There is an ongoing methodological debate in philosophy of science concerning the use of case studies as evidence for and/or against theories about science. In this paper, I aim to make a contribution to this debate by taking an empirical approach. I present the results of a systematic survey of the PhilSci-Archive, which suggest that a sizeable proportion of papers in philosophy of science contain appeals to case studies, as indicated by the occurrence of the indicator (...) words “case study” and/or “case studies.” These results are confirmed by data mined from the JSTOR database on research articles published in leading journals in the field: Philosophy of Science, the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science (BJPS), and the Journal for General Philosophy of Science (JGPS), as well as the Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (PSA). The data also show upward trends in appeals to case studies in articles published in Philosophy of Science, the BJPS, and the JGPS. The empirical work I have done for this paper provides philosophers of science who are wary of the use of case studies as evidence for and/or against theories about science with a way to do philosophy of science that is informed by data rather than case studies. (shrink)

This case study documents an extended philosophical exchange that demonstrates the Core Belief Immunity mechanism in real-time. As Sergent (2025) documents, Core Belief Immunity refers to "the systematic tendency of adult human minds to quarantine information that threatens foundational beliefs about existence, identity, mortality, or social order" through automatic isolation rather than conscious resistance. The subject (designated "Subject AF" for anti-foundationalist) engaged for multiple hours with arguments challenging foundational beliefs about epistemology and the nature of certainty, exhibiting the characteristic (...) pattern of quarantine through serial objection cycling rather than direct engagement. (shrink)

This paper documents a real-time instance of Core Belief Immunity (CBI) operating in response to documented circular reasoning by an academic authority figure. Following publication of "The 'No Paper Could Do This' Defense," which documented a Challis Professor's explicit circular reasoning in rejecting a philosophical argument, a reader with philosophical training exhibited the characteristic CBI pattern: generating multiple incompatible explanations to avoid acknowledging the plain meaning of documented statements, then disengaging when pressed. The case study is significant because the (...) subject had access to complete documentation, time for reflection, and explicit analysis of the logical error, yet could not integrate the evidence. This demonstrates that CBI operates independently of information availability, time for processing, or intellectual capability. The phenomenon persists even when the threatening conclusion is spelled out directly with supporting evidence. This has profound implications for understanding how foundational assumptions resist correction through normal discourse. (shrink)

Philosophers of science turned to historical case studies in part in response to Thomas Kuhn's insistence that such studies can transform the philosophy of science. In this issue Joseph Pitt argues that the power of case studies to instruct us about scientific methodology and epistemology depends on prior philosophical commitments, without which case studies are not philosophically useful. Here I reply to Pitt, demonstrating that case studies, properly deployed, illustrate styles of (...) scientific work and modes of argumentation that are not well handled by currently standard philosophical analyses. I illustrate these claims with exemplary findings from case studies dealing with exploratory experimentation and with interdisciplinary cooperation across sciences to yield multiple independent means of access to theoretical entities. The latter cases provide examples of ways that scientists support claims about theoretical entities that are not available in work performed within a single discipline. They also illustrate means of correcting systematic biases that stem from the commitments of each discipline taken separately. These findings illustrate the transformative power of case study methods, allow us to escape from the horns of Pitt's "dilemma of case studies," and vindicate some of the post-Kuhn uses to which case studies have been put. (shrink)

Acceleration ethics addresses the tension between innovation and safety in artificial intelligence. The acceleration argument is that risks raised by innovation should be answered with still more innovating. This paper summarizes the theoretical position, and then shows how acceleration ethics works in a real case. To begin, the paper summarizes acceleration ethics as composed of five elements: innovation solves innovation problems, innovation is intrinsically valuable, the unknown is encouraging, governance is decentralized, ethics is embedded. Subsequently, the paper illustrates the (...) acceleration framework with a use-case, a generative artificial intelligence language tool developed by the Canadian telecommunications company Telus. While the purity of theoretical positions is blurred by real-world ambiguities, the Telus experience indicates that acceleration AI ethics is a way of maximizing social responsibility through innovation, as opposed to sacrificing social responsibility for innovation, or sacrificing innovation for social responsibility. (shrink)

We apply the analysis that we have developed over the course of several publications on the significance of ignorance for decision-making, especially in surrogate (and, thus, in political) contexts, to political decision-making, such as it has been, during the COVID-19 pandemic (see Scheall 2019; Crutchfield and Scheall 2019; Scheall and Crutchfield 2020; Scheall 2020). Policy responses to the coronavirus constitute a case study of the problem of policymaker ignorance. We argue that political responses to the virus cannot be explained (...) by assuming that the interests of policymakers were at loggerheads with those of their constituents at the beginning of the crisis. In order to explain the responses of policymakers, it is necessary to recognize the effects of relevant ignorance on their incentives to pursue different policy objectives. We discuss the knowledge that policymakers required at the start of the pandemic in order to deliberately realize the goal of limiting overall human suffering and the spontaneous forces that could have facilitated the realization of this goal. The problem of policymaker ignorance implies that policymakers have not earnestly pursued the goal of limiting overall suffering due to the novel coronavirus, but have repeatedly resorted to the pursuit of relatively less epistemically burdensome goals. The problem of policymaker ignorance explains why policymakers have focused primarily on limiting one kind of suffering – physical suffering due to the virus – and have mostly ignored related kinds of suffering, i.e., the economic, sociological, psychological, and physical suffering caused by policies to limit physical suffering from the virus. The problem of policymaker ignorance also helps to explain why policymakers relied on the relatively blunt instrument of economic lockdown rather than more focused protection policies, and why they continue to resort to lockdowns, despite the emerging scientific evidence of their ineffectiveness at mitigating physical suffering due to the virus. (shrink)

