiral plasmas. △ Less

Submitted 11 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 17 pages, 20 figures

Time-independent theoretical framework for stroboscopic nonlinear dynamics based on time-nonlocal response

Authors: Yuhui Zhuang, Jiaxin Li, Haidong Li, Siyu Li, Xiaobin Peng, Juan Wu, Jiameng Zhang, Mingjing Fan, Xiaoqin Huang, Yi Hu, Jingjun Xu

Abstract: Recent experiments have demonstrated the ability to manipulate nonlinear interactions via time modulation, giving rise to the so-called stroboscopic nonlinearity. To date, however, this phenomenon has not been subjected to a rigorous theoretical analysis. In this work, we clarify the physical mechanism underlying stroboscopic nonlinear dynamics based on time-nonlocal response and establish an effe… ▽ More Recent experiments have demonstrated the ability to manipulate nonlinear interactions via time modulation, giving rise to the so-called stroboscopic nonlinearity. To date, however, this phenomenon has not been subjected to a rigorous theoretical analysis. In this work, we clarify the physical mechanism underlying stroboscopic nonlinear dynamics based on time-nonlocal response and establish an effective time-independent model under suitable modulation conditions. The proposed model almost exactly reproduces the full time-dependent dynamics in the quasi-steady state and significantly outperforms empirical descriptions used previously. Our results provide a clear physical picture of stroboscopic nonlinear dynamics, and can be extended to other systems with time-nonlocal response, establishing a general framework for engineering nonlinear interactions through temporal modulation. △ Less

Submitted 20 June, 2026; v1 submitted 7 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

High-Throughput In-Situ Fabrication of Fibrous Membranes Enables Scalable Passive Radiative Cooling

Authors: Hanzhuo Shao, Xiaoli Huang, Xuemei Huang, Jin Zhao, Nailin Xing, Hua Xu, Weijie Song, Yuehui Lu

Abstract: Deploying fibrous membranes for passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) on large and irregular surfaces is highly desirable but remains challenging, owing to the slow deposition rates and the need for electrically conductive substrates in conventional electrospinning. Here, we demonstrate a high-throughput in-situ strategy for fabricating nanocomposite PDRC fibrous membranes via solution blow spi… ▽ More Deploying fibrous membranes for passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) on large and irregular surfaces is highly desirable but remains challenging, owing to the slow deposition rates and the need for electrically conductive substrates in conventional electrospinning. Here, we demonstrate a high-throughput in-situ strategy for fabricating nanocomposite PDRC fibrous membranes via solution blow spinning. This method achieves deposition rates 8-12 times faster than electrospinning and can be applied directly onto nonplanar, nonconductive objects. The resulting membranes, composed of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) fibers embedded with Y2O3 nanoparticles, achieve sub-ambient cooling of up to 7.0 °C outdoors, effectively delaying ice melting. Moreover, they are fully recyclable through simple cleaning, dissolution, and reprocessing. This scalable and sustainable fabrication route provides a versatile and practical platform for integrating PDRC fibrous membranes across diverse surfaces, paving the way toward real-world thermal management applications. △ Less

Submitted 6 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 50 pages, 17 figures

HybridOM: Hybrid Physics-Based and Data-Driven Global Ocean Modeling with Efficient Spatial Downscaling

Authors: Ruiqi Shu, Xiaohui Zhong, Qiusheng Huang, Ruijian Gou, Tianrun Gao, Hao Li, Xiaomeng Huang

Abstract: Global ocean modeling is vital for climate science but struggles to balance computational efficiency with accuracy. Traditional numerical solvers are accurate but computationally expensive, while pure deep learning approaches, though fast, often lack physical consistency and long-term stability. To address this, we introduce HybridOM, a framework integrating a lightweight, differentiable numerical… ▽ More Global ocean modeling is vital for climate science but struggles to balance computational efficiency with accuracy. Traditional numerical solvers are accurate but computationally expensive, while pure deep learning approaches, though fast, often lack physical consistency and long-term stability. To address this, we introduce HybridOM, a framework integrating a lightweight, differentiable numerical solver as a skeleton to enforce physical laws, with a neural network as the flesh to correct subgrid-scale dynamics. To enable efficient high-resolution modeling, we further introduce a physics-informed regional downscaling mechanism based on flux gating. This design achieves the inference efficiency of AI-based methods while preserving the accuracy and robustness of physical models. Extensive experiments on the GLORYS12V1 and OceanBench dataset validate HybridOM's performance in two distinct regimes: long-term subseasonal-to-seasonal simulation and short-term operational forecasting coupled with the FuXi-2.0 weather model. Results demonstrate that HybridOM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy while strictly maintaining physical consistency, offering a robust solution for next-generation ocean digital twins. Our source code is available at https://github.com/ChiyodaMomo01/HybridOM. △ Less

