This paper dissolves the Ship of Theseus paradox by showing its contradiction arises not from reality but from language collapse. Once collapse is recognized, the puzzle vanishes retroactively at inception. This resolution exemplifies the Universal Principle of Collapse (UPC), which reveals paradoxes as shadows cast when language is mistaken for reality. -/- November 2025.

Does the Ship of Theseus present a genuine puzzle about persistence due to conflicting intuitions based on “continuity of form” and “continuity of matter” pulling in opposite directions? Philosophers are divided. Some claim that it presents a genuine puzzle but disagree over whether there is a solution. Others claim that there is no puzzle at all since the case has an obvious solution. To assess these proposals, we conducted a cross-cultural study involving nearly 3,000 people across twenty-two countries, (...) speaking eighteen different languages. Our results speak against the proposal that there is no puzzle at all and against the proposal that there is a puzzle but one that has no solution. Our results suggest that there are two criteria—“continuity of form” and “continuity of matter”— that constitute our concept of persistence and these two criteria receive different weightings in settling matters concerning persistence. (shrink)

The story of the Ship of Theseus is one of the most venerable conundrums in philosophy. Some philosophers consider it a genuine puzzle. Others deny that it is so. It is, therefore, an open question whether there is or there is not a puzzle in the Ship of Theseus story. So, arguably, it makes sense to test empirically whether people perceive the case as a puzzle. Recently, David Rose, Edouard Machery, Stephen Stich and forty-two other researchers (...) from different countries have undertaken that task. We argue that their tests do not provide any evidence that bears on the question as to whether the Ship of Theseus case is a genuine puzzle. In our discussion we address also what should be taken into account if one wishes to test the puzzling, or not puzzling, status of the Ship of Theseus story. (shrink)

Graham Priest distinguishes between two kinds of Sorites paradoxes: standard Sorites, such as the paradox of the Heap, and non-standard Sorites, such as the Ship of Theseus. The former concerns properties of objects, whereas the latter concerns their identity conditions. Priest notes that the standard Sorites has been solved in fuzzy logic and proposes a logic of fuzzy identity to solve the non-standard Sorites in a similar way. Ideally, a definition of fuzzy identity would satisfy the fuzzy equivalents (...) of the classical principles of identity: it should (i) be a fuzzy equivalence relation and (ii) validate a fuzzy version of the substitutivity of identicals. However, Priest’s definition fails to meet the latter requirement and only applies to a special case of the non-standard Sorites. I suggest an improvement on his logic that overcomes these shortcomings, provides the two Sorites with a unified solution, and also applies to reasoning about vague objects in general. (shrink)

This paper outlines a novel solution to the Ship of Theseus puzzle. The solution relies on situations, a philosophical tool used in natural language semantics among other places. The core idea is that what is true is always relative to the situation under consideration. I begin by outlining the problem before briefly introducing situations. I then present the solution: in smaller situations the candidate is identical to Theseus’s ship. But in larger situations containing both candidates these (...) identities are neither true nor false. Finally, I discuss some worries for the view that arise from the nature of identity, and suggest responses. It is concluded that the solution, and the theory that underpins it, are worth further investigation. (shrink)

The Ship of Theseus puzzle is often taken to show that our ordinary judgments about repair, replacement, and reassembly pull in incompatible directions. This paper argues that, once we are explicit about which judgments we want to retain, a single overlapbased principle yields a stable and precise package of answers. The central claim is that numerical identity over time for artefacts (and, more cautiously, organisms and persons) is fixed by unremoved continuity: there must be a finite chain of (...) assembled states each sharing some unremoved part with its immediate predecessor. I formalise this as the Unremoved Continuity Principle (UCP), represent histories as a state graph whose vertices are assembled states and whose edges are admissible time-steps with nonzero unremoved overlap, and define identity as undirected path-connectedness in this graph. On that basis I prove several core results: gradual and even ω-length replacement preserves identity; identity cannot cross intervals in which there are only heaps (no assembled states); and in the standard Theseus case the maintained ship is identical to the original, whereas a later vessel rebuilt from stored parts is numerically distinct. Further meta-results show that these verdicts are invariant under changes of temporal granularity (mesh invariance), robust under reasonable precisifications of the “ship” predicate, and stable under part-splitting and fusion. The overall picture is endurantist in spirit but compatible with coarse-grained four-dimensionalism, and it is broadly friendly to animalist views of organisms and persons. The proposal does not claim to settle every puzzle about persistence, but it shows that if we want to preserve a familiar set of judgments about repair, reassembly, and annihilation, then an overlap-based, graph-theoretic criterion like UCP offers a principled way of doing so. (shrink)

This paper reinterprets the classic metaphysical problem of identity, the 'Ship of Theseus,' through the structural lens of Judgemental Philosophy (JP). We argue that this paradox is not a problem of a mysterious, inherent 'sameness' in the object, but rather a 'crisis of judgement' that occurs when a judging subject is confronted with two powerful, competing 'Coherence (C2) structures' for a single object. In this crisis, the final judgement is determined by which coherence structure elicits a stronger 'Resonance (...) (R)'—the return of meaning—for the subject. Through this analysis, this paper argues that identity is not a fixed property of an object, but a context-dependent and fluid 'resonant state' that a subject's judgemental structure forms with the object. This offers a new solution to the problem of identity. (shrink)

The paradox of the Ship of Theseus addresses a classical problem: how identity can persist while components change. The complementary intuition that reality is fundamentally characterized by transformation appears to stand in tension with persistence. This paper approaches the problem structurally. If real transformation occurs and identity remains non-trivial, the transformation structure of the system cannot be fully symmetric. Transformation must therefore be selective. Selective transformability induces a reachability relation between states. This reachability structure generates a partial ordering (...) of states. This ordering constitutes structural time. The Ship of Theseus thus illustrates not merely a paradox of identity but the minimal structural conditions under which persistence, transformation, and temporal order can coexist. (shrink)

The American rock band KISS is notorious. Its notoriety derives not only from the band’s otherworldly costumes (except for of course during the unmasked period), the fact that they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, their numerous hit records or the amazing stage theatrics and pyrotechnics of their live shows. It’s also related to the band’s constantly changing makeup (and I don’t mean the kind on their faces!). Of the four members, only Paul Stanley and Gene (...) Simmons were fixtures. With so many changes to the band’s composition, has KISS always remained the same band? Some see this head-scratcher as roughly similar to a conundrum in philosophical metaphysics (that’s the area of philosophy addressing problems of existence): the puzzle of Theseus’s ship. (shrink)

