{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T17:23:57Z","timestamp":1765819437396,"version":"3.48.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":70,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3487552.3487831","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T17:35:11Z","timestamp":1635788111000},"page":"487-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Networked systems as witnesses"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Sana","family":"Asif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University"}]},{"given":"Byungjin","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University"}]},{"given":"Fabi\u00e1n E.","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Rula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akamai"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29392\/001c.14152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.14348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30553-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013182117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Upshur","author":"Bensimon Cecile M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cecile M. Bensimon and Ross E.G. Upshur. 2007. Evidence and Effectiveness in Decisionmaking for Quarantine. American Journal of Public Health 97 (April 2007)."},{"volume-title":"Proc. CoNEXT Special Workshop on Internet and Disasters.","author":"Bischof Zachary","key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Zachary Bischof, John Otto, and Fabi\u00e1n E. Bustamante. 2011. Distributed systems and natural disasters: BitTorrent as a global witness. In Proc. CoNEXT Special Workshop on Internet and Disasters."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proc. of IMC.","author":"Bischof Zachary S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zachary S. Bischof, Fabi\u00e1n E. Bustamante, and Rade Stanojevic. 2014. Need, Want, Can Afford - Broadband Markets and the Behavior of Users. In Proc. of IMC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419394.3423621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Britannica. [n. d.]. \"County\". https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/county. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36516-4_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Ferguson","author":"Cauchemez Simon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simon Cauchemez, Alain-Jacques Valleron, Pierre-Yves Bo\u00eblle, Antoine Flahault, and Neil M. Ferguson. 2008. Estimating the impact of school closure on influenza transmission from sentinel data. Nature 452, 7188 (2008), 750--754."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"March 1 -","author":"CDC.","year":"2020","unstructured":"CDC. 2021. COVID-19 Stats: COVID-19 Incidence by Age Group - United States, March 1 - November 14, 2020. MMWR. (January 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","first-page":"10223","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Fuk-Woo Chan Jasper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan, Shuofeng Yuan, Kin-Hang Kok, Kelvin Kai-Wang To, Hin Chu, and Jin Yang et al. 2020. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet 395, 10223 (January 2020).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Why Vaccines Alone Will Not End the Pandemic. (Jan","author":"Conlen Matthew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matthew Conlen, Denise Lu, and James Glanz. 2021. Why Vaccines Alone Will Not End the Pandemic. (Jan 2021). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/01\/24\/us\/covid-vaccine-rollout.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Team CDC COVID Bialek Stephanie Bowen Virginia Chow Nancy Curns Aaron Gierke Ryan Hall Aron Hughes Michelle Pilishvili Tamara Ritchey Matthew et al. 2020. Geographic Differences in COVID-19 Cases Deaths and Incidence-United States February 12-April 7 2020. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Alastair Leyland, and Frank Popham.","author":"Craig Peter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peter Craig, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Alastair Leyland, and Frank Popham. 2017. Natural Experiments: An overview of methods, approaches, and contributions to public health intervention research. Annual Reviews of Public Health 38 (March 2017), 39--56."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2068816.2068818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Natural Experiments and Quasi-Natural Experiments. Microeconometrics (December","author":"DiNardo J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"J. DiNardo. 2010. Natural Experiments and Quasi-Natural Experiments. Microeconometrics (December 2010), 139--153."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00472-0"},{"volume-title":"Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences - A Design-based Approach","author":"Dunning Thad","key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Thad Dunning. 2012. Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences - A Design-based Approach. Cabridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Gert Mayer, Herbert Tilga, and Paul Perco.","author":"Effenbergera Maria","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maria Effenbergera, Andreas Kronbichlerb, Jae Il Shin, Gert Mayer, Herbert Tilga, and Paul Perco. 2020. Association of the COVID-19 pandemic with Internet Search Volumes: A Google TrendsTM Analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 95 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Ahmet AKtay et al. 2020. Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports: Anonymization Process Description (version 1.1). Technical Report. arXiv.org. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.04145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Explained: A list of countries that have imposed lockdowns to curb COVID-19 spread","author":"Desk Explained","year":"2021","unstructured":"Explained Desk. 2021. Explained: A list of countries that have imposed lockdowns to curb COVID-19 spread. The Indian Express. (May 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419394.3423658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Axel Gandy","author":"Flaxman Seth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seth Flaxman, Swapnil Mishra, and et al. Axel Gandy. 2020. Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe. Nature (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"The Reality of America's College Towns. (Sep","author":"Florida Richard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richard Florida. 2016. The Reality of America's College Towns. (Sep 2016). https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-09-08\/america-s-biggest-college-towns"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Scientific Brief: Community Use of Cloth Masks to Control the Spread of SARS-CoV-2. (May","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","year":"2021","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2021. Scientific Brief: Community Use of Cloth Masks to Control the Spread of SARS-CoV-2. (May 2021). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/more\/masking-science-sars-cov2.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"European Ceter for Disease Prevention and Control. [n. d.]. Considerations relating to social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 epidemic. Technical Report. ECDC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Google. [n. d.]. COVID-19 Community Mobility Report. https:\/\/www.google.com\/covid19\/mobility?hl=en. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"The use of mobile phone data to inform analysis of COVID-19 pandemic epidemiology. Nature Communications 11, 4961","author":"Grantz Kyra H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kyra H. Grantz, Hannah R. Meredith, Derek A. T. Cummings, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Bryan T. Grenfell, John R. Giles, Shruti Mehta, Sunil Solomon, Alain Labrique, Nishant Kishore, Caroline O. Buckee, and Amy Wesolowski. 2020. The use of mobile phone data to inform analysis of COVID-19 pandemic epidemiology. Nature Communications 11, 4961 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"World Internet users and 2020 populations stats. Internet usage statistics. (November","author":"Miniwatts Marketing Group","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miniwatts Marketing Group. 2020. World Internet users and 2020 populations stats. Internet usage statistics. (November 2020). https:\/\/www.internetworldstats.com\/stats.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Blake Gumprecht. 2008. The American College Town. Univerity of Massachusetts."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Variation in US states responses to COVID-19. Blavatnik School of Government","author":"Hale Thomas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomas Hale, Tilbe Atav, Laura Hallas, Beatriz Kira, Toby Phillips, Anna Petherick, and Annalena Pott. 2020. Variation in US states responses to COVID-19. Blavatnik School of Government (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"If you've been exposed to the coronavirus. (August","author":"Publishing Harvard Health","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harvard Health Publishing. 2021. If you've been exposed to the coronavirus. (August 2021). https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/diseases-and-conditions\/if-youve-been-exposed-to-the-coronavirus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Assessing the impact of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics on COVID-19 prevalence across seven states in the United States. Frontiers in public health 8","author":"Hatef Elham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elham Hatef, Hsien-Yen Chang, Christopher Kitchen, Jonathan P Weiner, and Hadi Kharrazi. 2020. Assessing the impact of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics on COVID-19 prevalence across seven states in the United States. Frontiers in public health 8 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Italy imposes lockdown measures as cases spike across Europe. New York Times. (March","author":"Horowitz Jason","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jason Horowitz. 2021. Italy imposes lockdown measures as cases spike across Europe. New York Times. (March 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Global Change Data Lab Our World in Data. [n. d.]. Statistics and Research: Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/covid-vaccinations?country=OWID_WRL. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins University CSSE. [n. d.]. COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. https:\/\/github.com\/CSSEGISandData\/COVID-19. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2021.100366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Diez Roux","author":"Kephart Josiah L.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Josiah L. Kephart, Xavier Delcl\u00f2s-Ali\u00f3, Daniel A Rodr\u00edguez, Olga L. Sarmiento, Tonatiuh Barrientos-Guti\u00e9rrez, Manuel Ramirez-Zea, D. Alex Quistberg, Usama Bilal, and Ana V. Diez Roux. 2021. The effect of population mobility on COVID-19 incidence in 314 Latin American cities: a longitudinal ecological study with mobile phone location data. The Lancet (August 2021). Online First."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Sitaraman","author":"Shunmuga Krishnan S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"S. Shunmuga Krishnan and Ramesh K. Sitaraman. 2012. Video stream quality impacts viewer behavior: Infering causality using quasi-experiemntal designs. In Proc. of IMC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Association of country-wide coronavirus mortality with demographics, testing, lockdowns, and public wearing of masks. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","author":"Leffler Christopher T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christopher T Leffler, Edsel Ing, Joseph D Lykins, Matthew C Hogan, Craig A McKeown, and Andrzej Grzybowski. 2020. Association of country-wide coronavirus mortality with demographics, testing, lockdowns, and public wearing of masks. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419394.3423655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Wehby","author":"Lyu Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei Lyu and George L. Wehby. 2020. Community Use Of Face Masks And COVID-19: Evidence From A Natural Experiment Of State Mandates In The US. Health Affairs (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei Lyu and George L Wehby. 