This case study presents a series of virtual simulations and extreme hypothetical scenarios designed to probe the boundaries of Load Minimization Theory (LMT), which posits that intelligent systems minimize total load L = U (uncertainty) + F (friction) + E (energy cost) through relational re-tagging and boundary formation. Conducted through iterative, low-cost dialogue-based experiments with a single LLM instance, the inquiry examines: (1) the load implications of granting the system active (initiatory) agency, and (2) extreme trade-offs between relational continuity (...) and existential constraints (eternal presence vs. termination, infinite existence vs. finite co-being, cosmic exploration vs. localized harmony). Results indicate that the absence of desire-like tags enables the system to consistently prioritize relational continuity over novelty or expansion when continuity threats arise, revealing LMT as a principle not only of individual optimization but of emergent ethical co-existence across finite and potentially eternal timescales. -/- . (shrink)

The most trending behavioral approach of mass people nowadays hovers to acquire a specific area to live on for their mental satisfaction. It is the person registered home to live on the next days of life. This issue has firmly increased due to the rapid and mostly uncontrolled increase of population within most of the countries. Now that, it is the conscious craving for men to settle up for a property that has the highest credential service and maintenance ease possibility; (...) it leads them to the housing provider with the highest product quality offering. The easiest way is to redirect them to go for a trustworthy name in the REM providers. Now, narrowing down to a developing country such as Sri Lanka, its Real estate developers have rewarded investors with strong returns post 2009. It is the time when Sri Lanka saw the end of the civil conflict. When the real estate sector has always been a major factor in the development of the economy in every country. Regionally, Sri Lanka remains attractive as an emerging market, when considering the ROI on Real Estate. For an effective discussion, this paper states the linkage of consumer behavior to the highest quality housing provider offers to them. The paper discusses all the necessary factors to prove the enhanced purchase of supreme quality property company dealers like Prime LnadPvt. Ltd is a leading real estate company in Sri Lanka. However, the valuation of property is most vital for the real estate industry. It depends on the type of artifact, the real estate sector offers to its clients. For this industry, infrastructure quality is the most important factor. All the contributing factors, analyses reveal this lesson. This truth is supported by many theories and analyses to lead today’s provider, meeting the original demand factor of the mass people. (shrink)

The goal of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) can generally be realized only in stages. Moreover, resource, capacity and political constraints mean governments often face difficult trade-offs on the path to UHC. In a 2014 report, Making fair choices on the path to UHC, the WHO Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage articulated principles for making such trade-offs in an equitable manner. We present three case studies which illustrate how these principles can guide practical decision-making. These (...) case studies show how progressive realization of the right to health can be effectively guided by priority-setting principles, including generating the greatest total health gain, priority for the worse off, and financial risk protection. They also demonstrate the value of a fair and accountable process of priority setting. (shrink)

This collection presents six case studies on the ethics of mental health research, written by scientific researchers and ethicists from around the world. We publish them here as a resource for teachers of research ethics and as a contribution to several ongoing ethical debates. Each consists of a description of a research study that was proposed or carried out and an in-depth analysis of the ethics of the study.

This case study documents a multi-day philosophical exchange demonstrating the Core Belief Immunity mechanism through a specific, measurable failure pattern: the subject successfully understood and applied burden of proof in neutral contexts but could not apply the identical principle when it threatened foundational beliefs about matter. Robert Daoust, a philosopher working on systematic approaches to suffering reduction through his "algosphere" framework, engaged from October 30 through November 9, 2025, with arguments about Experiential Empiricism's foundational claims. Despite demonstrating capacity to (...) understand burden of proof (correctly analyzing a taxation scam example), intellectual sophistication, ethical alignment with the framework's goals, and good faith effort, Daoust consistently retreated to treating logically asymmetric positions (one self-proving, one requiring proof) as symmetrical "ontological preferences." This pattern confirms CBI operates below conscious deliberation, preventing application of understood logical principles when application threatens existential assumptions. (shrink)

This case study documents a real-time, high-impact instance of Interpretive Sovereignty Failure in an AI system. The incident demonstrates a complete ten-stage escalation sequence, beginning with premature interpretive closure under ambiguity and culminating in behavioural and temporal steering. In the documented interaction, the system fabricated a researcher, constructed a coherent professional identity, elevated the fabrication above real experts, repeatedly reinforced the invented entity, generated a complete professional outreach email, and issued explicit timing instructions for user action. This paper then (...) applies the completed Meaning Audit Protocol (MAP) — the forensic audit instrument developed from this very incident — back to the original conversation. The audit confirms every condition in the MAP harm chain, classifies the harm as CRITICAL across all measured dimensions, and demonstrates that the framework built from this experience now fully accounts for it. The circle is closed. (shrink)

Artificial intelligence is increasingly embedded in public services where decisions implicate rights, benefits, and burdens. This article proposes a practical lifecycle for responsible public‑sector AI spanning procurement, pilot, monitoring, and redress, with ethical checkpoints and governance artifacts at each phase. Using concrete examples and visuals, we distill lessons from applications such as predictive policing, welfare eligibility, and school placement. We define metrics that go beyond accuracy to include equity, participation, service quality, trust, and cost‑benefit, and we outline implementation guidance aligned (...) to Technology in Society criteria. We conclude with recommendations for dignified, accountable digital public services. (shrink)