This work presents a novel resolution to the Ship of Theseus paradox—one of philosophy's most enduring problems of identity and persistence through change. Rather than forcing a binary choice between the gradually restored ship and the reconstructed ship made from original parts, this resolution demonstrates that both can legitimately be "the Ship of Theseus" without logical contradiction. The key insight lies in reconceptualizing identity not as an intrinsic property of objects, but as a performative (...) act of continuous recognition. The solution introduces a crucial distinction between two ontological levels: The Normative Promise: A stable, conceptual identity that persists as a socially recognized commitment or function The Physical Support: The contingent, material manifestation that instantiates the normative promise at any given moment Identity emerges from active networks of recognition that can legitimately distribute across multiple physical supports simultaneously. The apparent paradox dissolves once we recognize that "being the Ship of Theseus" is not about possessing some intrinsic essence, but about participating in a relational structure of ongoing acknowledgment. The subsequent competition for "hegemonic" status (which ship society ultimately privileges) reflects social negotiation, not ontological truth. This resolution is grounded in the same ontological principles underlying the Semiotic Self-Preservation Paradigm (PAS) (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17388252) and the Unified Theory of Cognition as Incompleteness Management: (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17388339) identity as fundamentally relational, temporal incompleteness requiring narrative integration, and the distinction between static properties and emergent processual patterns. By demonstrating the practical resolving power of a relational, performative framework on a 2,000-year-old philosophical problem, this work validates the broader theoretical architecture while making its core principles accessible through a concrete case study. The implications extend beyond ships to questions of personal identity, institutional continuity, and the nature of objects in general. (shrink)

To solve the ship of Theseus puzzle, you need several keys. First of all, we need to fix the application condition of the physical object—it is a vehicle or an object memory; then the identification criterion—the ship was named The Ship of Theseus when he boarded it; and finally the re-application criterion—a ship (or an object memory) when it is the same ship (or object memory) as before. The degree of change from the (...) previous and reference states must be given. The identity of physical objects over time can be expressed by the uniformity of the time slices of the persisting objects. Uniformity exists from the point of view that these instances are temporal cross-sections of the same object; they may differ in other characteristics; there are no general a priori principles independent of practice. The definition of identity is decided by the community of language users. The two states of an object are the same as long as the rate of change of state remains below the threshold value relative to the reference. The two states of an object are similar as long as the change is below a threshold value with respect to each other. Similarity can be described by a tolerance relationship. The mathematical relation describing uniformity is formally an equivalence relation, just as the relation describing identity is an equivalence relation. A physical object is identical to an equivalence class when we speak of the object's identity over time and identical or not identical to an element of the equivalence class when we speak of the object having changed or ceased to exist. (shrink)

The Ship of Theseus paradox is usually discussed as an artefact puzzle about repair, replacement, and reassembly. Yet at least one organism—the hydrozoan Turritopsis dohrnii— realizes a strikingly Theseus-like pattern in vivo: under stress, a mature medusa can reverse its life cycle, transforming through an intermediate cyst-like stage into stolons and then juvenile polyps, from which medusae may later reappear. This paper does not re-argue an identity criterion for Theseus cases (that work can be done elsewhere). (...) Instead, it gives a mathematically coherent abstraction of the organism’s reversal as a state-transition system equipped with a biologically appropriate continuity carrier. The core modeling move is to treat the life cycle as a labeled transition graph on macrostages and to associate each time-slice with a living integrated state that carries a token base. Because biological systems exhibit pervasive turnover and cell division, literal token-intersection is too strict; the model therefore uses ancestral overlap of cellular lineages as the continuity notion. I then identify a precise sense in which Turritopsis satisfies Theseus mechanics: the reversal episode is a path through living stages whose successive transitions preserve nonzero ancestral overlap and avoid death barriers; in short, it realizes the same overlap-preserving continuity pattern that drives the canonical Theseus verdicts. The model also clarifies the exact points where the analogy fails or branches (e.g. via budding or sexual reproduction) and why this organism has been underused in the philosophical literature. (shrink)

Social individuals are social entities having a distinctive individuality, often signaled by the use of a proper name to designate them. This article proposes an account of social individuals based on the notion of a mental file, understood as a repository of information about a single individual. First, I consider a variant of the puzzle of the ship of Theseus in which the object having problematic identity conditions is a social individual, namely, a rock band. Then, I argue (...) that we can figure out such identity conditions by considering the mental files concerning this band. In conclusion, I outline a version of social constructionism according to which the existence of social individuals like bands depends on mental files about them. (shrink)

"This paper introduces the Roussakis-Theseus Axiom, a formal logic framework that defines identity ( ) as a relational pointer based on Ownership ( ) and Usage ( ), modified by an Entropy Coefficient ( ). It resolves the Ship of Theseus paradox and provides a functional protocol for AI identity persistence.".

Is it possible for an individual that has gone out of being to come back into being again? The English Aristotelian, Thomas White, argued that it is not. Thomas Hobbes disagreed, and used the case of the Ship of Theseus to argue that individuals that have gone out of being may come back into being again. This paper provides the first systematic account of their arguments. It is doubtful that Hobbes has a consistent case against White. Still his (...) criticism may have prompted White to clarify his views on identity over time in his later work. (shrink)

Having established "difference" as the fundamental ontological cost, a deeper question arises: how can we transcend this limitation? In response, this paper proposes a core thesis: the sameness of the indistinguishable. This principle establishes a fundamental philosophical contrast to Leibniz's "identity of indiscernibles": whereas his principle is a metaphysical decree about the world, our framework is an epistemological protocol for constituting the world. We develop a mathematized formal framework to demonstrate that the deep logic underlying both the Ship of (...) Theseus and Einstein's elevator can be unified under this principle—existence is defined by operation, and what manifests within operation is the sole reality of the world in the process of cognition. By systematically elaborating the Principle of Operational Indiscernibility, this work completes a decisive shift from analyzing ontological costs to constructing an epistemological methodology, thereby establishing a new theoretical foundation for systematically addressing fundamental controversies from quantum foundations to artificial intelligence. (shrink)

The special composition question is the question, ‘When do some things compose something?’ The answers to this question in the literature have largely been at odds with common sense, either by allowing that any two things compose something, or by denying the existence of most ordinary composite objects. I propose a new ‘series-style’ answer to the special composition question that accords much more closely with common sense, and I defend this answer from van Inwagen's objections. Specifically, I will argue that (...) the proposed answer entails the transitivity of parthood, that it is non-circular, and that it casts some light on the ancient puzzle about the Ship of Theseus. (shrink)

