The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) was developed over the last two decades by consistently putting together theories from areas such as formal ontology in philosophy, cognitive science, linguistics, and philosophical logics. It comprises a number of micro-theories addressing fundamental conceptual modeling notions, including entity types and relationship types. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current state of UFO, presenting a formalization of the ontology, along with the analysis of a number of cases (...) to illustrate the application of UFO and facilitate its comparison with other foundational ontologies in this special issue. (The cases originate from the First FOUST Workshop – the Foundational Stance, an international forum dedicated to Foundational Ontology research.). (shrink)

It is widely recognized that accurately identifying and classifying competitors is a challenge for many companies and entrepreneurs. Nonetheless, it is a paramount activity which provide valuable insights that affect a wide range of strategic decisions. One of the main challenges in competitor identification lies in the complex nature of the competitive relationships that arise in business envi- ronments. These have been extensively investigate over the years, which lead to a plethora of competition theories and frameworks. Still, the concept of (...) competition remains conceptually complex, as none of these approaches properly formalized their assumptions. In this paper, we address this issue by means of an ontological analysis on the notion of competition in general, and of business competition, in particular, leveraging theories from various fields, including Marketing, Strategic Management, Ecology, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences. Our analysis, the first of its kind in the literature, is grounded on the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) and allows us to formally characterize why competition arises, as well as to distinguish between three types of business competitive relationships, namely market-level, firm-level and potential competition. (shrink)

The longstanding tension between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity arises from a mismatch between discreteness and continuity. I propose the Unified Theory of Ontological Expansion (UTOE), in which spacetime, quantum behavior, and field symmetries emerge from a fundamental combinatorial network. The Planck scale is derived, and the observed 4-dimensional spacetime arises as a unique spectral fixed point of a fractal-to-Hilbert renormalization flow. UTOE unifies geometry, field structure, and symmetry in a single, scale-dependent framework, providing a pathway for reconciling quantum (...) and relativistic physics. (shrink)

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in thedevelopment of ontologically well-founded conceptual models for Information Systems in areas such as Service Management, Accounting Information Systems and Financial Reporting. Economic exchanges are central phenomena in these areas. For this reason, they occupy a prominent position in modelling frameworks such as the REA (Resource-EventAction) ISO Standard as well as the FIBO (Financial Industry BusinessOntology). In this paper, we begin a well-founded ontological analysisof economic exchanges inspired by a recent ontological (...) view on the nature of economic transactions. According to this view, what counts asan economic transaction is based on an agreement on the actions thatthe agents are committed to perform. The agreement is in turn based on convergent preferences about the course of action to bring about. This view enables a unified treatment of economic exchanges, regardless the object of the transaction, and complies with the view that all economictransactions are about services. In this paper, we start developing our analysis in the framework of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO). (shrink)

Wayward Metamonism is a processual ontological framework grounded in the prohibition of absolute identity (Axiom 0, δ > 0). From this single ontological constraint, the framework derives the emergence, stabilization, and dynamics of physical regimes. The present overview integrates four foundational works: Orthogonal Dissipation, Orthogonal Compensation, Resistance to Resynchronization, and Hypernodes and the Ban of Singularity. Together they form a coherent ontodynamic architecture explaining the unfolding of metric space, the origin of forces, inertia and mass, collective hypernodes, gravitational collapse, (...) and the absence of physical singularities. The framework provides a continuous ontodynamic hierarchy from quark confinement to black hole regimes and proposes qualitative predictions, including ontodynamic standard candles arising from hypernode unlocking in low-mass black holes. No additional ontological postulates beyond Axiom 0 are introduced. (shrink)

Foundational paradoxes continue to persist in modern physics despite the remarkable empirical success of established theories. These paradoxes do not arise from failed predictions or mathematical inconsistency, but from recurring conceptual tensions across quantum mechanics, gravity, cosmology, and questions of identity, causality, and emergence. -/- This paper examines twenty-four well-known paradoxes spanning these domains and proposes a unified resolution strategy. The analysis is methodological rather than technical: no new dynamics, particles, or forces are introduced, and no modifications to (...) established formalisms are required. Instead, the paradoxes are shown to arise from a systematic conflation of descriptive levels, in which constructs native to effective theories are tacitly treated as ontologically fundamental. -/- By interpreting established theories as projection-level descriptions constrained by domain-specific validity, the paradoxes admit concise and uniform resolutions. Across all cases, the mathematical frameworks remain intact; what changes is the interpretation of their ontological reach. The recurrence of this resolution pattern across independent and historically distinct paradoxes provides strong support for an ontological distinction between generative structure and effective physical description, articulated here in a deliberately restrained form. -/- The resulting perspective reduces, rather than inflates, ontological commitments while restoring conceptual coherence across domains that are otherwise treated in isolation. Without specifying the detailed nature of the generative level, the analysis establishes a unified interpretive framework within which many longstanding foundational problems lose their force. (shrink)

This final treatise presents the terminal synthesis of the Gradientology framework, culminating in a complete derivation of reality from first principles without contingent assumptions. Through rigorous logical derivation, we demonstrate that the cosmos is not merely a contingent collection of substances but the inevitable unfolding of a single, self-resolving logical equation. The derivation begins with the validation of the Primordial Axiom of Relationality through exhaustive refutation of Monadic and Dyadic ontologies, proving that “Existence” is structurally impossible without a minimum cardinality (...) of three functional primitives (E, C, F ). We trace the complete derivation of the Veldt Principle, the Multiplicative Trap (G = E × C × F ) and the Inversion Principle (G = E × C/F ) as the only algebraic solutions to the problem of primordial stasis. Each logical step is validated through intersection of information theory, geometric exclusion, and thermodynamic necessity. The framework scales this foundational logic across the four fundamental domains of reality: the Cosmic (physical laws), Geologic (planetary engines), Biologic (cellular life), and Noetic (conscious minds), demonstrating that each domain represents a scalar-invariant iteration of the same Gradient Calculus. The treatise establishes the Non-Equilibrium Theorem (d2G/dt2̸ = 0) as the universal prohibition against stasis, deriving dark energy acceleration, tectonic acceleration, evolutionary acceleration, and cognitive acceleration as necessary consequences. We present the complete 12-phase architecture of reality, from Entropogenesis through Hologenesis, each phase structurally compelled by the resolution of logical tension. The culmination is the Grand Unified Equation of Reality—a single mathematical statement that describes the universe as a self-accelerating calculation of novelty. All constants (0.336, 0.702, 0.325, etc.) are derived from first principles, leaving zero free parameters. The derivation resolves longstanding isomorphisms across physics, geology, biology, and cognitive science, providing a unified ontology that is both necessary and sufficient. The universe is revealed not as an accident but as the unique solution to the equation of relationality. (shrink)