Submitted 27 May, 2026; v1 submitted 31 January, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Hybrid integrated narrow linewidth laser with external distributed optical feedback from a silicon strip waveguide

Authors: Da Wei, Leilei Shi, Yujia Li, Minzhi Xu, Chaoze Zhang, Xianming Huang, Jianxian Yu, Lei Zhai, Wenxuan Huang, Huan Tian, Tao Zhu

Abstract: External optical feedback via Rayleigh scattering from an integrated microresonator or an optical fiber has been demonstrated to significantly narrow the intrinsic linewidth of semiconductor lasers. Wavelength matching between the lasing cavity and the external high-Q microresonator is required to accumulate Rayleigh scattering based optical feedback. Optical fiber can provide Rayleigh scattering… ▽ More External optical feedback via Rayleigh scattering from an integrated microresonator or an optical fiber has been demonstrated to significantly narrow the intrinsic linewidth of semiconductor lasers. Wavelength matching between the lasing cavity and the external high-Q microresonator is required to accumulate Rayleigh scattering based optical feedback. Optical fiber can provide Rayleigh scattering based optical feedback for any lasing wavelength. However, optical fibers hundreds of meters or even kilometers long are required for the accumulation of Rayleigh scattering based optical feedback, hindering the integration of narrow linewidth lasers. Here, we present an integrated scheme that collects distributed feedback signal with weak wavelength dependence by exploiting surface radiation in a silicon waveguide. The effects of waveguide width on the intensities of the surface radiation and distributed optical feedback signal are first numerically analyzed by introducing a collection coefficient. Numerical calculations show that a 1 μm-wide strip waveguide yields optimal performance for excitation and collection of distributed optical feedback, which is also experimentally verified by measuring the feedback signal with an optical frequency-domain reflectometry. Benefitting from the enhanced distributed optical feedback that is 34.72 dB higher than that in a single-mode fiber, the hybrid integrated laser demonstrates an intrinsic linewidth of 1.52 kHz, a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 74.71 dB, and a frequency noise of 24.44 Hz2/Hz. Furthermore, within a maximum allowable wavelength tuning range of 2.342 nm, the linewidth narrowing ratio depends little on the wavelength for all the waveguides with different widths. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: ACS Photonics (2026)

DC response of an interferometer topology with an L-shaped cavity: a tabletop study

Authors: Junlang Li, Jiehong Huang, Xinyao Guo, Haixing Miao, Yuchao Chen, Xiaoman Huang, Yuan Pan, Chenjie Zhou, Raffaele Flaminio, Jameson Graef Rollins, Bram Slagmolen, Fan Zhang, Teng Zhang, Mengyao Wang

Abstract: A new interferometer topology for kilohertz gravitational-wave detection was recently proposed in [Zhang et al. Phys. Rev. X 13, 021019 (2023)]. The design is based on an L-shaped optical cavity pumped through a Sagnac-like vortex. We report a tabletop experiment that characterizes the interferometer's optical response near DC. When the laser frequency is locked to the resonance of the L-shaped ca… ▽ More A new interferometer topology for kilohertz gravitational-wave detection was recently proposed in [Zhang et al. Phys. Rev. X 13, 021019 (2023)]. The design is based on an L-shaped optical cavity pumped through a Sagnac-like vortex. We report a tabletop experiment that characterizes the interferometer's optical response near DC. When the laser frequency is locked to the resonance of the L-shaped cavity, we observe that the cavity input coupler becomes effectively transparent, yielding a simple Michelson-like response. Moreover, the Sagnac vortex separates into upper and lower paths, which behave as two independent pumping paths driving the cavity. These observations are in agreement with theoretical predictions. Our results provide an intuitive physical picture of this interferometer topology and offer insight into its lock acquisition strategy. △ Less

Submitted 6 June, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 7pages, 4figures. The internal review process is completed, we re-uploaded the paper now