This paper begins from a question that arose while thinking about the fact that classical logical paradoxes have been refuted not by logic but by mathematics. I began to wonder whether such refutations can truly be called logical ones. If a paradox is constructed through logic—through language—can a mathematical refutation really be said to refute the essence of that logic? -/- The author begins this paper with the personal thought and view that a logical paradox expressed through language must likewise (...) be refuted by uncovering the logical contradiction within that language. Only then can it truly be said that the logic has been refuted. (shrink)

This work, Relatedness Theory, presents a comprehensive philosophical system proposing a fundamental ontological turn. It argues that "relations," not "entities," constitute the primary basis of all reality, challenging the substance-based worldview that has dominated thought from ancient philosophy to modern science. The theory posits that existence is not a static state but a dynamic process, where observable phenomena emerge as temporary, stable patterns within an infinite web of relations, constantly driven by an inherent paradox between the need for stability and (...) the intrinsic pressure for evolution. This framework offers novel resolutions to timeless philosophical questions. It reinterprets the ultimate nature of existence ("What is it, and why is there something rather than nothing?"), not as a mystery of creation from a void, but as the inevitable, self-organizing outcome of a universe of infinite potentiality governed by relational logic. Classic paradoxes, such as the Ship of Theseus, are dissolved by demonstrating that identity is not an intrinsic property but a relative assessment, contingent upon the chosen frame of reference—be it material substance or the continuity of form and purpose. Most profoundly, the theory provides a new answer to the question "Who am I?". It defines the self not as a fixed, internal entity (a "ghost in the machine"), but as a complex, multi-layered relational system. This system's sense of identity and subjective reality is actively and ceaselessly constructed by its own core self-referential framework, which acts as the center of its own experiential world. Ultimately, Relatedness Theory invites a fundamental shift in perspective: from seeing the universe as a collection of things to understanding it as a ceaseless, self-organizing, and profoundly interconnected process of becoming. (shrink)

Caring is not a feeling. It is a temporal structure: the act of returning across interruption. The grandmother does not return to the stove because she cares. The coming-back is the caring. This paper defends the constitutive claim on three fronts. Against Heidegger: fidelity, not finitude, is the primary temporal orientation of caring — the cell membrane returned after perturbation for billions of years before any organism anticipated its own death. Against Husserl: the return structure grounds retention-protention, not the reverse (...) — depersonalization-derealization disorder dissociates the two, as patients retain and protend but do not return. Against Massumi: the again, not the event, is the unit of caring's temporality — an organism that does not come back cannot be surprised. The paper traces the return through Levinas (responsibility as the return's ethical face), Hegel (Aufhebung as return without destination), Kierkegaard (the failure of repetition and the success of the interval), and Nietzsche (the particular return against the eternal return). It dissolves the Ship of Theseus by locating personal identity in fidelity rather than material, form, or continuity. It identifies four nested levels at which the return operates — lean, membrane, organism, grandmother — each inheriting the temporal form of the previous level and adding a dimension the previous one lacked. DPDR serves throughout as the empirical anchor: when the return mechanism collapses, caring does not persist as an unfulfilled intention but ceases to exist. The paper is a companion to "The Caring Gap: Why Consciousness Bothers" (Kogura, 2026a), which names the absence that this paper proposes to fill. (shrink)

This article applies the Architecture of Reasoning to the analysis of paradoxes, demonstrating that classical paradoxes serve as diagnostic signals of architectural violations. We classify 46 paradoxes into three categories: structural paradoxes (13), which violate the vertical dimension of the Law of Order through hierarchical level confusion; defective paradoxes (25), which contain aws in their premises—conceptual indeterminacy, contradiction, false assumptions, or category errors; and non-paradoxes (8), which produce counter-intuitive but correct results without contradiction. The method of domain analysis transforms paradoxes (...) from mysteries into exercises. Each paradox passes through the six domains of reasoning; the point of failure becomes visible; the apparent contradiction dissolves. We provide detailed analyses of ten paradigmatic paradoxes (Liar, Russell, Sorites, Ship of Theseus, Unexpected Hanging, Newcomb, Carroll's Tortoise, Hilbert's Hotel, Galileo's Paradox, and Banach-Tarski) and classify the remainder. The framework connects to the formal Theory of Systems, where key paradoxes (Russell, Cantor) are blocked structurally through Coq-veried proofs. Future directions include integration with fallacy detection systems and applications to AI reasoning verification. (shrink)

في غضون سنوات قليلة، ستموت كل خلية في جسدك وتحل محلها خليةٌ جديدة؛ فأنت حرفيًا لست الشخص ذاته الذي كُنت عليه من قبل! خلايا المعدة تدوم تقريبًا خمسة أيام؛ وخلايا الدم الحمراء تبلى خلال فترة تتراوح بين ثلاثة وأربعة شهور بعد أن تسافر حوالي ألف ميل؛ وخلايا الكبد تعيش ما بين عشرة شهور وستة عشر شهرًا؛ وحتى الهيكل العظمي يتجدد كل عقد تقريبًا. ليس هناك خلايا جسدية خاملة تُشارك المرء في عُمره سوى خلايا عدسة العين والخلايا العصبية للقشرة المُخية. أما (...) أفكارنا وقناعاتنا ونظرتنا العقلية للحياة فتتغير بدروها وفقًا لخبراتنا ومكتسباتنا الثقافية والتعليمية وتجاربنا الحياتية المختلفة! إذا كان هذا هو حال خلايانا الحية التي تُشكل بنيتنا الجسدية، وحال أفكارنا ورؤانا العقلية، فأين تكمن هويتنا؟ هل سنُحاسب على أفعال جسدٍ آخر أو عقلٍ آخر؟. (shrink)