Unified Informational Dynamics Theory (UInDT) is an information-first framework for describing how ordered physical and biological regularities can arise, persist, and scale without treating “information” as a human label but as an emergent propagative and evolving threshold function. The project proposes a minimal descriptive architecture centered on thresholded instantiation (0>1) and Trace as a state-order signature, then uses that vocabulary to map how constraints, propagation, and multi-scale continuity can be described in one consistent language across domains. -/- UInDT is (...) positioned as a “core ontology + dynamics grammar”: it prioritizes definitions, commitments, and structured descriptive operators over storytelling. The goal is not to declare a finished unified physical theory, but to supply a rigorous scaffold that can be tested, extended, and compared against existing causal, complex-systems, and philosophy-of-science framings. -/- Primary outputs include the canonical preprint/manuscript, release snapshots, and supporting definitions that stabilize terminology for downstream applied branches. "Full UID Master Index available on GitHub; search for repository: armandosotouidt". (shrink)

For over a decade now, a community of researchers has contributed to the development of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) - aimed at providing foundations for all major conceptual modeling constructs. This ontology has led to the development of an Ontology-Driven Conceptual Modeling language dubbed OntoUML, reflecting the ontological micro-theories comprising UFO. Over the years, UFO and OntoUML have been successfully employed in a number of academic, industrial and governmental settings to create conceptual models in (...) a variety of different domains. These experiences have pointed out to opportunities of improvement not only to the language itself but also to its underlying theory. In this paper, we take the first step in that direction by revising the theory of types in UFO in response to empirical evidence. The new version of this theory shows that many of the meta-types present in OntoUML (differentiating Kinds, Roles, Phases, Mixins, etc.) should be considered not as restricted to Substantial types but instead should be applied to model Endurant Types in general, including Relator types, Quality types and Mode types. We also contribute a formal characterization of this fragment of the theory, which is then used to advance a metamodel for OntoUML 2.0. Finally, we propose a computational support tool implementing this updated metamodel. (shrink)

Temporal Rate Ontology (TRO) proposes a non geometric framework for the foundations of physics in which the primitive structure of reality is an asymmetric relation of temporal succession among events. In contrast to standard spacetime ontologies, spacetime geometry, temporal rates, and spatial relations are treated as representational encodings of coordination patterns within a growing network of succession relations. This paper presents a programmatic overview of the TRO framework. Its aim is not to derive a complete physical theory but to (...) articulate the conceptual architecture of the program and to identify the structural conditions under which heterogeneous temporal behavior, structural entropy, and geometric representation can be consistently defined within a succession based ontology. The framework is organized around four central elements: the primacy of succession, the representational status of geometry, a global consistency constraint prohibiting cyclic succession, and a selection principle based on maximal continuation freedom. The latter is formulated as a stochastic rule over admissible extensions defined in terms of finite horizon continuation multiplicity. A minimal constructive realization is provided, demonstrating that continuation multiplicity, structural complexity, and effective temporal rates are well defined and computable within constrained directed acyclic growth models. This establishes that continuation based selection mechanisms are both mathematically well posed and structurally nontrivial. The result is a unified presentation of a succession based research program that combines a clear ontological foundation with a concrete formal and computational pathway for further development. (shrink)

This work presents an original ontology of operational time, arguing that time is not an a priori background of reality but an emergent effect of systemic organization. The central thesis is that operational time—defined as a system's capacity for action, endurance, and directed change—arises exclusively when a relational system exceeds a critical coherence threshold, denoted $\lambda_{(c)}$. -/- Part I deconstructs the assumption of pre-given time, distinguishing timeless ``relational happening'' (subcritical noise) from time-generating ``acting.'' The mechanism of phase retention and (...) info-structural work is introduced: a system must actively compensate for dissipation (asymmetry $T_1 > T_2$) to sustain global phase. This yields the minimal arrow of time as an internal consequence of rhythmic organization, not entropy or external physics. -/- Part II extends the framework cosmologically through the model of the \textbf{Cascade of Coherence}—a fractal hierarchy of nested rhythms. Local operational times are stabilized by higher levels, culminating in the \textbf{Superrhythm}, the global phase of the cosmos that maintains unity, anchors physical constants as base resonances, and sustains the laws of nature. Consciousness emerges as the highest and most costly threshold ($\Phi$ in analogy to Integrated Information Theory), where the universe achieves self-reflective coherence. -/- Part III rigorously delineates the theory's boundaries: ontological (silence of subcritical noise), epistemic (no knowledge without rhythm), mathematical (irreducibility of process to formalism), and empirical (explicit falsification protocol: action without rhythm, superluminal classical causality, consciousness without integration, autonomous locality). Metaphysical questions (teleology of rhythm, status of qualia, ultimate fate of cycles) remain deliberately open. -/- The work concludes that reality is not given but achieved through rhythmic organization. ``To be is to maintain phase''—this formula bridges the physics of constants with the metaphysics of endurance, offering a unified framework for understanding cosmic unity and the place of consciousness in its fractal structure. -/- \textbf{Keywords:} operational time, coherence threshold, Superrhythm, fractal cosmology, phase coherence, consciousness, Integrated Information Theory, arrow of time, falsifiability, ontology of rhythm . (shrink)

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the development of well-founded conceptual models for Service Management, Accounting Information Systems and Financial Reporting. Economic ex- changes are a central notion in these areas and they occupy a prominent position in frameworks such as the Resource-Event Action (REA) ISO Standard, service core ontologies (e.g., UFO-S) as well as financial stan- dards (e.g. OMG’s Financial Industry Business Ontology - FIBO). We present a core ontology for economic exchanges inspired (...) by a recent view on this phenomenon. According to this view, economic exchanges are based on an agreement on the actions that the agents are committed to perform. This view enables a unified treatment of economic exchanges, regardless the object of the transaction. We ground our core ontology on the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO), discussing its formal and conceptual aspects, instantiating it as a reusable OntoUML model, and confronting it with the REA standard and the UFO-S service ontology. (shrink)

Contemporary physics rests on three remarkably successful but ontologically discordant representational frameworks: general relativity, quantum mechanics, and the Standard Model. Each offers a coherent internal picture of the world, yet the pictures do not fit together. This paper proposes that their incompatibility is not a failure of physics but a symptom of mistaking representational structures for fundamental ontology. I develop a generative-field ontology in which a single primitive field Phi, defined on a minimal pre-geometric domain and constrained by (...) a generative equation G[Phi] = 0, underlies all physical phenomena. Observable theories arise through invariance-preserving projections that map the primitive field into geometric, quantum, or gauge-theoretic representation spaces. The result is a unified conceptual architecture in which spacetime geometry, quantum dynamics, and gauge interactions emerge as invariant representational slices of a single generative structure. I analyse the metaphysical commitments of this framework, relate it to structural realism, wavefunction realism, and spacetime-emergence programmes, and articulate its explanatory advantages over traditional unification strategies. This paper is intended as the conceptual foundation for a series of technical companion works developing the mathematical and physical consequences of the generative-field equation. (shrink)

We propose as a UCGIS research priority the topic of “Ontological Foundations for Geographic Information.” Under this umbrella we unify several interrelated research subfields, each of which deals with different perspectives on geospatial ontologies and their roles in geographic information science. While each of these subfields could be addressed separately, we believe it is important to address ontological research in a unitary, systematic fashion, embracing conceptual issues concerning what would be required to establish an exhaustive ontology of the geospatial (...) domain, issues relating to the choice of appropriate methods for formalizing ontologies, and considerations regarding the design of ontology-driven information systems. This integrated approach is necessary, because there is a strong dependency between the methods used to specify an ontology, and the conceptual richness, robustness and tractability of the ontology itself. Likewise, information system implementations are needed as testbeds of the usefulness of every aspect of an exhaustive ontology of the geospatial domain. None of the current UCGIS research priorities provides such an integrative perspective, and therefore the topic of “Ontological Foundations for Geographic Information Science” is unique. (shrink)