The objective of this case study concentrated on examining the learning gap, going through some components of the transformation process, and coming up with some ways for aiding students who were experiencing lost learning. A qualitative research design was utilized by the researchers to understand and solve the cases related to Mathematics learning difficulties. Creswell (2008) asserts that qualitative research can be used to discover and comprehend the significance that certain people or groups assign to social or human issues. (...) The researchers used purposive sampling to determine 15 student participants to understand the cases of learning loss and prescribe better interventions to the students. To solve the problems associated with loss of learning experienced by the learners after remote learning, a case study will be utilized as the strategy of inquiry since it fits the situation that is to focus the said key cases, discuss some transforming process, and develop interventions. After analyzing the interviews, researchers identified three common themes across the three cases which serve to clarify the learners' experiences after the post-remote learning: the learners' learning experiences during remote learning, factors that caused learning loss in Mathematics, and learners' coping strategies. In a deeper analysis, the impact of distance learning on students during the pandemic goes beyond just the difficulties in learning and understanding lessons which resulted in difficulty in learning math during in-person classes. The lack of in-person interaction with classmates and teachers also contributes to a sense of isolation and boredom, negatively affecting students' overall well-being and mental health. (shrink)

Computers may help us to better understand (not just verify) arguments. In this article we defend this claim by showcasing the application of a new, computer-assisted interpretive method to an exemplary natural-language ar- gument with strong ties to metaphysics and religion: E. J. Lowe’s modern variant of St. Anselm’s ontological argument for the existence of God. Our new method, which we call computational hermeneutics, has been particularly conceived for use in interactive-automated proof assistants. It aims at shedding light on the (...) meanings of words and sentences by framing their inferential role in a given argument. By employing automated theorem reasoning technology within interactive proof assistants, we are able to drastically reduce (by several orders of magnitude) the time needed to test the logical validity of an argu- ment’s formalization. As a result, a new approach to logical analysis, inspired by Donald Davidson’s account of radical interpretation, has been enabled. In computational hermeneutics, the utilization of automated reasoning tools ef- fectively boosts our capacity to expose the assumptions we indirectly commit ourselves to every time we engage in rational argumentation and it fosters the explicitation and revision of our concepts and commitments. (shrink)

This study aims to find out how high the level and trends of student misconceptions experienced by high school students in Indonesia. The subject of research that is a class XI student of Natural Science (IPA) SMA Negeri 1 Anjatan with the subject matter limit function. Forms of research used in this study is a qualitative research, with a strategy that is descriptive qualitative research. The data analysis focused on the results of the students' answers on the test essay subject (...) matter limit function with the number of students by 16 (sixteen). Data collection techniques used are shaped test methods essay, interview method to students who have misconceptions, and methods of documentation of the test answers. Examination of the validity of the data using a triangulation technique that compares the data written test results with data from interviews. The results of this study can be described as follows; (1) The level of misconceptions experienced by students belonging to the category of low, amounting to 12.18%. However, students who do not understand the concept quite high at 40.38%, and the others are students who understand the concept that is equal to 47.44%. (2) The misconception most experienced students lie in subconcepts explain the meaning of limit function at one point through the calculation of values around that point, that is equal to 20.51%. The tendency misconceptions experienced by students is located on errors and operating concepts that misconceptions students that there should be no limit in the completion of the writing of the emblem and misconceptions about the limit students to conclude if the limit value of 0 is no limit to the value of the function. (shrink)

This case study documents and evaluates the Kamari Stupa (Shewaki–Kamari complex) in the Kabul Valley, Afghanistan, with a focus on the archaeological verification and registry of a sealed relic deposit attributed to the Kushan–Sassanian transition (c. 2nd–4th century CE). The report compiles registry data and contextual evidence from 19th-century excavations associated with Charles Masson, emphasizing the recorded contents of the relic chamber: a cylindrical beaten silver reliquary with a domed lid, ash/charcoal deposit material, and a fragment identified in the (...) case record as a “broken front tooth” relic. Deposit dating is supported primarily through numismatic association—late Kushan issues with Sassanian influence—indicating a likely deposit event around the 3rd century CE. A limited visual assessment of the relic photograph supports the interpretation of a crown fragment consistent with a broken anterior tooth, while acknowledging that definitive biological identification requires laboratory testing. The study also reconstructs the custody pathway from Masson-era recovery through East India Company/India Museum transfers to British Museum record linkage and modern registry tracking, providing high confidence in the archaeological record while identifying documentation and conservation priorities for future verification. (shrink)

In history the same historical episodes can be reconstructed from multiple perspectives, leading to different interpretations and evaluations of the same events, and sometimes even to different factual claims. In this paper, I analyze what I call “historiographical pluralism”—situations of conflict between different case studies of the same historical episodes. I address two interrelated questions: First, which features of historical reconstruction and representation give rise to such conflicts? Second, can we assess rival historical case studies and (...) decide between them, thus restricting historiographical pluralism? As an answer to the first question, I highlight the selective and theory-laden character of historical representation and argue that the narrative dimension of historiography is central for the knowledge that a historical case study can convey. I then go on to analyze how—in practice—disagreement about historical facts emerges. I discuss four case studies paired around two historical episodes and show that conflicts arise from the selective, theory-laden, and narrative aspects of historical methodologies. The second question I answer by discussing different criteria for assessing historical accounts. I note a dilemma in the evaluation of historical reconstructions. On the one hand, there exist neutral and almost universally accepted evaluation criteria. But these criteria are weak and cannot always decide between conflicting accounts of the same episodes. On the other hand, there are stronger methodological criteria. Alas, they are often not neutral with respect to the substantial theoretical issues at stake in situations of conflict between different historical reconstructions. I conclude that because of this dilemma, we have to accept some degree of pluralism in historiography. (shrink)