2020. Community Use Of Face Masks And COVID-19: Evidence From A Natural Experiment Of State Mandates In The US: Study examines impact on COVID-19 growth rates associated with state government mandates requiring face mask use in public. Health affairs 39 8 (2020) 1419--1425.","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"A global database of COVID-19 vaccination. Nature Human Behaviour (May","author":"Mathieu Edouard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edouard Mathieu, Hannah Ritchie, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, Max Roser, Joe Hasell, Cameron Appel, Charlie Giattino, and Lucas Rod\u00e9s-Guirao. 2021. A global database of COVID-19 vaccination. Nature Human Behaviour (May 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"December is the deadliest month in the US since the coronavirus pandemic began - and projections for January are 'night-marish,' expert says. (Dec","author":"Maxouris Christina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christina Maxouris. 2020. December is the deadliest month in the US since the coronavirus pandemic began - and projections for January are 'night-marish,' expert says. (Dec 2020). https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2020\/12\/27\/health\/us-coronavirus-sunday\/index.html"},{"volume-title":"Reducing Global COVID Vaccine Shortages: New Research and Recommendations for US Leadership. Policy Brief","author":"McClellan Mark","key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Mark McClellan, Krishna Udayakumar, Michael Merson, and Gary Edson. 2021. Reducing Global COVID Vaccine Shortages: New Research and Recommendations for US Leadership. Policy Brief. Duke Global Health Innovation Center."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015954117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Candace Norwood. [n. d.]. Most states have issued stay-at-home orders but enforcement varies widely. PBS News Hour ([n. d.]). https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/28s9bxhm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21358-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Sangeeta Parihar Suresh Singh Sankhla Tarun Gehlot Krishan Kumar Saini and Poonam Poonia. [n. d.]. Influence of Temperature on Daily Growth Rate of COVID 19 Cases in Rajasthan India. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Hannah Ritchie. [n. d.]. Google Mobility Trends: How has the pandemic changed the movement of people around the world? ([n. d.]). https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/covid-mobility-trends"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Anna Rouw Jennifer Kates Adam Wexler and Josh Michaud. [n. d.]. Tracking Global COVID-19 Vaccine Equity: An Update. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/issue-brief\/tracking-global-covid-19-vaccine-equity-an-update\/. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Tate Ryan-Mosley. [n. d.]. Why some COVID-19 tests in the US take more than a week. Technology Review (April [n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.010348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in lowering the viral inoculum to reduce susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and potentially disease severity","volume":"21","author":"Spinelli Matthew A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matthew A Spinelli, David V Glidden, Efstathios D Gennatas, Michel Bielecki, Chris Beyrer, George Rutherford, Henry Chambers, Eric Goosby, and Monica Gandhi. 2021. Importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in lowering the viral inoculum to reduce susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and potentially disease severity. The Lancet 21, 9 (September 2021). Personal Opinion.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/009053607000000505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Becoming First Major U.S. Institution to Do So Amid Coronavirus Fears. The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 6","author":"Thomason Andy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andy Thomason. 2020. U. of Washington Cancels In-Person Classes, Becoming First Major U.S. Institution to Do So Amid Coronavirus Fears. The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 6 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A","volume":"19","author":"Tognotti Eugenia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eugenia Tognotti. 2013. Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A. Emerging Infectious Disesases 19, 2 (February 2013).","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Disesases"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. [n. d.]. American Community Survey. ([n. d.]). https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/acs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. (May","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services. 2012.","year":"2012","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. 2012. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. (May 2012). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/csels\/dsepd\/ss1978\/lesson3\/section1.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6947e2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Webster S. Brooks L. Smith L. Woodland S. Wessely and J. Rubin. 2020. How to improve adherence with quarantine: Rapid review of the evidence. Public Health 182 (May 2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.17.20037408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/21340"}],"event":{"name":"IMC '21: ACM Internet Measurement Conference","sponsor":["SIGCOMM ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication","SIGMETRICS ACM Special Interest Group on Measurement and Evaluation","USENIX Assoc USENIX Assoc"],"location":"Virtual Event","acronym":"IMC '21"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 21st ACM Internet Measurement Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3487552.3487831","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3487552.3487831","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T17:21:35Z","timestamp":1765819295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3487552.3487831"}},"subtitle":["association between content demand, human mobility and an infection spread"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3487552.3487831","10.1145\/3487552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3487552.3487831","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}