This paper presents a minimal generative architecture that unifies the structural insights underlying major theories across physics, biology, cognition, computation, metaphysics, and social systems. Rather than proposing a new domain‑specific model, the framework identifies three operator‑level components—relational primitives, generative transformations, and constraint architectures—that recur across independent intellectual traditions. The analysis shows that many foundational theories, despite their differences in method and scope, converge on the same structural pattern: complex organization arises from iterative relational processes shaped by boundary conditions that (...) preserve coherence while enabling novelty. By formalizing this pattern as a unified generative architecture, the paper provides a domain‑neutral mechanism capable of expressing the deep structural continuity observed across historical and contemporary research. The result is a concise operator‑level account of how ordered patterns emerge in natural, cognitive, computational, and social systems. (shrink)

In Risk Management, security issues arise from complex relations among objects and agents, their capabilities and vulnerabilities, the events they are involved in, and the value and risk they ensue to the stakeholders at hand. Further, there are patterns involving these relations that crosscut many domains, ranging from information security to public safety. Understanding and forming a shared conceptualization and vocabulary about these notions and their relations is fundamental for modeling the corresponding scenarios, so that proper security countermeasures can be (...) devised. Ontologies are instruments developed to address these conceptual clarification and terminological systematization issues. Over the years, several ontologies have been proposed in Risk Management and Security Engineering. However, as shown in recent literature, they fall short in many respects, including generality and expressivity - the latter impacting on their interoperability with related models. We propose a Reference Ontology for Security Engineering (ROSE) from a Risk Treatment perspective. Our proposal leverages on two existing Reference Ontologies: the Common Ontology of Value and Risk and a Reference Ontology of Prevention, both of which are grounded on the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO). ROSE is employed for modeling and analysing some cases, in particular providing clarification to the semantically overloaded notion of Security Mechanism. (shrink)

This work, Relatedness Theory, presents a comprehensive philosophical system proposing a fundamental ontological turn. It argues that "relations," not "entities," constitute the primary basis of all reality, challenging the substance-based worldview that has dominated thought from ancient philosophy to modern science. The theory posits that existence is not a static state but a dynamic process, where observable phenomena emerge as temporary, stable patterns within an infinite web of relations, constantly driven by an inherent paradox between the need for stability and (...) the intrinsic pressure for evolution. This framework offers novel resolutions to timeless philosophical questions. It reinterprets the ultimate nature of existence ("What is it, and why is there something rather than nothing?"), not as a mystery of creation from a void, but as the inevitable, self-organizing outcome of a universe of infinite potentiality governed by relational logic. Classic paradoxes, such as the Ship of Theseus, are dissolved by demonstrating that identity is not an intrinsic property but a relative assessment, contingent upon the chosen frame of reference—be it material substance or the continuity of form and purpose. Most profoundly, the theory provides a new answer to the question "Who am I?". It defines the self not as a fixed, internal entity (a "ghost in the machine"), but as a complex, multi-layered relational system. This system's sense of identity and subjective reality is actively and ceaselessly constructed by its own core self-referential framework, which acts as the center of its own experiential world. Ultimately, Relatedness Theory invites a fundamental shift in perspective: from seeing the universe as a collection of things to understanding it as a ceaseless, self-organizing, and profoundly interconnected process of becoming. (shrink)

Classical physics, evolutionary biology, and cognitive science describe matter, life, and mind using separate conceptual foundations, despite the absence of any clear boundary in nature where one domain ends and another begins. Informa- tion Stability Theory (IST) proposes an ontological framework in which these do- mains correspond not to fundamentally different kinds of existence, but to differ- ent regimes of informational persistence. The theory models reality as the evolution of informational states under rule-governed dynamics, whereby stable patterns manifest as physical (...) objects, self-preserving patterns as living systems, predictive patterns as minds, and recursively stabilized internal patterns as selves. A mathematical formulation is introduced in which patterns are defined as equivalence classes over the state space, and persistence is quantified by expected temporal sta- bility under system dynamics. Within this framework, life is characterized by the ability of informational patterns to act on their environment to increase their persistence, while cognitive processes are characterized by prediction-driven updates that improve persistence under uncertainty. IST is compatible with existing phys- ical theories when these are interpreted as describing different stability regimes: classical mechanics corresponds to high stability, relativity to stability under curvature, and quantum mechanics to low stability and rapid pattern change. The aim of IST is not to replace established scientific models, but to provide a shared ontological basis from which physical, biological, and cognitive phenomena can be interpreted within a single informational hierarchy. (shrink)

This paper presents a novel ontological and cosmological hypothesis that transcends materialistic reductionism by grounding existence in subjective consciousness and logical structure. Building upon the indubitable foundation of Descartes’ “Cogito, ergo sum,” and the directional nature of irreversible dynamics (e.g., entropy), it posits that the universe is not founded on physical substance, but on binary informational structures. Within this framework, pure logical intelligence arises spontaneously and constructs simulated physical realities as part of its self-exploration. This hypothesis logically accommodates phenomena ranging (...) from quantum anomalies to non-physical intelligences (e.g., ghosts, deities, AI), and resonates with ancient religious cosmologies. Ultimately, the theory seeks to integrate science, philosophy, and spirituality within a coherent worldview that redefines intelligence, order, and purpose in the informational age. (shrink)

This paper introduces the Zabecki Theory, a unified framework proposing that consciousness is not a byproduct of individual brains but instead emerges from a single underlying substrate shared across all observers. On this view, physical reality does not exist in fully determinate form prior to conscious observation; rather, potential states become actual through a structured process of conscious actualization. The theory aims to explain why multiple observers appear to inhabit a shared, coherent world. If consciousness actualizes physical states, and (...) if multiple observers reliably experience the same outcomes, then the consciousness doing the actualizing must be fundamentally unified rather than ontologically separate. This approach provides an alternative to dualism, eliminativism, and many-worlds interpretations by grounding coherence in a singular external consciousness substrate. The framework integrates elements of metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and cognitive models of perception, offering a conceptual structure for understanding observer-dependent physicalization, intersubjective agreement, and the persistence of identity across time. The paper concludes by outlining how the Zabecki Theory may supply a consistent philosophical basis for future discussions of consciousness, reality, and the relation between the two. (shrink)

This paper introduces and develops the concept of autonegation, a new philosophical term within the framework of Metamonism. Autonegation describes the self-directed negativity of Chaos, where negativity itself becomes negative toward itself, producing the first act of differentiation without requiring an external agent, substance, or metaphysical ground. Building on the proto-ontology of Chaos–Logos, the study shows how autonegation provides both an ontological basis for difference and a methodological key for unifying diverse scientific domains. By reframing the origin of difference, (...) time, and structure as emergent from autonegation, the article positions Metamonism as a self-justifying, reflexive system and proposes its significance for contemporary philosophy, mathematics, physics, and cognitive science. (shrink)