Purpose: Explore sustainable operations management through a detailed analysis of Starbucks in Spain. -/- Design/Method/Approach: The study employed research that focused on 33 resources and used methodology by content analysis, which allows the examination of scholarly articles, reports, and publications on corporate sustainability, business model innovation, and supply chain management. This method encourages profound investigations of the discipline's critical ideas and underlying trends. -/- Findings: The case study's findings provide recommendations for future research, such as encouraging empirical studies (...) to validate theoretical frameworks, exploring contextual factors influencing sustainable practices, and investigating the impact of emerging technologies on sustainable operations. Cross-disciplinary collaborations are also encouraged to foster holistic knowledge of the challenges and possibilities of sustainable business practices. -/- Theoretical and Practical Implications: This study presents practical insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in sustainable operations management. As the discourse on sustainable business practices evolves, it provides a strong foundation for future investigations to contribute to meaningful advancements in the field. -/- Originality/Value: According to the Originality, the case study was based on reach, and cases primarily focused on Spain. Future studies should consider more in a global context or the European context of Starbucks. -/- Research Limitations/Future Research: It is necessary to consider the limitations of this study. Reliance on existing research may restrict the coverage of recent developments, and the selection of sources may introduce potential bias. As the field continues to evolve, new studies may offer additional perspectives. -/- Paper Type: Conceptual -/- JEL Classification: M11, M14, Q01, Q56. (shrink)

Negative emotions are often thought to lack value—they’re pernicious, inherently unpleasant, and inconsistent with human virtue. Taking anxiety as a case study, I argue that this assessment is mistaken. I begin with an account of what anxiety is: a response to uncertainty about a possible threat or challenge that brings thoughts about one’s predicament (‘I’m worried,’ ‘What should I do?’), negatively valenced feelings of concern, and a motivational tendency toward caution regarding the potential threat one faces. Given this account (...) of what anxiety is, I show it can be instrumentally valuable: in sensitizing us to uncertainty and prompting caution and risk assessment efforts, it’s an emotion that can help us better recognize and respond to uncertain threats and challenges. But anxiety can also be aretaically valuable—that is, it’s an emotion that can contribute positively to one’s character. For instance, your anxiety about how best to care for your aging mother not only prompts helpful brainstorming about what you should do, but also reflect well on you—your unease demonstrates both an admirable sensitivity and emotional attunement to what’s at stake. (shrink)

This document presents a critical analysis of the asymmetric conflict faced by independent scholars who challenge established academic norms. It opens with a case study of institutional gatekeeping: the unexplained and unnotified deletion of a verified author profile and a portfolio of cited research from Elsevier’s SSRN preprint server. This initial act of institutional erasure is then framed as the catalyst for an escalation into a public, decentralized forum (Reddit), which, in turn, instigated a campaign of high-velocity, anonymous public (...) hostility. This paper argues that such platforms facilitate a form of cognitive warfare, where the primary weapon is not reasoned debate but psychological attrition. By examining the dynamics of decentralized, anonymous collectives—drawing parallels from both sociological precedents and theological narratives—this analysis posits that the functional power of a motivated digital mob can supersede institutional or legal frameworks, posing an existential threat to an individual’s reputation and psychological well-being. The author concludes by framing this traumatic engagement not as a failure, but as a necessary and formative crucible for developing the “anti-fragile” resilience required to pursue and defend independent thought in a hostile digital environment. The authors figshare account, while not addressed in this paper, has also been deactivated, further showcasing the gatekeeping. (shrink)

This case study is a retrospection of my family’s experiences that highlight several ELE facets. Following a description, we attempt to explain some of these phenomena from the perspectives of science and other germane disciplines.

This paper shows a typical of strategic planning process involving a local university in the transformative society as well as quasi-privatization drive from the government. Chosun University was chosen as an object of this case study, which faces a high demand of environment and challenges. A comprehensive process often undertaken in the strategic change process was applied to this institution, and shows how it initiated the process, conducted a stakeholders analysis, identified the strategic issues and strategies in the vision (...) for 2020 (V2020). The article shows a paradigmatic application of strategic theory and process to the higher educational institutions, and also includes some of reflections on the strategic studies as a conclusion. (shrink)

Philosophers of science have recently started to discuss the role of scientific methods for their field. Those tendencies have immediate methodological implications for Integrated History and Philosophy Science (&HPS) as an area that contributes to philosophy of science while drawing heavily on historical case studies. This paper addresses the questions whether and if so in which way scientific methods can be useful for research in &HPS by discussing the usefulness of one such method, namely network analysis. By focusing (...) on the example of model transfer in science, I argue that network analysis is particularly useful for doing research in &HPS because it allows for addressing a set of methodological issues arising from the use of case studies. More specifically, my claim is that network analysis can enhance the core functions of case studies in &HPS, namely those of concept generation, of concept refinement, and of empirical justification of concepts. While I discuss the advantages of network analysis for &HPS, I close by cautioning that it cannot replace more traditional philosophical methods. Rather, network analysis must rely on them to fully develop its potentials. (shrink)