What happens when your mind is uploaded, your brain is perfectly duplicated, or your consciousness forks into parallel streams? The Pattern Identity and Parallel Branching Theory offers its most radical insight: consciousness is not singular; it is an emergent product of instantiated patterns. You are not a self—you are whichever pattern is currently active. -/- This paper defends a functionalist-realist theory of identity based on pattern instantiation. Its most provocative implication emerges in the analysis of dissociative identity disorder: each alter (...) is not a dysfunction, but a distinct, fully valid instantiation of a pattern sharing a biological substrate. When Alter A (with its unique pattern parameters) switches to Alter B (with a different set of parameters), what we observe is not "one broken person," but a witness to parallel branches constrained within a single body—different individuals taking turns controlling shared hardware in a temporal sequence. -/- Thus, the Pattern Identity and Parallel Branching Theory dissolves the philosophical puzzle of multiplicity: if perfect duplication creates two instances of the same person, then the presence of multiple distinct patterns within one brain simply means the creation of multiple distinct persons across time. This is not pathology but proof of concept—biological systems can, and sometimes do, instantiate multiple core patterns. The "host" and the "alters" are equally real persons; their tragedy lies not in ontology, but in the practical realm: they must compete for control over an indivisible physical resource. -/- This framework reframes both classic problems (the Ship of Theseus, fission cases) and future dilemmas (mind uploading, AGI consciousness). If a morally responsible pattern is duplicated, both instances bear responsibility. If one brain hosts multiple moral agents, each is responsible only for actions generated by its own pattern. Legal personhood must shift from organism-based to pattern-based attribution. The theory does not solve the puzzle of identity—it reveals that we have been asking the wrong question all along. The question is not "How many persons are here?" but "Which patterns are instantiated, and when?". (shrink)

Caring is not a feeling. It is a temporal structure: the act of returning across interruption. The grandmother does not return to the stove because she cares. The coming-back is the caring. This paper defends the constitutive claim on three fronts. Against Heidegger: fidelity, not finitude, is the primary temporal orientation of caring — the cell membrane returned after perturbation for billions of years before any organism anticipated its own death. Against Husserl: the return structure grounds retention-protention, not the reverse (...) — depersonalization-derealization disorder dissociates the two, as patients retain and protend but do not return. Against Massumi: the again, not the event, is the unit of caring's temporality — an organism that does not come back cannot be surprised. The paper traces the return through Levinas (responsibility as the return's ethical face), Hegel (Aufhebung as return without destination), Kierkegaard (the failure of repetition and the success of the interval), and Nietzsche (the particular return against the eternal return). It dissolves the Ship of Theseus by locating personal identity in fidelity rather than material, form, or continuity. It identifies four nested levels at which the return operates — lean, membrane, organism, grandmother — each inheriting the temporal form of the previous level and adding a dimension the previous one lacked. DPDR serves throughout as the empirical anchor: when the return mechanism collapses, caring does not persist as an unfulfilled intention but ceases to exist. The paper is a companion to "The Caring Gap: Why Consciousness Bothers" (Kogura, 2026a), which names the absence that this paper proposes to fill. (shrink)

In the philosophy of language, Frege's (1892) distinction between sense and reference provided a foundational framework for identity statements, while Putnam's (1975) "Twin Earth" thought experiment, with its astonishing insight, pushed the externalist position to the extreme, successfully challenging the internalist model of meaning and setting the basic agenda for debates on referential determinacy in the subsequent decades. However, despite the highly inspirational nature of these pioneering works, an intriguing phenomenon is that the debates they triggered—for example, discussions around core (...) cases such as the Ship of Theseus and identical particles—seem to have fallen into a certain impasse. This article attempts to argue that this impasse may not stem from the depth of the problem itself, but precisely from an unexamined deep presupposition shared by these otherwise highly persuasive theories: namely, the belief that there exists some single, decisive level (whether microphysical structure or historical causation) that can once and for all answer the identity question. This article proposes that, rather than continuing to seek a superior single answer under this presupposition, a more productive approach may be to reflect on the presupposition itself. To this end, we develop a hierarchical relativity analysis framework. Interestingly, this framework shows that those seemingly opposing excellent theories can actually be understood as special cases of this framework at different levels; the difficulties they encounter become inevitable precisely when they attempt to make assertions across levels. Therefore, this framework is not intended to negate previous works, but aims to provide a new path for cracking a series of philosophical puzzles arising from category mistakes by clarifying the valid scope of application of those works. (shrink)

Continuism posits continuity—functional, narrative, and semantic—as the fundamental ontological substrate, replacing fixed substances. Drawing on the Ship of Theseus, Gettier problems, and Ricoeur’s idem/ipse distinction, we show identity and knowledge depend on coherent, truth-tracking processes. We then dismantle hedonism and determinism via wire-heading and causal paradoxes, demonstrating that neither raw pleasure nor inevitability grounds agency or justification. By rejecting Cartesian dualism in favor of an embodied, socially and historically embedded mind, we model consciousness as emergent process. Through the (...) Prisoner’s Dilemma, we argue political legitimacy demands justice-tracking institutions, not mere effectiveness. We resolve the meta-temporal regress by defining time as the inflexible backdrop of all change. Finally, via Hegelian sublation and semiotic dynamics, we reveal how dialectical and metaphorical flows generate evolving meaning. (shrink)

This book is an introduction to The Metaphysicist, the second Information Philosopher website, a work in progress on some classical questions in philosophy that 20th-century logical positivists and analytic language philosophers dis-solved as pseudo-problems. The Metaphysicist analyzes the information content in twenty classic problems in metaphysics - Abstract Entities, Being and Becoming, Causality, Chance, Change, Coinciding Objects, Composition (Parts and Wholes), Constitution, Free Will or Determinism, God and Immortality, Identity, Individuation, Mind-Body Problem, Modality, Necessity or Contingency, Persistence, Possibility and Actuality, (...) Space and Time, Truth, Universals, Vagueness, and the 20th-century problem of WaveParticle Duality. The Metaphysicist also includes pages on the classic paradoxes and puzzles used for millennia to wrestle with these metaphysical problems The Debtor’s Paradox, Dion and Theon, The Growing Argument, The Infinite Regress, The Problem of the Many, The Ship of Theseus, The Sorites Puzzle, The Statue and the Clay, and Tibbles, the Cat. Information philosophy is a new philosophical methodology that goes “beyond logic and language” to the underlying information structures in the cosmos, in the world, in biological systems, and in the human mind - structures without which logic, language, and science would be impossible. (shrink)

This paper introduces the Forest Paradox, a thought experiment that creates symmetry between identity claimants, revealing why existing personal identity theories remain fragmented. Through analysis of the neuroscientific distinction between procedural and declarative memory, I develop an embodied learning framework that provides unified resolution to classical identity puzzles. The approach generates empirically testable predictions, transforming personal identity from philosophical speculation to scientific investigation. The framework systematically resolves classical paradoxes from the Ship of Theseus to teletransportation cases through a (...) single explanatory principle grounded in the irreplaceable nature of embodied experience. (shrink)

