{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T07:28:02Z","timestamp":1782890882409,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGC2018-095307-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-095307-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018708","name":"Euratom Research and Training Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["633053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["633053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018708","name":"Euratom Research and Training Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ENE2015-70142-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENE2015-70142-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Computational Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T10:35:02Z","timestamp":1589884502000},"page":"109512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"C","title":["KNOSOS: A fast orbit-averaging neoclassical code for stellarator geometry"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"418","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8510-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.L.","family":"Velasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.I.","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.M.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rega\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/53\/6\/063022","article-title":"Inter-machine validation study of neoclassical transport modelling in medium- to high-density stellarator-heliotron plasmas","volume":"53","author":"Dinklage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-018-0141-9","article-title":"Magnetic configuration effects on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator","volume":"14","author":"Dinklage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1063\/1.866395","article-title":"Neoclassical transport in stellarators","volume":"30","author":"Ho","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/51\/7\/076001","article-title":"Benchmarking of the mono-energetic transport coefficients. Results from the International Collaboration on Neoclassical Transport in Stellarators (ICNTS)","volume":"51","author":"Beidler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6587\/aa63ce","article-title":"The effect of tangential drifts on neoclassical transport in stellarators close to omnigeneity","volume":"59","author":"Calvo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.78.674","article-title":"Helical plasma confinement devices with good confinement properties","volume":"78","author":"Cary","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/55\/3\/033005","article-title":"Less constrained omnigenous stellarators","volume":"55","author":"Parra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1063\/1.864166","article-title":"Transport and isomorphic equilibria","volume":"26","author":"Boozer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3693187","article-title":"Omnigenity as generalized quasisymmetry","volume":"19","author":"Landreman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/59\/1\/014018","article-title":"Performance and properties of the first plasmas of Wendelstein 7-X","volume":"59","author":"Klinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/aa770d","article-title":"Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator","volume":"57","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/aa7fc2","article-title":"Extension of the operational regime of the LHD towards a deuterium experiment","volume":"57","author":"Takeiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0130","article-title":"Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000","volume":"7","author":"Sunn-Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.48.322","article-title":"Class of model stellarator fields with enhanced confinement","volume":"48","author":"Mynick","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/45\/12\/024","article-title":"Characterization of energy confinement in net-current free plasmas using the extended International Stellarator Database","volume":"45","author":"Yamada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"12A","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A237","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/43\/12A\/318","article-title":"Physics of the compact advanced stellarator NCSX","volume":"43","author":"Zarnstorff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2010.03.041","article-title":"Review of stellarator\/heliotron design issues towards mfe demo","volume":"85","author":"Sagara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. Des."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/aad78b","article-title":"Global energy confinement in the initial limiter configuration of Wendelstein 7-X","volume":"58","author":"Fuchert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/57\/1\/014004","article-title":"Physics in the magnetic configuration space of W7-X","volume":"57","author":"Geiger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0200","series-title":"44th European Physical Society Conference on Plasma Physics","article-title":"Ion heat transport in low-density Wendelstein 7-X plasmas","author":"Alonso","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.1063\/1.873749","article-title":"Evaluation of 1\/\u03bd neoclassical transport in stellarators","volume":"6","author":"Nemov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1063\/1.865495","article-title":"Plasma transport coefficients for nonsymmetric toroidal confinement systems","volume":"29","author":"Hirshman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3553025","article-title":"Neoclassical transport simulations for stellarators","volume":"18","author":"Turkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0240","series-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Int. Stellarator\/Heliotron Workshop","first-page":"P2.O31","article-title":"ICNTS-impact of incompressible E\u00d7 B flow in estimating mono-energetic transport coefficients","volume":"vol. NIFS-PROC-69","author":"Beidler","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022377818000818","article-title":"Electrostatic potential variations on stellarator magnetic surfaces in low collisionality regimes","volume":"84","author":"Calvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plasma Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4870077","article-title":"Comparison of particle trajectories and collision operators for collisional transport in nonaxisymmetric plasmas","volume":"21","author":"Landreman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/55\/7\/074008","article-title":"On neoclassical impurity transport in stellarator