Search for Cosmic Ray Electron Boosted Dark Matter with the CDEX-10 Experiment

Authors: R. Xu, L. T. Yang, Q. Yue, K. J. Kang, Y. J. Li, H. P. An, Greeshma C., J. P. Chang, H. Chen, Y. H. Chen, J. P. Cheng, J. Y. Cui, W. H. Dai, Z. Deng, Y. X. Dong, C. H. Fang, H. Gong, Q. J. Guo, T. Guo, X. Y. Guo, L. He, J. R. He, H. X. Huang, T. C. Huang, S. Karmakar , et al. (63 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present new constraints on the cosmic ray electron boosted light dark matter (CReDM) using the 205.4 kg$\cdot$day data of the CDEX-10 experiment located at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. The cosmic ray electron spectrum and distribution in the Galaxy are generated by the $\tt GALPROP$ code package. In the calculation process of DM-electron scattering process in the Galaxy, we conside… ▽ More We present new constraints on the cosmic ray electron boosted light dark matter (CReDM) using the 205.4 kg$\cdot$day data of the CDEX-10 experiment located at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. The cosmic ray electron spectrum and distribution in the Galaxy are generated by the $\tt GALPROP$ code package. In the calculation process of DM-electron scattering process in the Galaxy, we consider the energy-dependency of the DM-electron scattering cross section. The constraints on CReDM are set for both heavy and light mediator scenarios using the CDEX-10 dataset. The result exceeds previous Standard Halo Model (SHM) limits for DM mass lower than 0.6 MeV in heavy mediator case and corresponds to the best sensitivity among all direct detection experiments from 1 keV to 0.5 MeV in the light mediator scenario. △ Less

Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures

Transfer of Orbital Angular Momentum in Vortex Light through Four-Wave Mixing and the Manipulation of Slow and Fast Light

Authors: Fan Meng, Xin-Yao Huang, Guo-Feng Zhang

Abstract: Vortex light, a unique optical field that carries orbital angular momentum (OAM), has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this paper, we present a detailed theoretical analysis of OAM transfer from the input field to the generated signal field in a four-level double-Lambda system via the four-wave mixing (FWM) process, showing that their OAMs follow a specific algebraic relationsh… ▽ More Vortex light, a unique optical field that carries orbital angular momentum (OAM), has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this paper, we present a detailed theoretical analysis of OAM transfer from the input field to the generated signal field in a four-level double-Lambda system via the four-wave mixing (FWM) process, showing that their OAMs follow a specific algebraic relationship. We identify the optimal conditions for efficient vortex light transmission, analyze the influence of detuning on transmission efficiency and phase distortion, and specifically examine the scenario where the control field carries OAM the latter being essential for a complete characterization of OAM conservation in the FWM process, while all three aspects have been largely overlooked in the existing literature. Furthermore, we investigated the tunability of the group velocity between the probe and signal fields by modulating the Rabi frequencies of the two control fields and the relative phase between the probe and signal fields during the FWM process. We demonstrate that the conversion between matched vortex slow and fast light can be realized an effect that has not been widely explored in dual-Lambda-type systems. These results may hold promise for applications in quantum information storage and processing, quantum computing, and ultrasensitive detection. △ Less

Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 23pages,9figures

Journal ref: Phys. Scr. 100 (2025) 115516

Spin waves excited by hard x-ray transient gratings

Authors: Peter R. Miedaner, Alexei A. Maznev, Mykola Biednov, Marwan Deb, Carles Serrat, Nadia Berndt, Pietro Carrara, Cristian Soncini, Marta Brioschi, Daniele Ronchetti, Andrei Benediktovitch, Danny Fainozzi, Nupur Khatu, Eugenio Ferrari, Joan Vila-Comamala, Peter Zalden, Wojciech Gawelda, Martin Knoll, Paul Frankenberger, Ludmila Leroy, Talgat Mamyrbayev, Grigory Smolentsev, Simon Gerber, Alessandro Gessini, Filippo Bencivenga , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Recent progress in ultrafast x-ray sources helped establish x-rays as an important tool for probing lattice and magnetic dynamics initiated by femtosecond optical pulses. Here, we explore the potential of ultrashort hard x-ray pulses for driving magnetic dynamics. We use a transient grating technique in which a spatially periodic x-ray excitation pattern gives rise to material excitations at a wel… ▽ More Recent progress in ultrafast x-ray sources helped establish x-rays as an important tool for probing lattice and magnetic dynamics initiated by femtosecond optical pulses. Here, we explore the potential of ultrashort hard x-ray pulses for driving magnetic dynamics. We use a transient grating technique in which a spatially periodic x-ray excitation pattern gives rise to material excitations at a well-defined wave vector, whose dynamics are monitored via diffraction of an optical probe pulse. The excitation of a ferrimagnetic gadolinium bismuth iron garnet film placed in an external tilted magnetic field by x-rays at the Gd L3 edge results in both magnetic and non-magnetic transient gratings whose contributions to the diffracted signal are separated by polarization analysis. We observe the magnetization precession at both longitudinal acoustic and spin wave frequencies. An analysis with the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation indicates that the magnetization precession is driven by strain resulting from thermal expansion induced by absorbed x-rays. The results establish x-ray transient gratings as a tool for driving coherent phonons and magnons, with the potential of accessing wave vectors across the entire Brillouin zone. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

A Realistic Proportional-Integral RF Feedback Model for Longitudinal Beam Dynamics Simulation