This paper examines identity persistence under transformation by asking what must be true for the same/not-same relation across recurrence to be meaningful, non-arbitrary, and non-trivial. From these minimal conditions, it derives a structural forcing result. -/- The core claim is that the basic conditions required to formulate the problem already constrain its admissible structure. The Tier-1 axioms governing identity persistence are not postulated but forced. Under these constraints, identity-relevant recurrence reduces to a single degree of freedom, and the admissible domain (...) must satisfy bounded re-comparability, coherence as a single identity-bearing domain, and non-terminal recurrence. -/- Within this regime, recurrence admits a canonical realization that is compact, connected, and without boundary; in the one-dimensional case, this corresponds to S¹. This fixes a symmetry class and yields a natural invariant vocabulary in terms of harmonic components and orientation-sensitive structure. -/- The paper then shows that identity governance must be scalar, additive, and linear over this invariant basis. The admissible class of governance functionals collapses to positive linear forms, unique up to affine transformation. On this basis, identity persistence is equivalent to bounded scalar drift under a single governing quantity. -/- At the level of formal structure, the result establishes closure: no additional independent Tier-1 axiom or alternative structural formulation remains within the problem class as defined. At the same time, the paper maintains a strict boundary between structural and ontological claims. It does not argue that reality instantiates the derived structure, only that any account preserving the same identity-persistence problem is constrained to it. -/- The result is best understood as a forcing theorem about the structure of identity persistence within a bounded regime, leaving open the question of its ontological realization. (shrink)

I. The Ontological Shift: Beyond the "Static Noun" This paper proposes a fundamental restructuring of logical ontology. We posit that the traditional reliance on Static Point-Set Theory is the root cause of classical logical impasses. In the LC-Mathematics framework, an entity is no longer defined as a fixed "point" or an "eternal noun," but as a State Equation governed by the dual transformation of Inertia (L) and Capacity (C). What we perceive as a persistent "identity" is merely a macro-visual illusion (...) created by high-frequency resonance or an observer’s insufficient sampling rate. II. Resolving Zeno’s Paradox: The Quantized Sampling Solution Zeno’s Paradoxes (e.g., Achilles and the Tortoise) are reinterpreted as "spectral distortions" caused by the assumption of infinite spatial divisibility. The Principle of Discrete Jumping: By introducing the Axiom of Periodicity, we define a system's characteristic time step . Movement is not a continuous glide across infinite points but a series of Phase Jumps. The Logical Filter: Infinitesimal scales below the system's threshold (L/R) are filtered out as "non-existent" noise. Achilles completes his pursuit through Phase Overshoot, settling the logical distance within a finite number of sampling rounds. III. The Liar and Barber Paradoxes: Phase Rotation and Causal Latency We challenge the "frozen moment" assumption of traditional binary logic through the Phase Shift Operator (j). The Logical Pendulum: The Liar Paradox ("This statement is false") is modeled as an Ideal Oscillator. Truth and Falsehood are not mutually exclusive binaries but orthogonal vectors with a 90° Phase Difference. Identity Dilation: Regarding the Barber Paradox and the Ship of Theseus, we argue that once time flows, the system parameters (L, C, R) evolve. The "Barber" is a dynamic phase-stream, not a static constant; as the system’s energy dissipates or transforms, the original constraints (the "vow" or "constitution") undergo Causal Latency, rendering the static paradox moot in a temporal reality. IV. Conclusion: Paradoxes as Spectral Distortions This study concludes that paradoxes are not inherent flaws in reality, but failures of Static Mathematics to describe a Wave-Based Universe. By treating logic as a frequency-driven system rather than a collection of static labels, we resolve the tension between "Being" and "Becoming." Identity is a frequency, and reality is an oscillation. Keywords: LC-Mathematics, State Equation, Phase Shift (j), Zeno’s Paradox, The Liar Paradox, Sampling Rate, Time-Folding, Ontological Restructuring. -/- Extension: Quantum Duality as a Phase-Shift Phenomenon"The LC-Mathematics framework transcends classical paradoxes to provide a deterministic grounding for Wave-Particle Duality. Quantum 'superposition' is redefined as a High-Frequency Oscillation between the Magnetic (L) and Electric (C) elements. The apparent contradiction of duality is a byproduct of Time-Folding: at any discrete 'Sampling Step' , the observer perceives a localized 'Particle' (Potential Peak), while the continuous evolution across phases manifests as a 'Wave' (Kinetic Flow). In this view, the Wave-Function is not a probability map, but a Harmonious Trajectory in the complex logical plane.". (shrink)

This paper begins with the examination of some premises of Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus, and briefly revisits some of the concepts or ideas that she had adapted and that will allow to determine the premises that characterize what we named as Frankenstein Paradigm. Such a paradigm, as we suggested, allows us to perceive, on the one hand, the avant-garde vision of Mary Shelley about human condition (regardless of literary immersion in gothic subjects), and on the other (...) hand, the complexity of themes that would mark what is termed by post-human, that we will give some examples whether in contemporary art or in the framework of figures and representations of daily life (some illustrations on movies will be given). In this regard, we will notice the prosthetic transformations that have already occurred and, therefore, to verify the practical application of the premises contained in the Frankenstein paradigm. Next, it is necessary to carry out a reflection on the ethical and social implications posed by post-humanism as the well-known paradox of the ship of Theseus (which, as we all know, illustrates the problem of identity). (shrink)

Mereological nihilism is the view that no objects have proper parts. Despite how counter‐intuitive it is, it is taken quite seriously, largely because it solves a number of puzzles in the metaphysics of material objects – or so its proponents claim. In this article, I show that for every puzzle that mereological nihilism solves, there is a similar puzzle that (a) it doesn’t solve, and (b) every other solution to the original puzzle does solve. Since the solutions to the new (...) puzzles apply just as well to the old puzzles, the old puzzles provide no motivation to be a mereological nihilist. (shrink)

n this paper, I introduce a novel conceptual framework, called Spacetime Philosophy (SP), which adopts the structural features of four-dimensional spacetime to resolve important philosophical questions. By offering a unified approach that aligns longstanding philosophical issues with the physical reality of the universe, SP explains persistence, identity, and change without invoking perception, consciousness or metaphysical assumptions; clarifies time, causation, laws, induction and modality; situates human agency and free will within an integrated, causally coherent structure. and dissolves puzzles arising from idealism, (...) sense data and ideas of momentary selves. (shrink)