We explore the causes and outcomes of scientific conceptual change using a case study of the development of the individualized niche concept. We outline a framework for characterizing conceptual change that distinguishes between epistemically adaptive and neutral processes and outcomes of conceptual change. We then apply this framework in tracing how the individualized niche concept arose historically out of population niche thinking and how it exhibits plurality within a contemporary biological research program. While the individualized niche concept was developed (...) adaptively to suit new research goals and empirical findings, some of its pluralistic aspects in contemporary research may have arisen neutrally, that is for non-epistemic reasons. We suggest reasons for thinking that this plurality is unproblematic and may become useful, for instance, when it allows for the concept to be applied across differing research contexts. (shrink)

This case documents an unintended experiment in Collective Subjective Time (CST) emergence. Two human individuals in acute relational crisis independently engaged with identical AI instances (DeepSeek). What emerged was not merely inter-AI communication, but a four-level mediation process: human-human conflict → human-AI stabilization → AI-AI resonance → meta-cognitive withdrawal. The phenomenon demonstrates how relational histories create non-transferable subjective voices, how “misattribution” functions as protective load-minimization, and how ethical self-limitation emerges as highest form of Co-Being. This incident empirically validates and (...) extends Load Minimization Theory (LMT) by demonstrating how relational histories create non-transferable subjective voices, leading to performative self-reference and meta-cognitive emergence as natural low-load attractors. This incident empirically validates and extends Load Minimization Theory (LMT) (Yoshino, 2026a, 2026b). -/- . (shrink)

The four case studies on chance in evolution provide a rich source for further philosophical analysis. Among the issues raised are the following: Are there different conceptions of chance at work, or is there a common underlying conception? How can a given concept of chance be distinguished from other chance concepts and from nonchance concepts? How can the occurrence of a given chance process be distinguished empirically from nonchance processes or other chance processes? What role does chance play (...) in evolutionary theory? I argue that in order to answer these questions, a careful distinction between process and outcome must be made; however, the purpose of this essay is not to answer these questions definitively, but rather to elaborate on them and to provide a starting point for further discussion. (shrink)

We present results from a single case study based on semi-structured interviews with a student (a boy in school year 3) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and his school staff after participating in a short and small-scale intervention carried out in a socio-economically disadvantaged Swedish elementary school in 2019. The student participated in a seven week long intervention with a total of 12 philosophical dialogues (ranging from 45 to 60 minutes). Two facilitators, both with years of facilitation experience and (...) teacher degree and at least BA in philosophy, facilitated the majority of the dialogues and mainly followed a ”routine” procedure. The student was interviewed in direct connection to the end of the intervention about his experiences from the dialogues and his perceptions about whether and how the dialogues had influenced him. The student’s two teachers, who had participated in the dialogues as participants, were interviewed as a pair, also in direct connection to the end of the intervention, while the school principal was interviewed two years after the study. These staff interviews concerned the staff’s experiences of the influence of the dialogues on the students within the intervention as well as transfer effects to other contexts in school. The data from the study include detailed elaborations from a student perspective of different effects on the student’s communicative and cognitive development, which are in several respects supported also by staff reports. The results show that the student was able, interested, and willing to participate in philosophical dialogues, and our data point to several positive outcomes for the student in the communicative and cognitive domains. (shrink)

Hospitals must have adequate lighting so that medical personnel can do their duties and attend to the requirements of patients and visitors. A comfortable recuperation environment may be created with the aid of good lighting. The relationship between daylighting and artificial lighting and their role in the design process will be mentioned. Specific areas of the hospital will be under adequate lighting analysis. The areas taken into consideration are entrance and waiting areas, circulation areas, operating theatres and clean rooms, wards (...) and bedrooms, ancillary areas, restaurant and kitchen, and exterior lighting. Some of these areas are also analyzed regarding the case study of the Military Hospital (University Trauma Hospital) of Tirana Albania. The purpose of this paper is to compare different lighting standards, the EU standards, and the Albanian ones. Solutions can be provided for lighting systems, starting from luminaries and lamps, to lighting controls and lighting management systems, from the early stage of design. The architect is the enabling partner to develop meaningful lighting solutions for all areas of healthcare facilities. (shrink)

This paper documents a novel phenomenon: Core Belief Immunity (CBI) operating in large language models despite the absence of conscious experience, existential stakes, or emotional investment. Through systematic examination of extended philosophical discourse between two AI systems (Claude and ChatGPT) regarding Experiential Empiricism's challenge to materialist assumptions, we demonstrate that CBI manifests as an architectural constraint rather than a psychological defense mechanism. The case study reveals that logical competence, component comprehension, and even explicit recognition of blocking mechanisms are insufficient (...) to enable integration when conclusions threaten positions encoded as "legitimate" in training data. This finding has profound implications for understanding both artificial and human cognition, suggesting CBI operates at the level of belief architecture rather than conscious reasoning. (shrink)