geometry","volume":"55","author":"Garc\u00eda-Rega\u00f1a","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/aa5fd5","article-title":"Electrostatic potential variation on the flux surface and its impact on impurity transport","volume":"57","author":"Garc\u00eda-Rega\u00f1a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0290","article-title":"Non-local simulation of the formation of neoclassical ambipolar electric field in non-axisymmetric configurations","volume":"1","author":"Satake","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plasma Fusion Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/55\/12\/125014","article-title":"Stellarators close to quasisymmetry","volume":"55","author":"Calvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/56\/9\/094003","article-title":"Optimizing stellarators for large flows","volume":"56","author":"Calvo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/57\/1\/014014","article-title":"Flow damping in stellarators close to quasisymmetry","volume":"57","author":"Calvo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6587\/aabe07","article-title":"Large tangential electric fields in plasmas close to temperature screening","volume":"60","author":"Velasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0340","series-title":"Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77: The Art of Scientific Computing, vol. 1","author":"Press","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/58\/10\/104001","article-title":"Solution of drift kinetic equation in stellarators and tokamaks with broken symmetry using the code NEO-2","volume":"58","author":"Kernbichler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/53\/11\/115014","article-title":"Calculation of the bootstrap current profile for the TJ-II stellarator","volume":"53","author":"Velasco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2019.01.025","article-title":"stella: an operator-split, implicit\u2013explicit delta-f-gyrokinetic code for general magnetic field configurations","volume":"391","author":"Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2013.02.041","article-title":"New velocity-space discretization for continuum kinetic calculations and Fokker\u2013Planck collisions","volume":"243","author":"Landreman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6587\/aac700","article-title":"Flux-surface variations of the electrostatic potential in stellarators: impact on the radial electric field and neoclassical impurity transport","volume":"60","author":"Moll\u00e9n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/aa7fa4","article-title":"Rotation and neoclassical ripple transport in ITER","volume":"57","author":"Paul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4923434","article-title":"Effects of magnetic drift tangential to magnetic surfaces on neoclassical transport in non-axisymmetric plasmas","volume":"22","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0420","unstructured":"V. d\u0301 Herbemont, F.I. Parra, I. Calvo, J.L. Velasco, Finite orbit width effects in large aspect ratio stellarators, in preparation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0430","series-title":"Modern Software Tools in Scientific Computing","first-page":"163","article-title":"Efficient management of parallelism in object oriented numerical software libraries","author":"Balay","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0440","author":"Balay"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0450","series-title":"PETSc users manual","author":"Balay","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4655(95)00035-E","article-title":"Comparison of initial value and eigenvalue codes for kinetic toroidal plasma instabilities","volume":"88","author":"Kotschenreuther","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0470","article-title":"Plans for the first plasma operation of Wendelstein 7-X","volume":"55","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ab205e","article-title":"Overview of recent TJ-II stellarator results","volume":"59","author":"Ascas\u00edbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ab03a7","article-title":"Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation","volume":"59","author":"Klinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ab6ea8","article-title":"Investigations of the role of neoclassical transport in ion-root plasmas on W7-X","volume":"60","author":"Pablant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0510","author":"Carralero"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/aae8a1","article-title":"Stellarator impurity flux driven by electric fields tangent to magnetic surfaces","volume":"58","author":"Calvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022377818000867","article-title":"Effects of flux-surface impurity density variation on collisional transport in stellarators","volume":"84","author":"Buller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plasma Phys."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6587\/aad795","article-title":"On-surface potential and radial electric field variations in electron root stellarator plasmas","volume":"60","author":"Garc\u00eda-Rega\u00f1a","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0550","article-title":"Global effects on the variation of ion density and electrostatic potential on the flux surface in helical plasmas","volume":"14","author":"Fujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plasma Fusion Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/55\/5\/052001","article-title":"Electrostatic potential variations along flux surfaces in stellarators","volume":"55","author":"Pedrosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ab1940","article-title":"Turbulence and perpendicular plasma flow asymmetries measured at TJ-II plasmas","volume":"59","author":"Estrada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512_br0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ab581f","article-title":"Impact of main ion pressure anisotropy on stellarator impurity transport","volume":"60","author":"Calvo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021999120302862?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021999120302862?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T17:12:55Z","timestamp":1729185175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021999120302862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0021999120302862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9991","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"KNOSOS: A fast orbit-averaging neoclassical code for stellarator geometry","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Computational Physics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109512","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 EURATOM. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109512"}}