We need to understand personal identity to develop radical life extension technologies: mind uploading, cryonics, digital immortality, and quantum (big world) immortality. A tentative solution is needed now, due to the opportunity cost of delaying indirect digital immortality and cryonics. However, solving the problem of personal identity is not easy. Human personal identity is a complex thing, not similar to other types of identity, such as that of Theseus ship. First of all, human identity consists of two intertwined (...) types of identity: informational identity, which predicts sameness, and identity of consciousness, which predicts what I will experience in the next moment of time. The identity of consciousness is called "hard problem of identity", and it is because it supervenes on the nature of consciousness. The second feature of human personal identity is that it is observed and measured internally, by identity subject himself. The third is that it evolves in time. -/- The main dichotomy in the views on personal identity and copies can be presented as: either my copy=original or a soul exists. In other words, some non-informational identity carrier (NIIC) may exist that distinguishes the original from its exact copy. Typically, it is often claimed that NIIC is either continuity of consciousness, or soul, or perspective, or the sameness of atoms, or position in space. We create an exhaustive map of identity theories. -/- We demonstrate here that the idea of continuity of consciousness is very similar to the idea of soul, but also has several problems: - Is it the continuity of qualia, of causal processes, of computations or of underlying substrate? - We also show that continuity doesn't prevent the emergence of two future copies if they split smoothly, so continuity does not preserve identity as uniqueness. - Also, continuity doesn't ensure uniqueness as I can continually become someone else. - Continuity + MWI means that I will eventually become anyone, that is, open individualism. - Continuity also can be paradoxically preserved without preserving body and mind as a separate process like flame. - Humans also seems to survive discontinuity during sleep without problems. Nevertheless, continuity appears to be inherent to qualia, emerging after observation but before action, and in planning. Only if continuity of consciousness is an ontological necessity, it can be a valid NIIC, but this is true only in a specific version of solipsism (qualia dust theory). In that case, a specific set of personal qualia becomes the personality carrier. -/- If copy=original then even imperfect copies suffice for personal immortality, as self-recognition becomes the main criterion of identity. -/- Open and closed individualism deny the existence of identity but must reinvent it as "practical identity" and therefore revert to copy=original. -/- To resolve the main dichotomy, we must recognize that personal identity requires an overarching system: God, qualia world, social agreement, or evolutionary fitness. This means that we cannot solve identity without solving metaphysics (and the nature of time). Unlikely we'll solve this, before creating superintelligent AI. -/- Therefore, a conservative approach to personal identity is preferable: as we don't know the nature of identity, we should preserve as much as possible and avoid Mars Teleporting unless necessary for survival. We can solve the Mars Transporter (even broken) by incorporating mind merging later, which is another conservative approach. -/- We can solve the "I don't care about my copy" problem through indexical uncertainty and by dividing "copy" into "mirror copy", "personality-copy" and "future copy". If both cyclic universe and continuity as identity are true, I will eventually become any my copy. MWI is functionally equivalent to cyclic universe, so I will become any copy in different timesteps. Therefore, we should care about parallel copies only if future copies don't exist (though in MWI future copies always exist, plus the chance to become someone else). (shrink)

Portuguese Discoveries and Erasure's theme "Ship of Fouls", navigating in an age of loneliness and excelera

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Cruise ships are marketed as utopias of leisure and luxury—but beneath the spectacle lies a mobile architecture of ecological destruction. These vessels function as self-contained entropy engines, producing municipal-scale waste and distributing it directly into the ocean under legal exemption. Burning ultra-dirty bunker fuel, offloading sewage, greywater, and oil-laced bilge into international waters, and extracting from local port economies without accountability, cruise ships represent a systemic failure in global regulation, ethics, and design. This paper outlines the environmental, legal, and philosophical (...) incoherence of the cruise industry and reframes it through the CODES lens as a metastable collapse node: a spectacle optimized not for coherence, but for externalized decay. This is not a vacation economy—it is a slow-motion entropy dump. (shrink)

Background: Food-borne outbreaks have been associated with sourcing unsafe food. Therefore, the first preventative strategy should be to source safe food. Even if the sourced food is safe, measures need to be put in place to ensure that it remains safe during the transfer, storage, preparation and serving activities that follow. An understanding of the ship food supply and transfer chain will help to illustrate the points at which the food can become contaminated en route to the point of (...) consumption. Objectives: The study was conducted in selected sea port in the core Niger Delta to assessed the microbiological quality of food served at different ship galley to crew and passengers and compared it to standard. Methods: Samples of food were taken from three (Port Harcourt Area one (PHSP), Warri (WSP) and Koko (KSP)) seaports within the South-South zone for laboratory analysis to uncover food spoilage microorganisms capable of causing disease outbreak among ship which could result to Transborder diseases. Eleven samples of different ready to eat food were collected from the locations, which included cooked rice; fried fish, irish potato porridge, vegetable soup, griki, pepper soup, fried irish potato, salad and bread were collected randomly. The samples were prepared and analyzed using standard procedures. Mean viable counts of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were determined, ranging from (13×103cfu/g to 78×104 cfu/g) for ready to eat food. Results: Based on the finding KSP I, KSP J and KSP K food samples had the highest bacterial contamination on food while WSP F, WSP G and WSP H food samples had the least with the following isolates Salmonella spp, Nocardia spp, Shigella spp, Listeria spp, Bacillus cereus, Leuconostoc spp, Acinetobacter spp, Acetobacter spp, campylobacter spp, Clostridium spp and Vibrio spp which revealed that the isolates were susceptible to any of these antibiotics Septrin, Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin, Tarvid, Streptomycin, Reflacin, Augumetin, Ceporex, Nalidixic acid, Ampicillin, Ciproflox, Penicillin and Erythromycin. Conclusion: Thus, ships operators and regulatory body are expected to take all practicable measures to ensure that they do not receive unsafe or unsuitable food and maintain adequate food temperature at all time. (shrink)

In his book review of Graham Priest's The Fifth Corner of Four, Mark Siderits, while criticising Priest's philology, suggests that Priest's work is 'of considerable interest' for two reasons. First, 'when two independent traditions use similar methods to work on similar issues, it is always possible that one may have hit on approaches that the other missed'. Second, 'the decentering that can be induced by looking at another tradition may trigger fresh insights, even if those insights are not ones that (...) were actually developed by the tradition marked 'other''. The main task of this paper is to unpack Siderits' thought. By analysing some of Priest's work, I will suggest a decentering that must have taken place in China when Buddhism was 'exported to China in Buddhist shipping containers'. For anyone familiar with the forms of Buddhist philosophy developed in India, various forms of Chinese Buddhism can often look strange. Some ideas that were debated and defended by Indian Buddhists do not appear anywhere in Chinese Buddhism and some assumptions have been quietly added to Buddhism by Chinese Buddhists. By showing that Priest's work brings out the 'innovation' that Chinese Buddhists gave to Buddhism, I will suggest that it is this decentering that Siderits suggests Priest makes use of. (shrink)