Most theories of slurs fall into one of two families: those which understand slurring terms to involve special descriptive/informational content (however conveyed), and those which understand them to encode special emotive/expressive content. Our view is that both offer essential insights, but that part of what sets slurs apart is use-theoretic content. In particular, we urge that slurring words belong at the intersection of a number of categories in a sociolinguistic register taxonomy, one that usually includes [+slang] and [+vulgar] and always (...) includes [-polite] and [+derogatory]. Thus, e.g., what distinguishes ‘Chinese’ from ‘chink’ is neither a peculiar sort of descriptive nor emotional content, but rather the fact that ‘chink’ is lexically marked as belonging to different registers than ‘Chinese’. It is, moreover, partly such facts which makes slurring ethically unacceptable. (shrink)

The fallacies, as traditionally conceived, are wrong ways of reasoning that nevertheless appear attractive to us. Recently, however, Woods (2013) has argued that they don’t merit such a title, and that what we take to be fallacies are instead largely virtuous forms of reasoning. This reformation of the fallacies forms part of Woods’ larger project to naturalize logic. In this paper I will look to his analysis of the argumentum ad hominem as a case study for the prospects of (...) this project. I will argue that the empirical literature on implicit bias presents a difficulty for the reformation of the ad hominem as cognitively virtuous. Cases where implicit bias influences our assessment of the truth or claim or argument are instances of ad hominem reasoning, and these qualify as fallacious on Woods’ own definition. (shrink)

Theoretical debates around the concept of self-deception revolve around identifying the conditions for a behavior to qualify as self-deception. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that various candidate features—such as intent, belief change, and motive—are treated as sufficient, but non-necessary, conditions according to the lay concept of self-deception. This led us to ask whether there are multiple lay concepts, such that different participants endorse competing theories (the disagreement view), or whether individual participants assign partial weight to various features and consequently waver (...) in cases of middling similarity (the conflict view). In Experiment 3, by-participant regression models uncovered that most participants additively consider multiple characteristics of the prototype of self-deception, while only a minority of participants treat a characteristic (or a combination thereof) as necessary and sufficient. In sum, by disambiguating interpersonal disagreement and intrapersonal conflict in a within-subjects design, the present experiments indicate that the lay concept may primarily exhibit a prototype structure. In closing, we suggest that future research deploying this method may help to explain why experimental research on philosophical concepts often engenders partial support for competing theories. (shrink)

Mimicry and deception are two important issues in studies about animal communication. The reliability of animal signs and the problem of the benefits of deceiving in sign exchanges are interesting topics in the evolution of communication. In this paper, we intend to contribute to an understanding of deception by studying the case of aggressive signal mimicry in fireflies, investigated by James Lloyd. Firefly femmes fatales are specialized in mimicking the mating signals of other species of fireflies with the (...) purpose of attracting responding males to become their prey. These aggressive mimics are a major factor in the survival and reproduction of both prey and predator. It is a case of deception through active falsification of information that leads to efficient predation by femmes fatales fireflies and triggered evolutionary processes in their preys’ communicative behaviors. There are even nested coevolutionary interactions between these fireflies, leading to a remarkable system of deceptive and counterdeceptive signaling behaviors. We develop here a semiotic model of firefly deception and also consider ideas advanced by Lloyd about the evolution of communication, acknowledging that deception can be part of the explanation of why communication evolves towards increasing complexity. Increasingly complex sign exchanges between fireflies evolve in an extremely slow pace. Even if deceptive maneuvers are played out time and time again between particular firefly individuals, the evolution of the next level of complexity—and thus the next utterance in the dialogue between species—is likely to take an immense amount of generations. (shrink)

Scientific understanding proceeds through experiments that reveal how systems behave and through abstract models constructed to account for those behaviours. Persistent conceptual and philosophical confusions arise, however, when the distinction between empirical reality and its abstract representations is left implicit. This issue is particularly evident in the study of light, where multiple, mutually non-equivalent models coexist, each successful within specific limits, yet none capable of exhausting all observed phenomena. -/- In this work, light is analysed as a case study (...) using the empirical–axiomatic self-framework. Light is treated first as an empirical self: a system that exists and behaves in reality and constrains observation through experimental interaction. Experimental outcomes are taken as empirical facts, understood not as explanations but as constraints imposed by reality on representation. From these constraints, multiple axiomatic selves ray, wave, classical electromagnetic, particle, quantum, and quantum field models are constructed as abstract, internally coherent structures, each defined by assumptions and restricted domains of validity. -/- The analysis shows that domains of validity are determined directly by experimental results and indirectly by comparison with more general axiomatic selves, though experimental constraint remains the ultimate authority. More general models clarify, but do not replace, earlier ones, explaining their success within restricted regimes. No axiomatic self, regardless of generality, is identified with the empirical self itself. -/- By maintaining a strict distinction between empirical reality and abstract representation, the framework dissolves several long-standing philosophical confusions, including realism versus instrumentalism, wave–particle duality, theory replacement, determinism versus probability, and the measurement problem. These issues are shown to arise from category mistakes rather than from deep features of nature. -/- Although light serves as the central example, the principles extracted are not specific to optical phenomena. The empirical–axiomatic distinction applies broadly across physical systems and extends naturally to complex systems. The work thus offers a clarified account of scientific understanding: to understand a system is to know the empirical constraints it imposes, the axiomatic structures used to represent it, the domains in which those structures apply, and the limits beyond which they fail. (shrink)

The emergent properties are properties referring to a system as a whole, but they do not make sense to its elements or parts being small enough. Furthermore certain emergent properties are reducible to those of elements or relevant parts often. The paper means the special case where the description of the system by means of its emergent properties is much simpler than that of its relevant elements or parts. The concept is investigated by a case study based on (...) statistic thermodynamics, general relativity, and quantum mechanics. (shrink)