Authors: Tianlong He, Wenshu Liang, Jincheng Xiao, Xin Huang

Abstract: Modern fourth-generation storage ring light sources predominantly utilize digital I/Q-based proportional-integral (PI) feedback for their radio-frequency (RF) systems. This paper introduces a dedicated PI feedback model implemented in the STABLE tracking code to enable accurate and fast longitudinal beam dynamics simulations. The model's key innovation lies in its treatment of the continuous gener… ▽ More Modern fourth-generation storage ring light sources predominantly utilize digital I/Q-based proportional-integral (PI) feedback for their radio-frequency (RF) systems. This paper introduces a dedicated PI feedback model implemented in the STABLE tracking code to enable accurate and fast longitudinal beam dynamics simulations. The model's key innovation lies in its treatment of the continuous generator current, which is discretized into electron-bunch-like charge pulses, while the cavity voltage is refreshed on an RF-cycle basis. This methodology offers a more physically accurate model of the beam-cavity-feedback coupling, providing a versatile tool for precise longitudinal beam dynamics studies in single- and multi-rf configurations. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

High-flux cold lithium-6 and rubidium-87 atoms from compact two-dimensional magneto-optical traps

Authors: Yun-Xuan Lu, An-Wei Zhu, Christine E. Frank, Xin-Yi Huang, Xin-Yu Luo

Abstract: We report a compact setup with in-series two-dimensional magneto-optical traps (2D MOTs) that provides high-flux cold lithium and rubidium atoms. Thanks to the efficient short-distance Zeeman slowing, the maximum 3D MOT loading rate of lithium atoms reaches a record value of $6.6\times 10^{9}$ atoms/s at a moderate lithium-oven temperature of 372 degrees Celsius, which is 44 times higher than that… ▽ More We report a compact setup with in-series two-dimensional magneto-optical traps (2D MOTs) that provides high-flux cold lithium and rubidium atoms. Thanks to the efficient short-distance Zeeman slowing, the maximum 3D MOT loading rate of lithium atoms reaches a record value of $6.6\times 10^{9}$ atoms/s at a moderate lithium-oven temperature of 372 degrees Celsius, which is 44 times higher than that without the Zeeman slowing light. The flux of rubidium is also as high as $2.3\times10^9$ atoms/s with the rubidium oven held at room temperature. Meanwhile, the entire vacuum-chamber system, including an ultra-high-vacuum science cell, is within a small volume of $55\times65\times70~\mathrm{cm}^3$. Our work represents a substantial improvement over traditional bulky and complex dual-species cold-atom setups. It provides a good starting point for the fast production of a double-degenerate lithium-rubidium atomic mixture and large samples of ultracold lithium-rubidium ground-state molecules. △ Less

Submitted 1 January, 2026; v1 submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: Added references for section 1; adjusted the linewidth of figure 8, results unchanged

The Complete Anatomy of the Madden-Julian Oscillation Revealed by Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Xiao Zhou, Yuze Sun, Jie Wu, Xiaomeng Huang

Abstract: Accurately defining the life cycle of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of intraseasonal climate variability, remains a foundational challenge due to its propagating nature. The established linear-projection method (RMM index) often conflates mathematical artifacts with physical states, while direct clustering in raw data space is confounded by a "propagation penalty." Here, w… ▽ More Accurately defining the life cycle of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of intraseasonal climate variability, remains a foundational challenge due to its propagating nature. The established linear-projection method (RMM index) often conflates mathematical artifacts with physical states, while direct clustering in raw data space is confounded by a "propagation penalty." Here, we introduce an "AI-for-theory" paradigm to objectively discover the MJO's intrinsic structure. We develop a deep learning model, PhysAnchor-MJO-AE, to learn a latent representation where vector distance corresponds to physical-feature similarity, enabling objective clustering of MJO dynamical states. Clustering these "MJO fingerprints" reveals the first complete, six-phase anatomical map of its life cycle. This taxonomy refines and critically completes the classical view by objectively isolating two long-hypothesized transitional phases: organizational growth over the Indian Ocean and the northward shift over the Philippine Sea. Derived from this anatomy, we construct a new physics-coherent monitoring framework that decouples location and intensity diagnostics. This framework reduces the rates of spurious propagation and convective misplacement by over an order of magnitude compared to the classical index. Our work transforms AI from a forecasting tool into a discovery microscope, establishing a reproducible template for extracting fundamental dynamical constructs from complex systems. △ Less

Submitted 14 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Casimir radiation with Weyl semimetals

