{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:09:50Z","timestamp":1784268590079,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Elastically deforming wire structures are lightweight, durable, and can be bent within minutes using CNC bending machines. We present a computational technique for the design of kinetic wire characters, tailored for fabrication on consumer-grade hardware. Our technique takes as input a network of curves or a skeletal animation, then estimates a cable-driven, compliant wire structure which matches user-selected targets or keyframes as closely as possible. To enable large localized deformations, we shape wire into functional spring-like entities at a discrete set of locations. We first detect regions where changes to local stiffness properties are needed, then insert bendable entities of varying shape and size. To avoid a discrete optimization, we first optimize stiffness properties of generic, non-fabricable entities which capture well the behavior of our bendable designs. To co-optimize stiffness properties and cable forces, we formulate an equilibrium-constrained minimization problem, safeguarding against inelastic deformations. We demonstrate our method on six fabricated examples, showcasing rich behavior including large deformations and complex, spatial motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T19:16:10Z","timestamp":1543432570000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Bend-it"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Hongyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Disney Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Espen","family":"Knoop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disney Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stelian","family":"Coros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"B\u00e4cher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disney Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766985"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778853"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360662"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amit H. Bermano Thomas Funkhouser and Szymon Rusinkiewicz. 2017. State of the Art in Methods and Representations for Fabrication-Aware Design. In Eurographics State of the Art Reports.  Amit H. Bermano Thomas Funkhouser and Szymon Rusinkiewicz. 2017. State of the Art in Methods and Representations for Fabrication-Aware Design. 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Katzschmann, Joseph DelPreto, Robert MacCurdy, and Daniela Rus. 2018. Exploration of underwater life with an acoustically controlled soft robotic fish. Science Robotics 3, 16 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3015460"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3083157.3083161"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recovering Functional Mechanical Assemblies from Raw Scans","volume":"99","author":"Lin M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. Lin , T. Shao , Y. Zheng , N. Mitra , and K. Zhou . 2017 . Recovering Functional Mechanical Assemblies from Raw Scans . IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics PP , 99 (2017), 1 -- 1 . M. Lin, T. Shao, Y. Zheng, N. Mitra, and K. Zhou. 2017. Recovering Functional Mechanical Assemblies from Raw Scans. 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In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation (SCA '16). 179--188."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3095815"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2366145.2366146"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3272127.3275089","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3272127.3275089","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:44:05Z","timestamp":1750207445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3272127.3275089"}},"subtitle":["design and fabrication of kinetic wire characters"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3272127.3275089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3272127.3275089","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-12-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}