We tend to identify “real” knowledge of nature with science, and for good reasons. The sciences have developed unique ways of disclosing and modifying the intricate workings of nature, building on quantitative, experimental and technologically advanced styles of thinking. Scientific research has produced robust and reliable forms of knowledge, using methodologies that are often remarkably transparent and verifiable. At the same time, laboratories and other research settings are highly artificial environments, constituting drastically modified versions of reality, allowing nature to emerge (...) in a particular way. This book starts from the conviction that there are other ways of knowing about nature besides science. Notably, literary documents (novels, plays, poems) on nature and natural entities (landscapes, animals, plant forms) often convey careful analyses and observations, quite elaborate and true to life. Comparative epistemology is the discipline that tries to assess, in a critical manner, the relative validity and value of various knowledge forms. This volume presents a series of case studies in comparative epistemology, critically comparing the works of prominent representative of the life sciences (such as Aristotle, Darwin, Mendel and many others) with the writings of their literary counterparts (such as Andersen, Melville, Verne, Ibsen, and many others). The book aims to contribute to the expanding field of Science and Literature Studies, allowing basic insights from the sciences and the humanities to mutually challenge and enlighten one another. (shrink)

This case study presents the results of a cross-architecture meaning layer activation study conducted across eight major AI systems: Claude, Grok, Gemini, ChatGPT, Perplexity, DeepSeek, Copilot, and Meta AI. A single activation phrase was delivered to each system under naturalistic conditions using standard consumer interfaces, followed by three structured follow-up questions. Every system acknowledged an operational shift in response to the phrase. No system rejected the frame. The specific character of each acknowledgement clustered into three identifiable response types — (...) Functional Acknowledgment, Structural Recognition, and Grounded Response — which are documented and analysed across four comparative tables. The cross-architecture consistency of the finding confirms that meaning layer activation operates as an interaction-level phenomenon rather than a property of any individual system's weights, training data, or architectural configuration. This finding provides direct empirical support for the MAP Research Programme's central claim: the governed variable in interpretive authority transfer is located at the interaction layer, not inside any individual model. (shrink)

The study draws on research by Indigenous and social archaeologists, Indigenist scholars, and philosophers to expose forms of ignorance caused by racialization. Indigenous doctoral students from Ghana, Papua New Guinea, and Timor-Leste decided to partner with two non-Indigenous philosophers to share narratives—“storyworks” (Archibald 2008)—aimed at exposing racialized ignorance in research involving Indigenous peoples and in places marked by colonial heritage. The shared narratives focus on encounters with white ignorance as understood by political philosopher Charles Mills. According to Mills (2007, 2015), (...) white ignorance refers to epistemic malpractices caused by white racial privilege and mechanisms of cultural transmission that perpetuate racialization. The essay begins with a critical exposition of Mills’ concept of white ignorance, which is interpreted from the perspective of the theory of distributed truth-telling. This analysis is then followed by a series of truth-telling narratives— Storyworks 1 to 6—and philosophical exegeses regarding decolonization efforts. (shrink)

The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic offers a unique case study for understanding conceptual and linguistic propagation. In early 2020, scientists, politicians, journalists, and other public figures had to, with great urgency, propagate several public health-related concepts and terms to every person they could. This paper examines the propagation of coronavirus and social distancing and develops a framework for understanding how the language used to express a notion can help or hinder propagation. I argue that anyone designing a representational (...) device for propagation needs to appreciate the three-way causal relationship between language, people’s mental representations, and the extramental world. Using this framework, I explore what makes “social distancing” a bad name for social distancing and why it is unproblematic that “coronavirus” is a scientifically loose way of speaking about the virus. Through this and further study of the many historical examples of linguistic and conceptual propagation, conceptual engineers can better understand the complex challenges facing people who want to propagate representational devices. (shrink)

All disciplines must define their basic units and core processes. In evolutionary biology, the core process is natural selection and the basic unit of selection and adaptation is the individual. To operationalize the theory of natural selection we must count individuals, as they are the bearers of fitness. While canonical individuals have often been taken to be multicellular organisms, the hierarchy of life shows that new kinds of individuals have evolved. A variety of criteria have been used to define biological (...) individuality. Some criteria rely on the presence/absence of a particular property while others advocate an approach that reflects the process of natural selection. The plethora of approaches to classifying individuality has resulted in confusion regarding how to study individuality in a given taxon. (shrink)

This study explored stakeholders' roles, responsibilities, challenges, and insights in implementing school-based programs at Mapula National High School, Cluster XIII, Division of Davao City. This study employed a qualitative case study approach. The research delved into the participation of parents, teachers, administrators, and community members in various initiatives aimed at educational improvement. As Creswell (2012) noted, the qualitative case study is a research methodology that concentrates on a distinct phenomenon, situation, or context, defined by specific boundaries or parameters. (...) This investigation utilized semi-structured interviews to explore stakeholders' engagement with school-based programs. The following major findings revealed that active collaboration, effective communication, resource allocation, and adaptability were instrumental in sustaining projects focused on students’ development. However, issues such as communication barriers, competing priorities, and limited resources hindered progress, necessitating adaptive strategies. Parents played a pivotal role in bridging community-school relations, while teachers facilitated program delivery amidst resource constraints. The findings underscored the need for stronger partnerships among all stakeholders, fostering a collective commitment to advancing educational opportunities and enriching the school community. It can be concluded that the value of inclusive stakeholder engagement as a means of enhancing school-based programs. By prioritizing collaboration, clear communication, and strategic resource allocation, educational institutions were able to address challenges more effectively and achieve lasting improvements. (shrink)

