{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2769968138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.002","title":"Clarity, surprises, and further questions in the Article 29 Working Party draft guidance on automated decision-making and profiling","display_name":"Clarity, surprises, and further questions in the Article 29 Working Party draft guidance on automated decision-making and profiling","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2769968138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.002","mag":"2769968138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735566","display_name":"Computer law & security review","issn_l":"2212-473X","issn":["2212-473X","2212-4748"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Law &amp; Security Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.002","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047675331","display_name":"Michael Veale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2342-8785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Veale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science, Technology, Engineering & Public Policy (STEaPP), University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science, Technology, Engineering & Public Policy (STEaPP), University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101751655","display_name":"Lilian Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7378-1619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lilian Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":["Strathclyde Law School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Strathclyde Law School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047675331"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":{"value":2285,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2464},"fwci":38.0233,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":155,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99781695,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"398","last_page":"404"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12921","display_name":"European Criminal Justice and Data Protection","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.8825352191925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.8613787889480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.719802737236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjudication","display_name":"Adjudication","score":0.7026234865188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-act-1998","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","score":0.539253830909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.5373111963272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.4847707152366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4049874246120453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.391736775636673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3606845438480377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3496726155281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22093674540519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.1418820321559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.08115005493164062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.8825352191925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.8613787889480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.719802737236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204434341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357789","display_name":"Adjudication","level":2,"score":0.7026234865188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.539253830909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5373111963272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.4847707152366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4049874246120453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.391736775636673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3606845438480377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3496726155281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22093674540519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.1418820321559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08115005493164062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":10,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735566","display_name":"Computer law & security review","issn_l":"2212-473X","issn":["2212-473X","2212-4748"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Law &amp; Security Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:62844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/769059.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/62844/8/Veale_Edwards_CLSR_2018_Clarity_surprises_and_further_questions_in_the_Article_29_Working_Party.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10046182","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10046182/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10046182/1/Veale%201-s2.0-S026736491730376X-main%281%29.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Law and Security Review , 34 (2) pp. 398-404. (2018)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:osf:lawarc:y25ag_v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/download/5a1030e3b83f690266cb5122/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprint.ncl.ac.uk:257348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402485","display_name":"Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","host_organization_name":"Newcastle University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10040081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10040081/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Law and Security Review , 34 (2) pp. 398-404. (2018)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:460CE-17F-19F","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://api.osf.io/v2/nodes/xak72/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"project"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:4622C-F5F-0D7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLSR.2017.12.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401405","display_name":"LawArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:a5674dd2-2112-44c7-8afa-e62556c502d3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/xak72","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Project"},{"id":"doi:10.17605/osf.io/y25ag","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/y25ag","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050956","display_name":"Open Science Framework","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735566","display_name":"Computer law & security review","issn_l":"2212-473X","issn":["2212-473X","2212-4748"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Law &amp; Security Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1906218116","display_name":"DTP - University College London","funder_award_id":"EP/M507970/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2093530046","display_name":"Centre for Creativity, Regulation, Enterprise &amp; Technology (CREATe)","funder_award_id":"AH/K000179/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334609","funder_display_name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7864154537","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AH/K000179/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334609","funder_display_name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8248977208","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M507970","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320324","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334609","display_name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0505m1554"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095932468"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2917102635","https://openalex.org/W2784466985","https://openalex.org/W3023256691","https://openalex.org/W2603253017","https://openalex.org/W2883729192","https://openalex.org/W2901967497","https://openalex.org/W2910484607","https://openalex.org/W2789497412","https://openalex.org/W2794700933","https://openalex.org/W3171079982"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,146],"Article":[1],"29":[2],"Data":[3,44],"Protection":[4,45],"Working":[5,147],"Party's":[6],"recent":[7,59],"draft":[8],"guidance":[9],"on":[10,140],"automated":[11,27,83,142],"decision-making":[12],"and":[13,62,73,88,120,136,162,190,195],"profiling":[14,35],"seeks":[15],"to":[16,25,41,99,106,133,150,154,167,177],"clarify":[17],"European":[18],"data":[19],"protection":[20],"(DP)":[21],"law's":[22],"little-used":[23],"right":[24],"prevent":[26],"decision-making,":[28],"as":[29,31],"well":[30],"the":[32,39,42,56,68,75,79,89,111,129,137,160,163,173,184],"provisions":[33],"around":[34,127],"more":[36,98],"broadly,":[37],"in":[38,55,156,193],"run-up":[40],"General":[43],"Regulation.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50],"analyse":[51],"these":[52,157],"new":[53,170],"guidelines":[54],"context":[57],"of":[58,71,77,81,91,94,187],"scholarly":[60],"debates":[61],"technological":[63],"concerns.":[64],"They":[65],"foray":[66],"into":[67],"less-trodden":[69],"areas":[70],"bias":[72],"non-discrimination,":[74],"significance":[76],"advertising,":[78],"nature":[80],"\u201csolely\u201d":[82],"decisions,":[84],"impacts":[85],"upon":[86],"groups":[87],"inference":[90],"special":[92],"categories":[93],"data\u2014at":[95],"times,":[96],"appearing":[97],"be":[100,107],"making":[101],"or":[102],"extending":[103],"rules":[104],"than":[105,166],"interpreting":[108],"them.":[109],"At":[110],"same":[112],"time,":[113],"they":[114,175],"provide":[115],"only":[116],"partial":[117],"clarity":[118],"\u2013":[119,126],"perhaps":[121],"even":[122],"some":[123],"extra":[124],"confusion":[125],"both":[128],"much":[130],"discussed":[131],"\u201cright":[132],"an":[134],"explanation\u201d":[135],"apparent":[138],"prohibition":[139],"significant":[141],"decisions":[143],"concerning":[144],"children.":[145],"Party":[148],"appears":[149],"feel":[151],"less":[152],"mandated":[153],"adjudicate":[155],"conflicts":[158],"between":[159],"recitals":[161],"enacting":[164],"articles":[165],"explore":[168,178],"altogether":[169],"avenues.":[171],"Nevertheless,":[172],"directions":[174],"choose":[176],"are":[179],"particularly":[180],"important":[181],"ones":[182],"for":[183],"future":[185],"governance":[186],"machine":[188],"learning":[189],"artificial":[191],"intelligence":[192],"Europe":[194],"beyond.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