Authors: Yang Hu, Xiaohu Wu, Haotuo Liu, Mauro Antezza, Xiuquan Huang

Abstract: When Casimir friction torque acts upon a rotated nanoparticle (NP), mechanical energy can be transformed into thermal energy, known as Casimir radiation, which significantly affects the thermal performance of nanoelectromechanical systems. In this work, we investigate Casimir radiation with nonreciprocal Weyl semimetals (WSM) NP levitated on a plate. WSM NP with inherent nonreciprocity has a radia… ▽ More When Casimir friction torque acts upon a rotated nanoparticle (NP), mechanical energy can be transformed into thermal energy, known as Casimir radiation, which significantly affects the thermal performance of nanoelectromechanical systems. In this work, we investigate Casimir radiation with nonreciprocal Weyl semimetals (WSM) NP levitated on a plate. WSM NP with inherent nonreciprocity has a radiative heat flux 27 times higher than NP with degenerate modes. The underlying physics is elucidated by the coupling and decoupling of the electromagnetic local density of states between nonreciprocal WSN NP and the plate in the near-field. The three-fold localized plasmon modes of WSM NP split into localized circular modes with strong gyrotropic response, which opens up new channels for Casimir radiation. This work provides a new method for nanoscale energy conversion in NP systems. △ Less

Submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Research 7, 043328 (2025)

Restoring Network Evolution from Static Structure

Authors: Jiu Zhang, Zhanwei Du, Hongwei Hu, Ke Wu, Tongchao Li, Chuan Shi, Xiaohui Huang, Yamir Moreno, Yanqing Hu

Abstract: The dynamical evolution of complex networks underpins the structure-function relationships in natural and artificial systems. Yet, restoring a network's formation from a single static snapshot remains challenging. Here, we present a transferable machine learning framework that infers network evolutionary trajectories solely from present topology. By integrating graph neural networks with transform… ▽ More The dynamical evolution of complex networks underpins the structure-function relationships in natural and artificial systems. Yet, restoring a network's formation from a single static snapshot remains challenging. Here, we present a transferable machine learning framework that infers network evolutionary trajectories solely from present topology. By integrating graph neural networks with transformers, our approach unlocks a latent temporal dimension directly from the static topology. Evaluated across diverse domains, the framework achieves high transfer accuracy of up to 95.3%, demonstrating its robustness and transferability. Applied to the Drosophila brain connectome, it restores the formation times of over 2.6 million neural connections, revealing that early-forming links support essential behaviors such as mating and foraging, whereas later-forming connections underpin complex sensory and social functions. These results demonstrate that a substantial fraction of evolutionary information is encoded within static network architecture, offering a powerful, general tool for elucidating the hidden temporal dynamics of complex systems. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Beam-test evaluation of pre-production Low Gain Avalanche Detectors for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector

Authors: A. Aboulhorma, M. Ait Tamlihat, H. M. Alfanda, O. Atanova, N. Atanov, I. Azzouzi, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, T. Beau, D. Benchekroun, F. Bendebba, G. Bergamin, Y. Bimgdi, A. Blot, A. Boikov, J. Bonis, D. Boumediene, C. Brito, A. S. Brogna, A. M. Burger, L. Cadamuro, Y. Cai, N. Cartalade, R. Casanova Mohr, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli, Y. Che , et al. (207 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment as part of the Phase-II upgrade for the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). It will mitigate pile-up effects in the forward region, and measure per bunch luminosity. The design of HGTD is based on Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) sensors. This paper presents the results of beam-test campaigns conduc… ▽ More The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment as part of the Phase-II upgrade for the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). It will mitigate pile-up effects in the forward region, and measure per bunch luminosity. The design of HGTD is based on Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) sensors. This paper presents the results of beam-test campaigns conducted at CERN and DESY in 2023 and 2024 on single LGADs from HGTD pre-production test structures, before and after neutron irradiation up to fluences of $2.5 \times 10^{15}~\mathrm{n_{eq}/cm^2}$. The tested LGADs can meet HGTD requirements in terms of charge collection, time resolution, and hit efficiency, even under HL-LHC end-of-life conditions, supporting their deployment in the final detector. △ Less

Submitted 30 January, 2026; v1 submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Efficient Dynamic and Momentum Aperture Optimization for Lattice Design Using Multipoint Bayesian Algorithm Execution

Authors: Z. Zhang, I. Agapov, S. Gasiorowski, T. Hellert, W. Neiswanger, X. Huang, D. Ratner

Abstract: We demonstrate that multipoint Bayesian algorithm execution can overcome fundamental computational challenges in storage ring design optimization. Dynamic (DA) and momentum (MA) optimization is a multipoint, multiobjective design task for storage rings, ultimately informing the flux of x-ray sources and luminosity of colliders. Current state-of-art black-box optimization methods require extensive… ▽ More We demonstrate that multipoint Bayesian algorithm execution can overcome fundamental computational challenges in storage ring design optimization. Dynamic (DA) and momentum (MA) optimization is a multipoint, multiobjective design task for storage rings, ultimately informing the flux of x-ray sources and luminosity of colliders. Current state-of-art black-box optimization methods require extensive particle-tracking simulations for each trial configuration; the high computational cost restricts the extent of the search to $\sim 10^3$ configurations, and therefore limits the quality of the final design. We remove this bottleneck using multipointBAX, which selects, simulates, and models each trial configuration at the single particle level. We demonstrate our approach on a novel design for a fourth-generation light source, with neural-network powered multipointBAX achieving equivalent Pareto front results using more than two orders of magnitude fewer tracking computations compared to genetic algorithms. The significant reduction in cost positions multipointBAX as a promising alternative to black-box optimization, and we anticipate multipointBAX will be instrumental in the design of future light sources, colliders, and large-scale scientific facilities. △ Less