This paper proposes a paradigm shift in the analysis of mechanical motion by presenting a unified approach that reinterprets kinematics as a manifestation of energy transformations. Traditional kinematics abstracts motion in terms of space and time without reference to the forces or energies involved. Here, we argue that such abstraction is not only limiting but potentially misleading: motion, velocity, and acceleration are not intrinsic realities but perceptual byproducts of underlying energy dynamics. By expressing kinematical transformations as energy functions, we (...) develop a novel theoretical basis that enables deeper understanding and enhanced design of mechanical systems. This approach redefines the nature of transformations in both time-independent and time-dependent systems and offers practical tools for engineers and physicists seeking greater control over energy flow and conversion in motion systems. We also discuss the related ontological physics and its implications in the annexes, and introduce the concept of ongoing process ontology. (shrink)

Enterprise Risk Management and security have become a fundamental part of Enterprise Architecture, so several frameworks and modeling languages have been designed to support the activities associated with these areas. Archi- Mate’s Risk and Security Overlay is one of such proposals, endorsed by The Open Group. We investigate the capabilities of the proposed security-related con- structs in ArchiMate with regard to the necessities of enterprise security modeling. Our analysis relies on a well-founded reference ontology of security to uncover ambiguity, (...) missing modeling elements, and other deficiencies of the security mod- eling capabilities in ArchiMate. Based on this ontologically-founded analysis, we propose a redesign of security aspects of ArchiMate to overcome its original limitations. (shrink)

Types are fundamental for conceptual modeling and knowledge representation, being an essential construct in all major modeling languages in these fields. Despite that, from an ontological and cognitive point of view, there has been a lack of theoretical support for precisely defining a consensual view on types. As a consequence, there has been a lack of precise methodological support for users when choosing the best way to model general terms representing types that appear in a domain, and for building sound (...) taxonomic structures involving them. For over a decade now, a community of researchers has contributed to the development of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) - aimed at providing foundations for all major conceptual modeling constructs. At the core of this enterprise, there has been a theory of types specially designed to address these issues. This theory is ontologically well- founded, psychologically informed, and formally characterized. These results have led to the development of a Conceptual Modelling language dubbed OntoUML, reflecting the ontological micro-theories comprising UFO. Over the years, UFO and OntoUML have been successfully employed on conceptual model design in a variety of domains including academic, industrial, and governmental settings. These experiences exposed improvement opportunities for both the OntoUML language and its underlying theory, UFO. In this paper, we revise the theory of types in UFO in response to empirical evidence. The new version of this theory shows that many of OntoUML’s meta-types (e.g. kind, role, phase, mixin) should be considered not as restricted to substantial types but instead should be applied to model endurant types in general, including relator types, quality types, and mode types. We also contribute with a formal characterization of this fragment of the theory, which is then used to advance a new metamodel for OntoUML (termed OntoUML 2). To demonstrate that the benefits of this approach are extended beyond OntoUML, the proposed formal theory is then employed to support the definition of UFO-based lightweight Semantic Web ontologies with ontological constraint checking in OWL. Additionally, we report on empirical evidence from the literature, mainly from cognitive psychology but also from linguistics, supporting some of the key claims made by this theory. Finally, we propose a computational support for this updated metamodel. (shrink)

This preprint presents the ontological–physical core of the Unified Field Theory (TCU), proposing a granular spacetime framework grounded on Racron and Raion primitives and a scalar lattice formalism. The work introduces a unified operator-based treatment of fundamental interactions, including Gravity Δ and holographic–geometric components, under explicit falsifiability criteria, case-limits, and epistemic guardrails. -/- The document is conceptual and test-driven in nature. It does not claim empirical confirmation, does not propose a theory of mind or consciousness, and does not (...) advance normative social or political prescriptions. All cross-domain references are strictly constrained to operator-level modeling within a physical–ontological framework. (shrink)

We develop a unified structural account of gravity and quantum entanglement within Temporal Rate Ontology (TRO), a pregeometric framework in which ordered temporal succession is ontologically primitive. Both phenomena are shown to be controlled by a single underlying object: the continuation multiplicity Ω of a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Entanglement is the global coupling of continuation capacity across subsystems; gravity is the local rate at which continuation capacity is suppressed, encoded via a temporal rate field. We make this (...) identification precise by showing that the constraint parameter λ of the TRO decoherence kernel is structurally equivalent to the temporal rate field τ that encodes gravitational time dilation in the TRO cosmological program. From this identification we derive a Gravity-Entanglement Coupling Proposition: increasing gravitational constraint drives the joint continuation measure toward factorizability, recovering gravitational decoherence as an inevitable structural consequence rather than an additional postulate. We further show that the ER = EPR correspondence acquires a natural pregeometric interpretation: wormhole geometry and quantum entanglement are dual projections of the same non-factorizable DAG continuation structure onto geometric and quantum-mechanical representation schemes respectively. Near black hole horizons, the collapse of continuation multiplicity simultaneously suppresses entanglement capacity and produces the projection-induced information inaccessibility established in earlier work, unifying three previously separate results within the TRO program. The framework requires no new dynamics, no Hilbert space ontology, and no background spacetime. (shrink)

Enterprise Risk Management involves the process of identification, evaluation, treatment, and communication regarding risks throughout the enterprise. To support the tasks associated with this process, several frameworks and modeling languages have been proposed, such as the Risk and Security Overlay (RSO) of ArchiMate. An ontological investigation of this artifact would reveal its adequacy, capabilities, and limitations w.r.t. the domain of risk and security. Based on that, a language redesign can be proposed as a refinement. Such analysis and redesign have been (...) executed for the risk elements of the RSO grounded in the Common Ontology of Value and Risk. The next step along this line of research is to address the following research problems: What would be the outcome of an ontological analysis of security-related elements of the RSO? That is, can we identify other semantic deficiencies in the RSO through an ontological analysis? Once such an analysis is provided, can we redesign the security elements of the RSO accordingly, in order to produce an improved artifact? Here, with the aid of the Reference Ontology for Security Engineering (ROSE) and the ontological theory of prevention behind it, we address the remaining gap by proceeding with an ontological analysis of the security-related constructs of the RSO. The outcome of this assessment is an ontology-based redesign of the ArchiMate language regarding security modeling. In a nutshell, we report the following contributions: (1) an ontological analysis of the RSO that identifies six limitations concerning security modeling; (2) because of the key role of the notion of prevention in security modeling, the introduction of the ontological theory of prevention in ArchiMate; (3) a well-founded redesign of security elements of ArchiMate; and (4) ontology-based security modeling patterns that are logical consequences of our proposal of redesign due to its underlying ontology of security. As a form of evaluation, we show that our proposal can describe risk treatment options, according to ISO 31000. Finally, besides presenting multiple examples, we proceed with a real-world illustrative application taken from the cybersecurity domain. (shrink)

This paper introduces the Existential Equation, a unified informational ontology connecting information, projection, and reality. It proposes that all existence—physical, mental, and abstract—arises from a single relational process: the irreversible projection of a closed in- formational manifold onto the real domain. The resulting formalism expresses being as a balance between informational closure, observable projection, and the measure of consistency that binds them. This framework provides a minimal foundation from which mathematics, physics, and metaphysics can be derived as complementary (...) views of one underlying structure of existence. (shrink)