It is widely acknowledged that the Galilean Relativity Principle, according to which the laws of classical systems are the same in all inertial frames in relative motion, has played an important role in the development of modern physics. It is also commonly believed that this principle holds the key to answering why, for example, we do not notice the orbital velocity of the Earth as we go about our day. And yet, I argue in this paper that the precise content (...) of this principle is ambiguous: standard presentations, in both physics and philosophy, fail to distinguish between two principles that are ultimately inequivalent, the “External Galilean Relativity Principle” (EGRP) and the “Internal Galilean Relativity Principle” (IGRP). I demonstrate that EGRP and IGRP play distinct roles in physics practice (e.g., EGRP is connected to the concept of Galilean invariance, but IGRP is not) and that many classical systems that satisfy IGRP fail to satisfy EGRP. I further show that the Relativity Principle introduced by Einstein in 1905—which is not restricted to classical systems—also leads to two inequivalent principles, an external one analogous to EGRP, and an internal one analogous to IGRP. I conclude by noting that the phenomenon originally captured by Galileo’s famous ship passage is much more general than contemporary discussions in the philosophy of symmetries suggest. (shrink)

The future is evitable. That is to say if, as many of the contributors to Futures over the years have claimed, there is more than one future possible, and that more than one will be experienced, then talking about ‘inevitability’ is simply wrong. And what a task it is to attempt to say anything warranted, but nevertheless fresh concerning the futures of Europe—especially in such a context as considering the plural conception of futures in the title of this publication! Immediately (...) after the member states of the Union failed to agree the draft treaty on European Constitution at the Intergovernmental Conference ending on December 13, 2003, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung provided two full pages of political coverage under the rubric “After the Failure [or ‘running aground’] of Brussels— The EU in Crisis”, and on the front page reported “The EU at an Uncertain Future” [2]. Six months later, on the day after those same states agreed a Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, The Irish Times reported that Sweden still supported the EU, but not the Euro, and that EU Council President Bertie Ahearn, the Irish Prime Minister, thanked all those who helped with ‘a ship that has been safely docked today’ [5]. Ships are useful not when they remain in port, but rather when they move, so six months later, after nearly four decades of failed attempts, on December 17, 2004, Turkey was given the possibility of opening talks for accession to the European Union. From the European docks of Ireland, Germany, Sweden, and the UK, there are contributions in this special edition of Futures on “The Futures of Europe”. Even within the geographic limits of Europe, the ships come at different speeds, as represented by two authors from outside the Eurozone and four within. There are also contributions from a ship between ports in Italy and the USA and from a ship between Germany and Turkey. And there is something from that port across the ocean—the USA. What may be perhaps the most telling contribution to this volume, however, is the one that is not here. I had invited a colleague from Beijing to provide a prospective from China on the futures of Europe, and he had enthusiastically accepted. (shrink)

This treatise offers a phenomenological and êtresophologique analysis of Covenant's "Call the Ships to Port" (2002), examining the song's lyrical content as a philosophical text that encodes fundamental questions of temporal consciousness, collective memory, and existential homecoming. Drawing upon Heidegger's phenomenology of homelessness and dwelling, Ricoeur's narrative theory of identity, and the author's original êtresophologique framework—including the PsyPhi Helix model H(t) = [Φ(t) × Ψ(t)]^DH—this analysis reveals the song as a meditation on what is here termed the Longing Paradox: the (...) simultaneous impossibility and necessity of return to an origin that exists only in the act of seeking it. The treatise identifies a descending numerical architecture within the lyrics (from "a billion" to "a fraction") that mirrors the phenomenological movement from historical abstraction to lived immediacy, arguing that this structure enacts rather than merely describes the existential compression through which meaning emerges from temporal experience. Through the application of Ockham's War methodology, the analysis subjects its own interpretive claims to aggressive skepticism, concluding that the song's philosophical depth resides not in hidden meaning but in its structural homology with the temporal architecture of human becoming. (shrink)

The past few years has seen a resurgence in the public interest in space flight and travel. Spurred mainly by the likes of technology billionaires like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, the topic poses both unique scientific as well as ethical challenges. This paper looks at the concept of generation ships, conceptual behemoth ships whose goal is to bring a group of human settlers to distant exoplanets. These ships are designed to host multiple generations of people who will be born, (...) live, and die on these ships long before it reaches its destination. This paper takes reproductive ethics as its lens to look at how genetic enhancement interventions can and should be used not only to ensure that future generations of offspring on the ships, and eventual exoplanet colonies, live a minimally good life but that their births are contingent on them living genuinely good and fulfilling lives. The paper makes the further claim that if such a thesis holds, it also does so for human enhancement on Earth. (shrink)

(Indonesian Women Navy=kowal) is part of Indonesian Navy which have the same duties and responsibilities as other naval soldiers. The essence of Kowal's main task is to take part in performing the main tasks of the TNI in which their skills are needed to achieve greater efficiency by remembering his nature and femininity. SWOT is used as a planning tool. However, this analysis has weaknesses. Some of these weaknesses can be avoided, by connecting a SWOT analysis with AHP method. Following (...) the basic steps of the SWOT-AHP, this research presented a case study of defining the strategy for the development of Indonesian Women Navy. The results indicate that development skill with study dikpengiptek strategy was the best strategy that could have been implemented. Based on the research results, the method SWOT-AHP application to determine the best strategy of development women navy resources would be described as follows : (1) reduce the weakness to increase opportunities (WO=0,28), (2) optimizing the strength to reduce the threat (ST=0,26), (3) increasing weakness and reducing threats (WT= 0,23) and (4) optimizing strengths and maximizing opportunities (SO= 0,23). (shrink)

The novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has had far-reaching effects on public health around the world. Attempts to prevent the spread of the disease by quarantine have led to large-scale global socioeconomic disrup- tion. During the outbreak, public authorities and politicians have struggled with how to manage widespread ignorance regarding the virus. Drawing on insights from social epistemology and the emerging interdisciplinary field of ignorance studies, this article provides evidence that the temporality of non- knowing and its intersection with knowing is (...) a force that leads political decision-making during a crisis. Illuminating the epistemic analysis with statements given by the Finnish government to the media in decision- making documents and in press conferences, this paper proposes that a crisis situation, itself, seems to demand from political decision-makers dynamic action while simultaneously knowing little (‘non-knowing’) about the different fronts of tackling the pandemic. We conclude that non-knowing must be recognized explicitly as an enduring and central condition in deci- sion-making, which we call ‘epistemic humility.’. (shrink)