Submitted 21 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 10 pages, 8 figures

Consistency requirement of data-driven subgrid-scale modeling in large-eddy simulation

Authors: Xinyi Huang, Sze Chai Leung, H. Jane Bae

Abstract: Data-driven subgrid-scale (SGS) modeling in the large-eddy simulations (LES) suffers from the inconsistency between the \textit{a priori} tests and the a posteriori tests, which make training accurate SGS models a difficult task. We study the difference in filtered high-fidelity data and LES to identify the numerical deviation between the two cases, which is a combined impact of commutation error,… ▽ More Data-driven subgrid-scale (SGS) modeling in the large-eddy simulations (LES) suffers from the inconsistency between the \textit{a priori} tests and the a posteriori tests, which make training accurate SGS models a difficult task. We study the difference in filtered high-fidelity data and LES to identify the numerical deviation between the two cases, which is a combined impact of commutation error, numerical errors, and error coupling. The impact of the numerical deviation is examined through two SGS model formulations: the eddy-viscosity and the complex nonlinear models. By incorporating numerical deviations into model training, we enhance consistency, stabilize simulations, and improve predictions of energy spectra in a posteriori tests. Our findings highlight that data-driven methods introduce significant nonlinearity and equation coupling, exacerbating inconsistencies compared to non-data-driven approaches. Finally, while the impact of the numerical deviation can be generalized, achieving accurate model predictions necessitates a physically grounded model form and an optimal filter width. △ Less

Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 10 figures

Initial performance results of the JUNO detector

Authors: Angel Abusleme, Thomas Adam, Kai Adamowicz, David Adey, Shakeel Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmed, Timo Ahola, Sebastiano Aiello, Fengpeng An, Guangpeng An, Costas Andreopoulos, Giuseppe Andronico, João Pedro Athayde Marcondes de André, Nikolay Anfimov, Vito Antonelli, Tatiana Antoshkina, Burin Asavapibhop, Didier Auguste, Margherita Buizza Avanzini, Andrej Babic, Jingzhi Bai, Weidong Bai, Nikita Balashov, Roberto Barbera, Andrea Barresi , et al. (1114 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) started physics data taking on 26 August 2025. JUNO consists of a 20-kton liquid scintillator central detector, surrounded by a 35 kton water pool serving as a Cherenkov veto, and almost 1000 m$^2$ of plastic scintillator veto on top. The detector is located in a shallow underground laboratory with an overburden of 1800 m.w.e. This paper present… ▽ More The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) started physics data taking on 26 August 2025. JUNO consists of a 20-kton liquid scintillator central detector, surrounded by a 35 kton water pool serving as a Cherenkov veto, and almost 1000 m$^2$ of plastic scintillator veto on top. The detector is located in a shallow underground laboratory with an overburden of 1800 m.w.e. This paper presents the performance results of the detector, extensively studied during the commissioning of the water phase, the subsequent liquid scintillator filling phase, and the first physics runs. The liquid scintillator achieved an attenuation length of 20.6 m at 430 nm, while the high coverage PMT system and scintillator together yielded about 1785 photoelectrons per MeV of energy deposit at the detector centre, measured using the 2.223 MeV $γ$ from neutron captures on hydrogen with an Am-C calibration source. The reconstructed energy resolution is 3.4% for two 0.511 MeV $γ$ at the detector centre and 2.9% for the 0.93 MeV quenched Po-214 alpha decays from natural radioactive sources. The energy nonlinearity is calibrated to better than 1%. Intrinsic contaminations of U-238 and Th-232 in the liquid scintillator are below 10$^{-16}$ g/g, assuming secular equilibrium. The water Cherenkov detector achieves a muon detection efficiency better than 99.9% for muons traversing the liquid scintillator volume. During the initial science runs, the data acquisition duty cycle exceeded 97.8%, demonstrating the excellent stability and readiness of JUNO for high-precision neutrino physics. △ Less

Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 38 pages, 23 figures

Design of a Six-band, 2.4-Octave (80--420 GHz) Hierarchically Summed Phased-Array Slot-Dipole Antenna Array for NEW-MUSIC