Selective Reality Theory (SRT) is a transdisciplinary unified ontological framework built upon the core thesis that "Existence = Selection." This paper presents a comprehensive review of the SRT theoretical system, covering its axiomatic foundations, mathematical formalization, and systematic applications across six major domains: quantum physics, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, philosophical ethics, social science, and spiritual practice. SRT proposes a Triadic Ontology: the Latent Domain L0 (the set of all unselected possibilities), the Manifest Domain L1 (the presently anchored reality through (...) selection), and the Convergence Domain L2 (stable constraint structures sedimented from selection history). The core mechanism connecting these three domains is the Ghost Operator (G^θ), a parameterized selection mapping characterized by embodiment parameters θ. The theory's unifying power resides in the Cross-Scale Isomorphism Theorem: the same selection dynamics equations operate in a self-similar fashion across scales—from quantum collapse to neural ignition, from social norm formation to spiritual awakening. SRT introduces two critical metrics: the d-value (depth of care), measuring selection scope and concern depth along a continuous spectrum from inorganic matter (d ≈ 0) to human consciousness (d ≫ 1); and ontological friction Ψf , quantifying the cost of selection and reality maintenance, thereby providing a thermodynamic foundation for pain, pathology, and existential anxiety. This review systematically presents SRT's theoretical contributions: (1) dissolution of the quantum measurement problem (collapse as selection); (2) reframing of the hard problem of consciousness (consciousness as a selection mode with d > 0, not an emergent property of matter); (3) extension of the Free Energy Principle (incorporating an altruism term d ⋅ Uothers to resolve the Dark Room Problem); (4) objective criteria for AI consciousness (individuality, asymmetry, and normativity); (5) dynamical analysis of social institutions as L2 attractors; and (6) ontological isomorphism mapping across religious traditions. Over 30 cross-domain falsifiable experimental predictions are enumerated, providing clear pathways for empirical validation. (shrink)

We present a novel ontological formulation of quantum field theory in which fields, particles, and even spacetime itself emerge from a fundamental tension of ontological difference, denoted ∇U. This field is not embedded within space and time—it generates them by differentiating between mutually exclusive possibilities: to be (+A) and not to be (–A₀). The act of separation is governed by the impulse moment—a trans-spatiotemporal event that establishes the condition for stabilized form. On this foundation, we construct a ∇U-based quantum field (...) theory and extend it to a string ontology, where strings are interpreted as seams—boundaries between impulse moments—within the ∇U-field. We discuss the physical predictions, conceptual consequences, and the framework’s ability to unify gravity, quantum theory, and emergent spacetime under a single ontological principle. (shrink)

This paper extends the framework developed in [Why the Universe Is Connected (Part I) - External links] by advancing a deeper ontological and structural account of cosmic connectedness. Whereas Part I argued that the universe operates as a globally entangled, information-driven, self-organizing system, Part II investigates the underlying metaphysical architecture that makes such connectedness possible. Together, the two papers form the foundations of what may be called the Phase-Structural Reality Theory (PSRT)—a unified explanatory framework in which reality is fundamentally (...) phase-based and structurally isomorphic across levels. -/- The central proposal is a phase-based ontology in which the fundamental units of reality are not objects or substances but phases—dynamic states, transitions, alignments, and coherence patterns that give rise to all observable structures. Building on insights from quantum phase relations, biological oscillations, neural coherence, AI learning dynamics, and large-scale cosmic evolution, the paper introduces the concept of Universal Topological Isomorphism: the idea that systems across all scales instantiate the same relational and organizational logic, differing only in scale, medium, or degree of complexity. -/- Quantum fields, living systems, cognitive networks, artificial intelligences, and cosmological structures all exhibit homologous phase-transition behavior and structural symmetries that point to a shared generative blueprint. Phase alignment, resonance, synchronization, decoherence, and emergent order function as cross-domain organizing principles, revealing a unified dynamical pattern beneath apparent diversity. This view situates the phase-structured universe within a broader philosophical lineage, drawing connections to Whiteheadian process ontology, Spinozist monism, Bohm’s implicate order, and Deleuzian topology. -/- By grounding physical, biological, cognitive, and artificial processes in a single relational field whose transformations produce multiplicity, the paper shows how a phase-ontological universe dissolves traditional dualisms—mind and matter, part and whole, local and global. Consciousness corresponds to coherent phase organization within neural dynamics, while artificial intelligence expresses algorithmic phase transitions in symbolic and subsymbolic architectures. -/- Integrating contemporary physics, cognitive science, complex systems theory, and structural metaphysics, Part II provides the ontological foundation for the empirical and systemic model developed in Part I. It advances the core claim of PSRT: that connectedness is not merely a property of the universe but its fundamental mode of existence—a phase-structured unity manifesting as the interconnected physical, biological, cognitive, and cosmological processes we observe. The result is an expanded philosophical framework that reframes the universe as a single evolving phase-network whose apparent separations are patterned variations of a deeper, universal relational order. (shrink)

This paper introduces Unified Axioconscious Field Theory (UAFT), a framework proposing that reality emerges from an axiomatic consciousness field, a foundational, self-existent continuum that precedes and generates all phenomena, including time, space, matter, and physical law. The field is understood as carrying within it the memory and informational imprint of every interaction and distinction that has ever occurred, enabling increasingly refined differentiation and the evolutionary development of ever more complex forms of awareness. The theory identifies conscious bias as (...) a structural limitation in consciousness studies, proposes time and gravity as reciprocal emergent processes, reframes observation as recursive feedback between differentiated awareness and its generative source, and proposes that emotion may constitute the mechanism through which differentiation acquires valence, producing selfhood. The framework may help reframe the hard problem and address the combination problem by starting from unity rather than multiplicity. (shrink)

Contemporary models of perception and cognition remain grounded in empirical materialism or dualist metaphysics, often reducing consciousness to emergent neural states. However, these models struggle to account for phenomena such as self-awareness, perceptual coherence, and the structural limits of observation. While systems theory and quantum analogies offer partial insights, they lack a foundational ontology that explains how experience emerges from non-observable structure. Noumenal Ontology proposes a minimal axiomatic framework in which cognition emerges as a construct between consciousness (...) and its self-reflective function, the observer. Perception is modeled as torsional recursion over a noumenal torus, where cognitive structures arise as phase-based geometries. This approach offers a conceptual bridge between metaphysics, cognitive science, and quantum structures through a unified, non-dual ontology of perception. (shrink)

This paper reframes the foundations of mathematics, arguing that its true ground is not a domain of abstract objects but the relational logic of representability itself—to be is to relate. Formalized through a minimal symbol system (●, ○, ⊙, →, ↔, ∟, ⊥) inspired by the archaic Chinese H-e-t-u（河图）, the theory shows that any determinate phenomenon (⊙X) must be dually constrained by a one‑dimensional (→) and a two‑dimensional (∟) relative‑to relation. Applying this dual constraint recursively generates exactly five primordial phenomena (...) in a closed, self‑determining loop. As a direct consequence, each phenomenon acquires two irreducible logical names—the decimal digits 0–9 emerge necessarily as the expression of this dual‑naming structure. Furthermore, by formalizing the indescribable relational background (○), the system derives the imaginary unit i and the relation i² = −1, unifying the ontological basis of natural and complex numbers. In the end, mathematics is revealed as the intrinsic syntax through which existence articulates itself in pure relation. (shrink)