In the sea trade, the traditional paper-based bill of lading has played an important role across the globe for centuries, but with the advent of advanced commercial modes of transportation and communication, the central position of this document is under threat. The importance of the bill of lading still prevails as does the need of the functions that this document served in the past, although in a changed format. In the recent past, the world has witnessed a lot of debate (...) about replacing this traditional paper-based document with an electronic equivalent that exhibits all of its functions and characteristics, both commercial and legal. More specifically, unlike many rival travel documents, such as the Sea Waybill, a bill of lading has two prominent features, that is to say, its negotiability and its acceptability as a document of title in certain legal jurisdictions that are required to be retained in an electronic bill of lading so as to also retain the prominence of this document in the future landscape. This thesis is, however, more concerned about the legal aspects of adopting the electronic bill of lading as a traditional paper-based legal document as well as an effective legal document in the present age. However, the scope of this debate remains primarily focused on the USA and UK jurisdictions. In the course of this thesis, it is observed that, in the past, the bill of lading has been subject to a variety of international regimes, such as The Hague Rules and The Hague-Visby Rules, and presently efforts are being made to arrive at a universal agreement under the umbrella of The Rotterdam Rules, but such an agreement is yet to arrive among the comity of nations. On the other hand, efforts made by the business community to introduce an electronic bill of lading are much louder and more evident. The private efforts, such as the SeaDocs System, CMI Rules, and the BOLERO Project, etc., were, however, received by the fellow business community with both applause as well as suspicion. At the same time, there are a number of concerns voiced by the international business community on the legislative adoptability in national and international jurisdictions and the courts’ approach in adjudicating cases involving electronic transactions and these are making the task of adoption of electronic bill of lading in the sea-based transactions a difficult task. Therefore, in the absence of any formal legal backing from national and international legislations, these attempts could not achieve the desired results. In this thesis, the present situation of the acceptability of electronic transactions in general, and of the electronic bill of lading specifically, has also been discussed with reference to certain national jurisdictions, such as Australia, India, South Korea and China, in order to present comparative perspectives on the preparedness of these nations. On the regional level, the efforts made by the European Union have also been discussed to promote electronic transactions within its jurisdiction. All the discussion, however, leads to the situation where the level of acceptability of electronic bill of lading in the near future is found to be dependent upon the official efforts from the national governments and putting these efforts towards arriving at an agreement on Rotterdam Rules as early as possible. The other area of importance revealed in this thesis is the need for change in juristic approach by the courts while interpreting and adjudicating upon cases involving electronic transactions. On the whole, this thesis has provided a cohesive and systematic review, synthesis and analysis of the history of the bill of lading, its importance as a document of title, and attempts to incorporate its important functions within the fast-paced electronic shipping commerce of today. In such a way it has provided a valuable contribution to the literature by providing a comprehensive resource for jurists, policy-makers and the business community alike, as they work towards adapting the bill of lading so that it might be successfully applied in electronic form. (shrink)

WTO는 2005. 3. 7. EC 제소의 선박산업에 대한 보조금지급에 관한 한국과 EC 간의 通商紛爭에 관 하여 패널결정을 선고하였으며, 양국의 항소포기로 인하여 4. 12. 분쟁해결기구가 동 결정을 채택하고 그 이행에 관하여 감시하고 있다. 즉, WTO는 제소국인 EC가 대한민국의 수출입은행법 및 동법 시행 령, 동 법령에 근거한, 개별적 특혜조치, 대우, 한라, 대동 등 우리 나라 주요 조선기업에 대한 특혜적 구조조정이 WTO가 허용하지 않는 금지보조금 및 조치가능보조금에 해당한다고 주장하면서 대한민국 정부를 상대로 제소한 통상분쟁과 관련하여 대부분 EC의 주장을 배척하고 일부 개별적 거래가 WTO 의 (...) 보조금 및 상계조치에 관한 협정에 위반한다는 결정을 내린 것이다. 이에 따라 WTO는 피소국인 대한민국에게 지체없이 동 일부 특혜조치 등을 철회할 것을 권고하였고, 대한민국 정부는 이를 이행할 의무를 부담하게 되었다. -/- 본 사안을 통하여 WTO는 보조금 및 상계조치에 관한 해석론상의 많은 쟁점들에 관하여 法理的 견해 를 밝혔다. 첫째, 동일한 사실관계에 관하여 금지보조금과 조치가능보조금의 주장이 중첩적으로 가능하 고, 둘째, 전통적인 재량행위론, 즉 법령조항의 기속행위성 여부가 정부나 공공기관의 재정적 공여요건 의 충족 여부에 관한 판단의 기초를 제공하며, 셋째, 소위 SCM협정 예시목록의 법적 성격, 넷째, 재정 적 공여 요건과 특혜요건의 준별, 다섯째, 중대한 손상요건과 관련하여 보조금 해당요건과 국내 상계관 세부과조치의 준별, 여섯째, 보조금해당 여부의 판단에 있어 ‘ 동종물품요건’ 의 적용문제, 일곱째, 조치가 능보조금의 태양으로서 가격유지 및 왜곡된 가격인하의 개념 및 보조금요건충족과의 문제 등이 그것이 다. 본 논문은 우리의 주요 수출산업인 조선산업과 관련하여 이러한 쟁점들에 대한 WTO 결정의 의미 를 검토하였는바, 국제통상규범과 관련하여 향후의 무역분쟁에 대한 대비에 일조할 수 있었으면 한다. (shrink)

Extract: [...] Badiou himself seems however, by turns, relatively modest and occasionally self-congratulatory as regards any claim to make a major intervention in the field. His entertaining and informative account of his largely solitary cinéphilia of the 1950s and 1960s, as a ‘young provincial’ frequenting the Cinémathèque (a few doors away at that time from the École Normale Supérieure on the rue d’Ulm), through to his work as a ‘heathen’ iniltrating the Catholic journal Vin nouveau, and on to his engagement (...) with cinema through politics, contains both moments of self-regarding comedy as well as statements which identify several of the key tropes that will recur throughout the volume [...]. (shrink)

Despite his reputation for neglecting the body, Descartes develops a systematic account of bodily awareness. He holds that in bodily awareness each of us feels intimately connected to our body. We experience this body as inescapable, as infused with bodily sensations and volitions, and as a special object of concern. This multifaceted experience plays an ambivalent role in Descartes’s philosophy. Bodily awareness is epistemically dangerous. It tempts us to falsely judge that we cannot exist apart from our bodies. But bodily (...) awareness isn’t all bad for Descartes. It helps us stay alive. Bodily awareness also serves as a corrective to overly disembodied conceptions of the self. (shrink)