Authors: Xiaolan Huang, Shibo Shu, Miao Li, Sunil R. Golwala, Feng Liu

Abstract: The Next-generation Extended Wavelength Multi-band Sub/millimeter Inductance Camera (NEW-MUSIC), located on the Leighton Chajnantor Telescope (LCT), will be the first six-band trans-millimeter wave polarimeter. This paper proposes a broadband, hierarchical phased-array antenna with integrated band-defining filters necessary to realize NEW-MUSIC. It covers a spectral bandwidth of 2.4 octaves from 8… ▽ More The Next-generation Extended Wavelength Multi-band Sub/millimeter Inductance Camera (NEW-MUSIC), located on the Leighton Chajnantor Telescope (LCT), will be the first six-band trans-millimeter wave polarimeter. This paper proposes a broadband, hierarchical phased-array antenna with integrated band-defining filters necessary to realize NEW-MUSIC. It covers a spectral bandwidth of 2.4 octaves from 80~GHz to 420~GHz, a frequency range ideal for studying trans-millimeter emission from a range of time-domain sources, using the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effects to study hot plasmas in galaxy clusters and galaxies, and to observe dusty sources, from star-forming regions in our galaxy to high-redshift dusty, star-forming galaxies. To achieve these goals, three groups of superconducting lumped-element on-chip low-pass/band-pass filter-banks were designed to hierarchically sum the superconducting, broadband, non-resonant, slot-dipole antenna arrays and band-pass filter the trans-mm light before outputting it on microstripline to detectors (KIDs in the case of NEW-MUSIC). △ Less

Submitted 12 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Improved Modeling of Quasi-Static Thermal and Optical Response of Lumped-Element Aluminum Manganese KIDs

Authors: Adriana Gavidia, Sunil Golwala, Andrew D. Beyer, Daniel Cunnane, Peter K. Day, Fabien Defrance, Clifford F. Frez, Xiaolan Huang, Junhan Kim, Jean-Marc Martin, Jack Sayers, Shibo Shu, Shiling Yu, Yann Sadou

Abstract: We report on the optical characterization of the AlMn kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) in development for use in the Next-generation Extended Wavelength-MUltiband Sub/millimeter Inductance Camera (NEW-MUSIC) on the Leighton Chajnantor Telescope (LCT). NEW-MUSIC will cover 80-420 GHz, split into six spectral bands, with polarimetry. This broad spectral coverage will enable study of a range of sc… ▽ More We report on the optical characterization of the AlMn kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) in development for use in the Next-generation Extended Wavelength-MUltiband Sub/millimeter Inductance Camera (NEW-MUSIC) on the Leighton Chajnantor Telescope (LCT). NEW-MUSIC will cover 80-420 GHz, split into six spectral bands, with polarimetry. This broad spectral coverage will enable study of a range of scientific topics such as the accretion and feedback in galaxies and galaxy cluster evolution via the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, the transient synchrotron emission from the explosive deaths of massive stars and other time-domain phenomena, and dusty sources from low to high redshift (with polarization). Al KIDs have already been demonstrated for bands 2-5. AlMn KIDs will be used for the 90~GHz band, as Al's pair-breaking energy is too high. However, AlMn has only barely been explored as a KID material. To this end, we first improved the modeling techniques used for Al KIDs within BCS theory by eliminating the use of analytical approximations for the expressions of the complex conductivity and found these changes reduced fit parameter degeneracy in the analysis of AlMn. Then, we tested the addition of a gap smearing parameter, a standard extension to BCS theory in use for high kinetic inductance materials, and found it did not improve the fits. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

A consistent δ-Plus-ULPH model towards higher accuracy and lower numerical dissipation with fewer neighboring particles

Authors: Shi-Xian Wu, Peng-Nan Sun, Xiao-Ting Huang, Yu-Xiang Peng, Andrea Colagrossi

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel consistent δ+- Updated Lagrangian Particle Hydrodynamics (ULPH) model. Although the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model has gained recognized achievements, it is afflicted by excessive numerical dissipation when the neighboring particles are insufficient. The present proposed consistent δ+-ULPH model has advantages in overcoming this problem. To improve the accu… ▽ More This paper proposes a novel consistent δ+- Updated Lagrangian Particle Hydrodynamics (ULPH) model. Although the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model has gained recognized achievements, it is afflicted by excessive numerical dissipation when the neighboring particles are insufficient. The present proposed consistent δ+-ULPH model has advantages in overcoming this problem. To improve the accuracy, efficiency, stability, and energy conservation, several new techniques are introduced to the consistent δ+-ULPH model. A novel extended support domain technique is proposed to achieve higher accuracy with fewer neighboring particles. An optimal matrix for the velocity divergence is proposed to improve the free-surface stability. A consistent particle shifting technique for the ULPH scheme is proposed to maintain a uniform and regular particle distribution and obtain superior conservation. In addition, an acoustic damper term for the ULPH scheme is introduced to improve the pressure field stability. Five benchmark tests were carried out to validate the consistent δ+-ULPH model. The conventional ULPH and the consistent δ+-SPH results are presented for comparison. Results indicate that the proposed consistent δ+-ULPH model can accurately simulate both gentle waves and violent sloshing flows and shows higher accuracy and lower numerical dissipation when using fewer neighboring particles, even in long-term and long-distance wave propagation simulations. Additionally, the computational efficiency of the consistent δ+-ULPH model is enhanced visibly because of fewer neighboring particles. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 51 pages, 25 figures