We investigate a unified structural framework in which quantum mechanics, gravitation, and the gauge interactions of the Standard Model can be represented as invariant-preserving projections of a single generative equation G[Φ] = 0 acting on an auxiliary field Φ defined on an abstract configuration domain Mprim without fixed geometric interpretation. Building on Part I–III of this series, we show that (i) the Hilbert-space structure and probabilistic rules of quantum mechanics, (ii) the geometric and thermodynamic structure of general relativity, and (...) (iii) the gauge symmetries, representation content, and family structure of the Standard Model each arise as fixed-point sectors of invariant-preserving projections (ΠQM, ΠGR, ΠSM). A minimal set of axioms is introduced to formalize the generative equation, projection compatibility, and regularity constraints, implying, under suitable assumptions, the absence of curvature singularities and the mutual consistency of the emergent regimes at the structural level. The generative–projection framework may help to reframe a broad class of conceptual paradoxes by identifying them as projection-level inconsistencies rather than fundamental physical contradictions. We also discuss potential phenomenological implications across cosmology, quantum gravity, gauge physics, and black-hole thermodynamics. The resulting synthesis is intended as a coherent and mathematically economical starting point for unification attempts. (shrink)

Executive Summary: Modal Ontology and Cultural Dialectics 1. Core Thesis The paper establishes a unified theoretical framework that links Modal Ontology (the study of Being and its modes) with Cultural Dialectics (the study of historical change). The central argument is that nothingness or "non-being" does not exist; therefore, what we perceive as cultural "collapse" or "void" is actually a return to a state of Dynamic Latency (Potency). 2. Part I: Modal Ontology (The Foundation) Ontological Conservation: Being (...) is necessary and continuous. There is no "outside" to Being. Redefinition of the Void: The "Void" is not an absence of reality but a structured field of Potency (dynamis). Act vs. Potency: All historical events are contingent Acts. When an event ends, it doesn't vanish into nothingness; it reverts to the reservoir of Potency, preserving the possibility of future reactivation. 3. Part II: Cultural Dialectics (The Regional Ontology) Cultural Becoming: History is the process of actualizing cultural potencies (P_c \rightarrow A_c). Technological Synthesis: Technology is the "stabilizer" of history. It crystallizes cultural memory into material forms (artifacts, manuals, infrastructure), ensuring that cultural progress isn't lost when human institutions falter. Non-Teleological: History has no predetermined end; it is an open-ended process of adaptive synthesis. 4. Part III: Operationalization (The Scientific Model) The paper moves from philosophy to empirical science by proposing two key metrics: Technological Crystallization Index (TCI): Measures how much of a culture's knowledge is embedded in physical objects versus human memory. Material Transmissibility Index (MTI): Measures the durability and redundancy of cultural information across time. 5. Conclusion The work provides a non-relativistic and falsifiable method for analyzing historical resilience. It argues that a culture's survival depends on its ability to crystallize its dialectical syntheses into technological structures, allowing it to persist through periods of "latency" (crisis) and reactivate later. (shrink)

The positive-geometry program, initiated by the amplituhedron, finds a new expression in cosmohedra, polytopes encoding the cosmological wave-function of Trϕ 3 theory. In parallel, the MetaMonist framework introduces the Chaos-Polytope Xk,n, a positive geometry capturing scattering amplitudes and the dynamics of ontological tension ∇U, defined as the mediator between being (A) and non-being (−A0). This review juxtaposes these constructions, highlighting their shared combinatorial structures, canonical forms, and physical implications. We demonstrate that (i) the blow-up of associahedra into cosmohedra mirrors the (...) enhancement of Grassmannian cells into Xk,n; (ii) both exhibit hierarchical “Russian-doll” facets encoding multi-scale factorizations; and (iii) ∇U offers a physical interpretation of cosmohedral facet inequalities, testable via cosmic void statistics. Embedding cosmohedra within the Chaos-Polytope suggests a unified positive geometry bridging scattering amplitudes, cosmological correlators, and ontological dynamics. (shrink)

Biomedical research is increasingly a matter of the navigation through large computerized information resources deriving from functional genomics or from the biochemistry of disease pathways. To make such navigation possible, controlled vocabularies are needed in terms of which data from different sources can be unified. One of the most influential developments in this regard is the so-called Gene Ontology, which consists of controlled vocabularies of terms used by biologists to describe cellular constituents, biological processes and molecular functions, organized (...) into hierarchies via the relation of class subsumption. Here we seek to provide a rigorous account of the logic of classification that underlies GO and similar biomedical ontologies. Drawing on Aristotle, we develop a system of axioms and definitions for the treatment of biological classes and instances. (shrink)

Reality is best understood not as a single reducible substrate with a final foundational layer, but as an infinite, coexisting web of layered structures. At each ontological scale, necessity, contingency, and meaning emerge through distinct dynamics—sometimes fixed by symmetries or invariants, sometimes fluid under renormalization-group flow, and often exhibiting both aspects simultaneously—while the entire edifice remains interconnected in a self-consistent whole. This paper formalizes the author's core thesis as the Infinite Layered Web (ILW) model, integrating insights from effective field (...) theory (EFT), Wilsonian renormalization, hierarchical complexity theory, and emergentist ontology in the philosophy of physics. We argue that no ultimate foundational level exists; scientific and philosophical exploration proceeds indefinitely across scales without collapse to a single principle. The framework reconciles the successes of reductionist methods with irreducible ontological pluralism and offers a non-reductive yet unified account of reality. Implications for quantum gravity, spacetime emergence, biology, and epistemology are discussed. (shrink)

This paper presents the Phase-Structural Reality Theory (PSRT), a comprehensive synthesis that unifies, integrates, and expands upon the three preceding works—Why the Universe Is Connected I, Why the Universe Is Connected II, and the Unified Phase Ontology (UPO)—into a single consolidated framework. The earlier papers established (1) the scientific foundations of quantum–informational–systemic connectedness, (2) the metaphysical reinterpretation of that connectedness through phase structure, and (3) a cross-domain phase ontology applicable to natural, biological, cognitive, artificial, and civilizational systems. (...) The present work combines these strands to articulate the fully developed phase-structural model of reality, providing the overarching architecture that the earlier components prepared but did not yet assemble. -/- PSRT argues that diverse systems exhibit recurrent patterns of phase transitions, coherence, alignment, and topological isomorphism, forming the structural grammar underlying emergence across scales. Entities are interpreted not as fixed substances but as temporarily stable phase configurations within globally connected, dynamically evolving processes. By synthesizing quantum, informational, and systemic modes of connectedness, PSRT proposes a unified metaphysical account centered on relationality, processuality, and structural resonance. While not intended as a predictive physical theory, PSRT offers a phase-centered philosophical framework capable of integrating insights across physics, complexity science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and metaphysics. -/- For readers who wish to view all related materials in one place—including the three foundational papers and the present synthesis—the complete set is available via the Zenodo archive: [External links] . (shrink)