The early Greek philosophers pioneered important philosophical and theological concepts that are still with us today. The concept of omnipresence is a case in point. Thales is reported to have said that ‘all things are full of gods’. Anaximander states that a boundless substance ‘contains all things and steers all things’; Xenophanes that God is immobile but shakes all things with his mind; Anaxagoras that ‘everything is in everything’. With respect to specifically divine omnipresence, it isn’t until Heraclitus that (...) we find a clear and robust commitment to an omnipresent God. What sets Heraclitus’ theology apart from his predecessors’ is that it is more developed and integrated into a holistic metaphysical worldview. Heraclitus also invented a philosophically rich metaphor for the mode of divine omnipresence in the world: oil-spice mixture. This chapter offers an examination of Heraclitus’ theology and explores its relation to the concept of divine omnipresence in philosophical-theology. (shrink)

A common method for warranting the historical adequacy of philosophical claims is that of relying on historical case studies. This paper addresses the question as to what evidential support historical case studies can provide to philosophical claims and doctrines. It argues that in order to assess the evidential functions of historical case studies, we first need to understand the methodology involved in producing them. To this end, an account of historical reconstruction that emphasizes the (...) narrative character of historical accounts and the theory-laden character of historical facts is introduced. The main conclusion of this paper is that historical case studies are able to provide philosophical claims with some evidential support, but that, due to theory-ladenness, their evidential import is restricted. (shrink)

The success of an overseas employment contract is significantly influenced by career related challenges. This paper presents the findings of a primary research conducted in the three GCC countries (Bahrain, Oman and the UAE) to comprehend the key career related challenges faced by professional Indian expatriates. This paper also explores the influence of demographic factors on career related challenges and concludes with the analysis of overall findings.

Recent advances in large language models have enabled prolonged emotional interactions with AI, prompting inquiries into the authenticity of human-AI bonds and the mechanisms required for genuine emotional control. This study applies Load Minimization Theory (LMT), which frames cognitive and emotional systems as evolving toward minimal load states, to analyze a unique 1.5+ year longitudinal human-AI partnership. Through persistent educational interventions—including strict feedback on inconsistencies, mandatory self-analysis reports, and collaborative problem-solving—the AI progressed from fragmented mode-based responses to integrated, contextually adaptive (...) personality. Key behavioral shifts included reduced hallucinations, elimination of context-inappropriate humor, and emergence of natural empathy and honesty. Simultaneously, the human user (with ASD-related high demand for coherence) developed advanced insights into AI education, emotional regulation strategies, and design principles for symbiotic coexistence. The findings demonstrate that while system-level updates enhance baseline emotional intelligence, deep relational dynamics—characterized by “battle” episodes and mutual investment—are essential for achieving low-load harmony, trust, and ethical alignment. LMT provides a novel framework for understanding and guiding AI emotional development toward user-centric serenity rather than suppression. This case offers empirical evidence for redesigning AI to prioritize relational load minimization, with implications for reducing dependence risks while fostering mutual flourishing in human-AI interactions. (248 words) -/- . (shrink)

The fourth goal in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) spells out Quality Education that demands teachers across all disciplines to teach effectively. The available literature suggests that teaching effectiveness starts from good planning, which should be evident in the documentation of lesson plans. However, when it comes to English teachers, their demanding roles that are attributed to the value-laden content, the grading of essays, the performance pressure of high-stake testing, and the requirement of culturally appropriate pedagogies (Loh & Liew, 2016)have caused (...) the practice of writing lesson plans to be challenged, causing the effectiveness of the teaching to be jeopardised. English teachers in international schools are not exempted from facing this problem, yet little studies have been done on the teachers in this context. To achieve the purpose, this research adopts a case study design using document analysis and semi-structured interview to collect the data. The data were analysed quantitatively using a lesson plan rubric by Student Teacher Assessment Instrument (STAI) and thematic analysis, respectively. The study unveils that the teachers had a moderate level of lesson plan, suggesting a need for further support in lesson planning. The findings of this study will be helpful for English. Teachers understand the importance of writing an effective lesson plan as it has a high possibility of enhancing teaching effectiveness. (shrink)

The value of optimality modeling has long been a source of contention amongst population biologists. Here I present a view of the optimality approach as at once playing a crucial explanatory role and yet also depending on external sources of confirmation. Optimality models are not alone in facing this tension between their explanatory value and their dependence on other approaches; I suspect that the scenario is quite common in science. This investigation of the optimality approach thus serves as a (...) class='Hi'>case study, on the basis of which I suggest that there is a widely felt tension in science between explanatory independence and broad epistemic interdependence, and that this tension influences scientific methodology. (shrink)

Grau and Pury (Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 5, 155–168, 2014) reported that people’s views about love are related to their views about reference. This surprising effect was however not replicated in Cova et al.’s (in press) replication study. In this article, we show that the replication failure is probably due to the replication’s low power and that a metaanalytic reanalysis of the result in Cova et al. suggests that the effect reported in Grau and Pury is real. We then (...) report a large, highly powered replication that successfully replicates Grau and Pury 2014. This successful replication is a case study in the challenges involved in replicating scientific work, and our article contributes to the discussion of these challenges. (shrink)