Journal ref: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 446, 118292, (2025)

Prospects for geoneutrino detection with JUNO

Authors: Thomas Adam, Shakeel Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmed, Fengpeng An, João Pedro Athayde Marcondes de André, Costas Andreopoulos, Giuseppe Andronico, Nikolay Anfimov, Vito Antonelli, Tatiana Antoshkina, Didier Auguste, Marcel Büchner, Weidong Bai, Nikita Balashov, Andrea Barresi, Davide Basilico, Eric Baussan, Marco Beretta, Antonio Bergnoli, Nikita Bessonov, Daniel Bick, Lukas Bieger, Svetlana Biktemerova, Thilo Birkenfeld, Simon Blyth , et al. (605 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Geoneutrinos, which are antineutrinos emitted during the decay of long-lived radioactive elements inside Earth, serve as a unique tool for studying the composition and heat budget of our planet. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment in China, which has recently completed construction, is expected to collect a sample comparable in size to the entire existing world geoneutr… ▽ More Geoneutrinos, which are antineutrinos emitted during the decay of long-lived radioactive elements inside Earth, serve as a unique tool for studying the composition and heat budget of our planet. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment in China, which has recently completed construction, is expected to collect a sample comparable in size to the entire existing world geoneutrino dataset in less than a year. This paper presents an updated estimation of sensitivity to geoneutrinos of JUNO using the best knowledge available to date about the experimental site, the surrounding nuclear reactors, the detector response uncertainties, and the constraints expected from the TAO satellite detector. To facilitate comparison with present and future geological models, our results cover a wide range of predicted signal strengths. Despite the significant background from reactor antineutrinos, the experiment will measure the total geoneutrino flux with a precision comparable to that of existing experiments within its first few years, ultimately achieving a world-leading precision of about 8% over ten years. The large statistics of JUNO will also allow separation of the Uranium-238 and Thorium-232 contributions with unprecedented precision, providing crucial constraints on models of formation and composition of Earth. Observation of the mantle signal above the lithospheric flux will be possible but challenging. For models with the highest predicted mantle concentrations of heat-producing elements, a 3-sigma detection over six years requires knowledge of the lithospheric flux to within 15%. Together with complementary measurements from other locations, the geoneutrino results of JUNO will offer cutting-edge, high-precision insights into the interior of Earth, of fundamental importance to both the geoscience and neutrino physics communities. △ Less

Submitted 10 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 32 pages, with 13 figures and 5 tables

Scattering Induced Mode Chirality in Ring Resonators

Authors: Haochen Yan, Xu Guo, Arghadeep Pal, Xiaoyuan Huang, Alekhya Ghosh, Lewis Hill, Shuangyou Zhang, Nivedita Vishnukumar, Toby Bi, Masoud Kheyri, Jianming Mai, Hao Zhang, Yaojing Zhang, Jolly Xavier, Haihua Fan, Kok Wai Cheah, Peter Littlewood, Pascal DelHaye

Abstract: Non-Hermitian physics can be used to break time reversal symmetry and is important for interactions in a wide range of systems, from active matter and neural networks to metamaterials and non-equilibrium thermodynamics. In integrated photonic devices, non-Hermitian physics can be used for direction-dependent light propagation, reconfigurable light paths, selective energy localization and optical i… ▽ More Non-Hermitian physics can be used to break time reversal symmetry and is important for interactions in a wide range of systems, from active matter and neural networks to metamaterials and non-equilibrium thermodynamics. In integrated photonic devices, non-Hermitian physics can be used for direction-dependent light propagation, reconfigurable light paths, selective energy localization and optical isolators. In this work, we report previously unexplored direction-dependent mode splitting in ring microresonators, achieved by adding multiple scatterers around the cavity. Through experiments, simulations, and theoretical modeling, we unveil the underlying physics that changes the resonance shapes in resonant systems with backscattering. By engineering the spatial configuration of the scatterers, we can produce a predictable and repeatable direction-dependent mode splitting, enabling new ways to route light through optical resonators and photonic networks. In addition, the direction dependent mode-splitting can be used for precise near-field measurements, enhancing traditional sensing in integrated photonic chips. △ Less

Submitted 10 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.