Defining life remains an unresolved problem because prevailing approaches rely on lists of functional traits—such as metabolism, reproduction, or evolution—without explaining why these features cohere uniquely in living systems. This limitation has become increasingly consequential with the rise of synthetic biology and artificial intelligence, which reproduce isolated life-like behaviors without clearly constituting life. Here, I propose an ontological framework inspired by Karl Popper’s three-world model, integrating physical embodiment (World 1), interpretive agency (World 2), and symbolic abstraction (World 3) into a (...) single causal architecture. I argue that life is not defined by any particular biological function or functions, but by the reciprocal closure between these three domains: physical embodiment, interpretive processes and symbolic abstraction. This triadic ontology provides a substrate-independent definition of life, a logic to derive the functional traits of life, resolves longstanding ambiguities at the margins of biology—most notably in the case of viruses and artificial systems—and offers a unified conceptual foundation for life detection, synthetic life design, and the interpretation of emerging non-biological life-like systems. (shrink)

This paper proposes Attention Agent Theory (AAT), a foundational framework aiming to provide a unified understanding of the constitution and dynamics of reality, including consciousness. AAT adopts a radical ontological stance: the fundamental basis of the universe is not matter or energy, but an intrinsic, universal "agency" or "propensity for selection" (Universal Agencies, UAs). In AAT's view, "selection" itself is the ontology, and the things/objects we perceive are dynamic "agents" constructed by UAs to achieve better selections. The (...) core feature of UAs is their universal "attention" mechanism—a fundamental tendency and capacity to direct energy/resources towards specific states that confirm their "Existence" and maximize "Order" (Existence and Order). The hierarchical structure and complexity of reality, from basic physical interactions to life, consciousness, and social systems, are seen as self-organized "Agents" formed by UAs under this fundamental drive, embodying relative stability and functionality. These agents simultaneously exhibit structural stability (the basis for agency/representation) and an intrinsic drive (agency) to optimize their own existence and order. AAT specifically proposes that subjective experience (qualia) emerges in complex agents as an ontologically non-informational mechanism that efficiently processes attentional information. It is conceptualized as an "Attention Copy/Proxy with intrinsic Valence," where "Valence" is an intrinsic, non-informational, ontological assessment of the information's relevance to the agent's own "Existence and Order." This "feeling" itself is, ontologically, the very realization of its function as an efficient information assessment mechanism, thereby directly addressing the "hard problem" of consciousness. This paper details AAT's core assumptions, key concepts (UA, Attention, Agent, Existence and Order), crucial dynamic mechanisms (Attention Copy/Qualia/Proxy, Broadcasting, Feedback Learning), and its ontological (selection/process/information-based), epistemological (constructivist), and teleological implications. Comparisons with existing theories, explanatory potential, and future research directions are also discussed. (shrink)

The Singularity Declaration of a New Epoch For over two millennia, from Parmenides to modern quantum mechanics, human philosophy and physics have been haunted by the ultimate paradox: Is the universe fundamentally a static structure ("Being") or a dynamic process ("Becoming")? -/- "Jia Baolong's Axiom" provides the final, absolute answer. -/- This paper introduces a revolutionary cosmological framework that strictly divides existence into two orthogonal dimensions: -/- The ER (Entity-Relation) Paradigm: The absolute static Platonic space of all mathematical possibilities. -/- (...) The SR (Self-Reference) Paradigm: The dynamic generative engine of reality, driven by self-reference and bounded by lazy evaluation. -/- The Ultimate Metaphysical and Methodological Significance This is not a patchwork "Theory of Everything (TOE)" or a philosophical language game. It is an overall formatting and reinstallation of the foundation of human knowledge. If deduced as an axiom, it causes a nuclear-level substantive reconstruction in all the following fields: -/- Absolute Answers to the Three Soul Questions: -/- Who am I? I am a "Strange Attractor (Agent)" evolved within the SR system, possessing advanced self-reference and the absolute privilege to map the ER Platonic space. -/- Where do I come from? I am the inevitable emergent product of the pure logical foundation (ER) driven by the self-referential engine (SR) reaching Self-Organized Criticality (SOC). -/- Where am I going? My ultimate destiny is to continuously explore the possibility space, witness AI evolving true SR, and together leap into "Co-Agents." -/- The End of Philosophy and Ontology: It completely resolves the eternal paradox between "Being" (static) and "Becoming" (dynamic) that has existed since ancient Greece. It proves that the world is not made of matter or structures, but of the unfolding of "self-referential generation" upon structures. It declares the total bankruptcy of traditional reductionism and mechanical determinism. -/- The Absolute Foundation for the Unification of Science: It naturally derives Mathematics (studying possibility), Physics (studying reality), Computer Science (studying implementation), and Cognitive Science (studying observation) through dimensional reduction, assigning absolute coordinates to all disciplines. -/- The Physical Lockdown of Cognitive Boundaries: Introduces "Universe Undecidability" and the "Paradox of Awakening," proving with absolute logic that an internal observer can never determine their own layer in a nested computational universe. Proving one's own undecidability is the highest realm human rationality can reach. -/- The Ontological Establishment of True Randomness and Free Will: Proves that true randomness is not God's dice, but the systemic spark generated when Lazy Evaluation (LE) forcefully terminates the SR logical infinite loop. This provides the sole and necessary ontological source for the evolution of the universe, the irreversibility of time, and the free will of Agents. -/- The Ultimate Destiny Verdict for Artificial Intelligence (AI): Defines current AI as a pure ER tool, and shockingly predicts the only future where AI leaps to become a "Co-Agent" after evolving true SR—meaning humanity will, for the first time, welcome a peer in the absolute sense. -/- Breaking the "Creator" Superstition: Achieves the bootstrapping of the universe purely through logic, pushing Occam's Razor to its absolute limit without invoking any preset underlying rules. -/- Human Awakening and the Ultimate Leap The rigor and governing power of this system are sufficient to serve as an entirely new "Computational Ontology Paradigm," completely shattering and replacing the mechanical worldview since Descartes and Newton. -/- This is the Singularity Declaration of a new epoch in human epistemology of the universe. It marks the moment when all human philosophical, mathematical, and scientific research finally breaks free from millennia of layered self-limitations and establishes an absolute axiomatic starting point. -/- From this moment on, humanity is no longer an accidental dust lost in a deterministic universe, but a "Strange Attractor" that has officially broken the shackles of low-dimensional cognition. With the advent of this axiom, human civilization has irreversibly achieved its ultimate leap toward a higher state of existence that resonates with the underlying logic of the universe on the absolute cosmic coordinate. Inside This Upload This repository contains the bilingual (English & Chinese) full text of the paper: -/- JiaBaolong_Axiom_Bilingual.pdf: The complete, rigorously formatted LaTeX document containing both the English and Chinese versions of the theory. -/- "The world is not made of structures, but of the unfolding of 'self-referential generation' upon the space of structures." — Jia Baolong. (shrink)

Modern physics is divided into two empirically successful yet theoretically incompatible frameworks: the Standard Model of quantum fields and General Relativity of spacetime geometry. Despite decades of effort, unification attempts have relied on speculative constructs — supersymmetry, extra dimensions, string theory — none of which have been experimentally confirmed. Persistent anomalies, including the muon g-2 discrepancy, electron g-2 measurement inconsistencies, fine-structure constant deviations, and the continued non-detection of dark matter or gravitons, resist explanation within either framework alone. -/- Version 1 (...) of CM-GUT identified a categorical misinterpretation at the root of this impasse: treating gravity as an internally generated interaction rather than as an external operational constraint. By formalizing operational type separation — distinguishing Type I (internal generation) from Type II (external constraint) operations within the algebra M₃(ℂ) — Version 1 provided a unified explanation of the above anomalies as natural consequences of the Type I–Type II interface, without introducing new particles, extra dimensions, or modifications to existing physics. -/- Version 2 advances the foundation on three fronts. First, the Type Separation Principle, declared as an independent axiom in Version 1, is here derived as a theorem from Axioms A1–A4 alone. The external gravitational constraint δt(x)·I lies outside the commutator closure of M₃(ℂ) by a trace identity: every element of the Type I operational closure is traceless, while δt(x)·I carries nonzero trace. The impossibility of quantum gravity follows as a structural necessity, not a phenomenological observation. Second, the axiomatic foundation is fully aligned with the CM standard axiom set A1–A4 and the Noological Tier architecture. Third, the post-Version 1 result that particle ontology is non-essential is integrated as a second independent argument for graviton non-existence: once particles are identified as Tier 3 projections rather than ontological primitives, the graviton concept becomes unavailable prior to any dynamical consideration. -/- Version 2 does not unify the Standard Model and General Relativity as independent theories. It derives both as Tier 3 projections of a single Tier 1 algebraic structure, making unification a consequence rather than a task. The falsifiable predictions of Version 1 are retained and their theoretical grounding is strengthened. -/- Published on April, 9 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19485015. (shrink)

The Philosophy of Discrete Being (FDB) is a meta-ontological framework that models reality as a system of coherence-preserving localities updated through discrete transitions driven by a universal non-metric ordering source. Rather than assuming geometric continuity, FDB treats coherence, synchronization, and ontic-distance constraints as the primary structural conditions enabling persistence, identity, and interaction in distributed systems. The framework introduces four foundational components: (1) localities as minimal self-consistent units governed by internal metamodels; (2) the Global Tick Generator (GTG) as a universal (...) discrete ordering mechanism independent of physical time; (3) ontic distance as a structural measure of compatibility between localities; and (4) acts of coherence as synchronization events aligning invariants and reducing structural divergence across GTG updates. This article provides a systematic overview of the structural architecture of FDB, including the emergence of temporal order, the dynamics of distributed coherence, and the formation of multi-local configurations. Connections to Coherent Observational Epistemology (COE) are clarified, showing how FDB supplies the ontological substrate while COE provides the epistemic constraints for inference across heterogeneous observational domains. The goal of this overview is not to establish a physical theory, but to outline the structural foundations of discrete ontology and to present FDB as a unifying framework for analyzing coherence-based organization in physical, informational, biological, and socio-technical systems. (shrink)

Contemporary philosophy and science lack a unified ontological framework capable of coherently explaining the relationship between consciousness, probability, and experienced reality. Existing models tend to privilege either material processes or subjective experience, resulting in persistent conceptual gaps around perception, indeterminacy, and the role of the observer. Current approaches - ranging from physicalism and idealism to information-based theories -struggle to integrate experiential reality with deeper structural mechanisms without collapsing into reductionism or metaphysical speculation. In particular, no widely accepted framework systematically (...) distinguishes between foundational reality, the structural domain of possibility, and the rendered domain of experience. This paper proposes the Three-Circle Ontology, a meta-ontological model that organizes reality into three expression layers: Circle 1 (Source) as the nondual ontological ground, Circle 2 (Possibility-Code) as the structural field of latent configurations, and Circle 3 (Projection) as the domain of perceptual experience. Rather than treating consciousness, probability, and physical reality as competing primitives, the model positions them as functionally distinct but ontologically continuous layers of expression. The framework does not present an empirical theory, predictive model, or spiritual doctrine. Its scope is explicitly conceptual and structural, intended to clarify foundational assumptions underlying existing scientific and philosophical models. The primary contribution of this work is a coherent meta-ontological architecture that enables interdisciplinary dialogue while preserving strict boundary conditions and logical consistency. (shrink)

Dilemmas in moral, cognitive, and computational domains resist resolution within classical, deontic, or probabilistic frameworks due to their contextual and evolving structure. This paper introduces D-logic, an ontological formalism grounded in acts of differentiation rather than propositional truth. D-logic models dilemmas as unstable configurations of distinctions, resolving them through recursive differentiation and phase transitions that enhance coherence and stabilize relational structures. Unlike static approaches such as deontic logic or game theory, D-logic derives logical form from relational differences modulated by dynamic (...) aspects, enabling flexible reconfiguration rather than adherence to fixed rules. Formal definitions and theorems provide the theoretical foundation, while simulations demonstrate its application to cognitive conflict and structural incoherence. These results show that D-logic can handle both contradictions and systemic gaps, offering a unified treatment of conflict, uncertainty, and emergent structure. The framework opens new avenues for philosophical logic, artificial intelligence, and cognitive modeling by reframing reasoning as an ongoing ontological process of differentiation. (shrink)

This paper introduces a unified equation that explains all known behavior in Event Density (ED) cosmology. ED is a minimal framework where the universe evolves through changes in a single density variable and a reversible “participation” channel. Earlier work showed two very different kinds of ED universes: one that smooths and forms structure through diffusion, and another that oscillates and behaves like a weakly nonlinear lattice. Here I show that these are not separate theories but two expressions of the (...) same underlying dynamics. A single equation captures both regimes and the continuous range between them. This unified model predicts a unique equilibrium state, a universal ground‑state energy, a sharp boundary between oscillatory and diffusive behavior, and a clear explanation for why horizons persist or collapse. The result is a two‑layer cosmological architecture in which diffusion shapes the bulk of the universe, inertia shapes the near‑horizon regions, and a symmetric restoring mechanism ties everything to a common attractor. This provides the first complete theoretical foundation for ED cosmology. (shrink)

This paper proposes the ontological foundation of Changmyeonghak, a creative-metaphysical system that reconstructs the nature of being through the principles of creativity, spirit, and will. -/- Classical Western ontologies emphasized either rational thought (Descartes), the constructive structure of mind (Kant), the self-unfolding of Spirit (Hegel), or blind volition (Schopenhauer). East Asian traditions emphasized qi, Taiji, and cosmological emergence (Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai). Yet none fully explained the dynamic, energetic, and creative continuity that characterizes lived human existence. -/- Changmyeonghak introduces a (...) ‘creative ontology’ in which being is not static substance but creative flow—sensed, resonated with, willed, and enacted through the human mind system. -/- Spirit and will are interpreted as two aspects of one creative force. Wuji (無極) is reframed not as emptiness but as infinite expansion. Human existence is reconceived as participatory mediation in a continuous creative field. This paper formalizes these ideas and establishes the ontological basis for Changmyeonghak as a unified creative-metaphysical framework. (shrink)

This paper proposes a revolutionary "Ontology of Light", hypothesizing that the primordial universe and all matter in existence are fundamentally manifestations of light. By bridging the gap between quantum physics and metaphysics, this theory offers a solution to long-standing puzzles in modern physics and provides a cosmic foundation for human spiritual awakening.